1. Epidemiology, prevention and control of road traffic
accidents Presented by :Dr saba M Mansoor Guided by :Dr Hemant
Kumar 1
2. Road Traffic Accidents 2
3. The Neglected Epidemic ??????? 3
4. 1. DEFINITION ,HISTORY& INTRODUCTION 2. CLASSIFICATION
3. MAGNITUE OF THE PROBLEM 4. RISK FACTORS 5. GLOBAL STATUS ON ROAD
SAFETY 6. INDIA : STATUS ON ROAD SAFETY 7. PREVENTVE MEASURES 8.
LEGAL PROVISIONS. 9. REFERENCES 4
5. ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS Road Traffic Accidents (RTA) are also
known as Road Traffic injuries,Motor vehicle collision, Motor
vehicle accident, Automobile accident and Road traffic collision in
some countries. 5
6. Definition A Road Traffic Accident (RTA) can be defined as,
an event that occurs on a way or street open to public traffic;
resulting in one or more persons being injured or killed, where at
least one moving vehicle is involved*. * 6 Transport Research Wing,
Ministry of Road Transport and Highways. Road Accidents in India
2011. New Delhi: Ministry of Road Transport and Highways,
Government of India; 2012.
7. Thus RTA is a collision between vehicles; between vehicles
and pedestrians; between vehicles and animals; or between vehicles
and geographical or architectural obstacles.' Road traffic
accidents are a human tragedy. They involve high human suffering
and socioeconomic costs in terms of premature deaths, injuries, and
loss of productivity, 7
8. HISTORY 8
9. Ohio City claims the first accident in 1891, engineer James
Lambert was driving a gasoline-powered buggy, when he ran into a
little trouble. The buggy, also carrying passenger James Swoveland,
hit a tree root sticking out of the ground. Lambert lost control
and the vehicle swerved and crashed into a hitching post. Both men
suffered minor injuries.
9http://mentalfloss.com/article/31807/when-and-where-was-first-car-accident
10. 10
11. The first recorded fatalities by car came in 1896 . Bridget
Driscoll stepped off of a London curb and struck a gas-powered
Anglo-French model car driven by Arthur Edsall. While the car had a
top speed of four miles per hour, neither Edsall nor Driscoll were
able to avoid the collision. Edsall was arrested, but the death was
ruled an accident and he was not prosecuted.
11http://mentalfloss.com/article/31807/when-and-where-was-first-car-accident
12. INTRODUCTION 12
13. Motorization has enhanced the lives of many individuals and
societies, but the benefits have come with a price. 13
14. Road Traffic Accidents(RTAs)are Major Global Health
problems and 8th leading cause of death leading to more than 1.2
million deaths and 20-50 million injuries annually* 14 *WHO.Global
status report on road safety 2013. Supporting a decade of
action
15. RTAs in India are major but a Neglected Public Health
Problem . In 2011. 1.45 lakh people lost their lives while nearly 5
lakh people were severely injured, who were mainly males in
productive age group, leading to nearly 3% loss of GDP 15
http://www.ijcm.org.in/article.aspissn=0970- 0218;year=2014
16. While the situation in many countries in now improving,
India still holds the dubious distinction of being only country who
faces more than 14 fatalities and 53 injuries every hour due to
RTA. 16
http://www.ijcm.org.in/article.aspissn=0970-0218;year=2014
17. In India, during last ten years the population has
increased only 1.6 % per year but the, RTAs have increased at the
rate of 4.6 % per year leading to RTA fatality rate from 8.2/lakh
in 2000 to 10.9 in 2010. 17
http://www.ijcm.org.in/article.aspissn=0970- 0218;year=2014
18. Therefore there is urgent need to revamp the alarming Road
safety situation in India and accord it the same priority as other
important health issues, to prevent further loss of human life and
their devastating impact on society and economy.
18http://www.ijcm.org.in/article.aspissn=0970-
19. CLASSIFICATION OF ACCIDENTS The Road Accidents can be
classified in the following manners: Classification of Persons by
Injury Severity i. person with fatal injury ii. person with
Grievous Injury iii. person with minor injury iv. person with no
injury 19Int J Adv Engg Tech/Vol. V/Issue
II/April-June,2014/64
20. ACCIDENT CLASSIFICATION BY VEHICLE TYPE Motorized two
Wheeler accident Motorized three wheeler accident Car/Jeep/Van/Taxi
accident Bus Accident Light Transport Vehicle accident Heavy
Articulated Transport Vehicle accident Tractor with Trolley
accident Bicycle/Pedestrian accident Animal/Hand Drawn Cart
accident 20
21. ACCIDENT CLASSIFICATION BY NUMBER OF VEHICLES
Single-vehicle accident Two-vehicle accident Three-vehicle accident
Multiple Vehicle accident 21
22. GLOBAL BURDEN 22
23. Road traffic accident take the lives of nearly 1.24 million
people every year,and injure 2050 million more. 23 WHO.Global
status report on road safety 2013. Supporting a decade of
action.
24. More than 1.24 million people are killed in Road Accidents,
every year. 24
25. RTAs are the 8th leading cause of death globally and the
leading cause of death for people aged 1529 years. Young adults
aged between 15 and 44 years account for 59% of global road traffic
deaths. 77% road deaths are among men. 25 WHO.Global status report
on road safety 2013. Supporting a decade of action.
26. One child is killed in Road Accidents, every three minutes
in the World. 26
27. 3 to 4 % of Gross National Product is lost in Road
Accidents. 27
28. For males aged 15-44, road traffic injuries rank second
(behind HIV/AIDS) leading cause of premature death and ill health
worldwide . WHO.Global status report on road safety 2013.
Supporting a decade of action. 28 WHO.Global status report on road
safety 2013. Supporting a decade of action.
29. Over 90% of road traffic deaths and injuries occur in low-
income and middle-income countries, which haveonly 48% of the
worlds registeredvehicles. 29WHO.Global status report on road
safety 2013. Supporting a decade of action.
30. There are large disparities in road traffic death rates
between regions. The risk of dying as a result of a road traffic
injury is highest in the African Region (24.1 per 100 000
population), and lowest in the European Region (10.3 per 100 000).
30 WHO.Global status report on road safety 2013. Supporting a
decade of action.
31. ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS DEATHS ( PER 100,000) Death rate due
to Road Traffic accidents is highest in Namibia (53.4/ 100,000)
followed by Swaziland (48.2/100,000) ,while it is lowest in
Maldives (2.4/100,000) Malta (3.1/100,000) and Japan (3.8/100,000).
India ranks 77 with a death rate of 18.7/ 100,000)
31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_traffic-related_death_rate
32. Half of the worlds road traffic deaths occur among
motorcyclists (23%), pedestrians (22%) and cyclists (5%) i.e.
"vulnerable road users" with 31% of deaths among car occupants and
the remaining 19% among unspecified road users 32
33. In addition to the grief and sufferingthey cause, road
traffic crashes result in considerable economic losses to victims,
their families, nations as a whole, costing most countries 24% of
their gross national product
33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_traffic-related_death_rate
34. Further, road traffic accidents are predicted to resultin
the death of around 1.9 million people annually by 2020, and by
2030 will become the fifth leading cause of death unless urgent
action is taken.
34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_traffic-related_death_rate
35. As of now, only 15% of countries havecomprehensive laws
relating to five key risk over-speeding, drinking and driving, and
the non-use of helmets, seat-belts and child restraints. 35
WHO.Global status report on road safety 2013. Supporting a decade
of action.
36. The world can prevent 5 million deaths and 50 million
serious injuries by 2020 by scaling up investment in road safety,
at global, regional and national levels 36
37. INDIN SCENARIO 37
38. India has one of the largest road networks in the world, of
3.314 million kilometers, consisting of National Highways,
Expressways , State Highways etc. About 65 per cent of freight and
86.7 per cent passenger traffic is carried by the roads 38
http://indiankanoon.org/docfragment/136033520/?formInput=%5C%22national%20highway%5C
39. INDIAN SCENARIO According to official statistics, during
the year 2011, there were around 5 lakh road accidents, which
resulted in deaths of 142,485 people (85% M,15%F) while 511,394
people were injured. Uttar Pradesh,Maharashtra, and Tamilnadu
contributed to maximum number of cases. These numbers translate
into 1 road accident every minute and 1 road accident death every
four minutes (NCRB- 2012) 39
40. Number of road accidents and number of persons Involved:
2002 to 2011 40National statistics of road traffic accidents in
India. J Orthop Traumatol Rehabil
41. 41
42. 42
43. 43 2011P*
44. Number of persons killed per ten thousand vehicles during
1970-2011 44
45. KARNATAKA SCENARIO During 2013 there have been 42107 RTAs
across the state claiming the 9510 lives,which included 8145 men
and 1345 women. Besised 10850 men and 2805 were seriously injured.
45http://www.coastaldigest.com/index.php/news/61594-karnataka-road-accidents-claim-9510-lives-in-20
46. Pedestrians, bicyclists and two- wheelers, who comprise the
most vulnerable group, accounted for 40% of all fatalities. The
loss to the Indian economy due to Road Traffic Accidents in 2012
was estimated at 3% of GDP
46http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3898451
47. ROAD ACCIDENT DEATHS BY VARIOUS MODES OF TRANSPORT DURING
2012 47
48. This is attributable partly to an increase in the number of
vehicles on the road, and partly to the absence of a coordinated
official policy to control the problem. 48
49. For instance while the population of India increased by
17.64 percent over the past ten years, the number of licensed
vehicles increased by 132 percent over the same period. 49
50. In the United States, which has close to 300 million people
and more than 250 million vehicles, the number of deaths per 10,000
vehicles is 1.6, while in India this number, known as the road
fatality rate, is as high as 14. With just 1% of the world's
vehicles, India manages to account for 10% of its road fatalities.
Contd...... 50
51. MAIN CAUSES OF ROAD ACCIDENTS Over Speeding Drunken Driving
Using Mobile Phones while Driving Child Restraint Not wearing of
helmets and seatbelts 51
52. a) Driver fatigue, b) Not obeying or following traffic
rules. c) The attitudes of the right of the might bigger vehicles
toward the smaller vehicles. d) Overloading of transport vehicles,
e) Poor maintenance of the vehicles. f) Appalling condition of the
already chocked roads and encroachment . OTHER CAUSES OF RTA
52
53. HUMAN FACTORS IN RTA Human factor contributes significantly
to increasing number of road accidents in India. Most drivers
continue to be acting like maniacs in a tearing hurry and error in
judgment often leads to major accidents. Reckless driving, over
speeding, decline to follow traffic rules, and drunken driving are
main reasons for road accident 53
54. DRUNKEN DRIVING Globally, some 480,000 deaths and 20
million of people get injured by drunken driving every year. In
most high-income countries about 20% of fatally injured drivers
have excess alcohol in their blood, i.e., blood alcohol
concentration (BAC) in excess of the legal limit. 54
55. Contd... In contrast, studies in low- and middle-income
countries like India have shown that between 33% and 69% of fatally
injured drivers and between 8% and 29% of non fatally injured
drivers had consumed alcohol before their crash. 55
56. DRIVER FATIGUE Driver fatigue is a very dangerous condition
created when a person is suffering symptoms of fatigue resulting
from the hypnotic effect leading to diminished driver's vigilance
level. Statistics show that 20% of all the traffic accidents and up
to one-quarter of fatal and serious accidents are due to drivers
with a diminished vigilance level. 56
57. GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 57
58. WHO: GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY- 2013 Eighty-eight
countries have reduced the number of deaths on their roads but the
number remains unacceptably high at 1.24 million per year. Only 28
countries, representing 449 million people (7% of the worlds
population), have adequate laws that address all ve risk factors
(speed, drinkun driving helmets , seat-belts and child restraints).
58
59. Half of all road trafc deaths are among
pedestrians,cyclists and motorcyclists. However, less than 35% of
low- and middle-income countries have policies in place to protect
these road users. 59
60. RTA DEATHS BY REGION The African region has the highest
road traffic fatality rate injury is highest in the African Region
24 per 100 000 population) , And European Region has the lowest in
the (10.3 per 100 000). 60
61. RTA DEATHS PER 100 000 POPULATION : BY REGION African
Region 61 African Region Eastern Mediterranean Region Western Pacic
Region South-East Asia Region Region of the Americas European
Region 18.5 21.3 16.1 18.5 10.3 24.1 5 15 10 20 25 30 0
62. RTA DEATHS BY POPULATION REGISTERED VEHICLES AND COUNTRY
INCOME 62 Eighty per cent of road trafc deaths occur in
middle-income countries, which account for 72 % of the worlds
population,but only 52% of the worlds registered vehicles. This
indicates that these countries bear a disproportionately high
burden of road trafc deaths relative to their level of
motorization.
63. Population, road traffic deaths, and registered motorized
vehicles by country income status Population, roadtrafc deaths,and
registered motorized vehicles, by country income status High-income
Middle-income Low-income 12 1% 12% 16% 12% 12% 8% 47% 52% 72% 80%
POPULATION ROAD TRAFFIC REGISTERED VEHICLES DEATHS 63
64. NEW ROAD SAFETY LAWS: PROGRESS New road safety
comprehensive legislation for all ve risk factors have been passed
in 28 countries but only 7% of the worlds population is covered.
Only 59 countries, covering just 39% of the worlds population (2.67
billion people), have implemented an urban speed limit of 50 km/h
or less . 64
65. 65
66. DRUNKUN DRIVING Drinking and driving increases the risk of
crash, as well as the severity of resulting injuries. The drivers
are affected or impaired with a blood alcohol concentration (BAC)of
0.05 g/dl, while at a BAC level of 0.1 g/dl the crash risk is
approximately ve times higher than that of someone with a BAC level
of zero. 66
67. Contd 89 countries, covering 66% of the worlds population
(4.55 billion people), now have a comprehensive drinkdriving law,
dened as a BAC limit of 0.05 g/dl or less. High-income countries
are more likely to have a legal BAC limit of 0.05 g/dl or less
(67%) than are middle- or low- income countries (49% and 21%,
respectively). 67
68. Drinkdrive laws, by country/area 68 Blood alcohol
concentration 0.05 g/dl Blood alcohol concentration >0.05 g/dl
No drink-drive law/not based on blood alcohol concentration
Drink-drive law at subnational level Alcohol consumption legally
prohibited
69. INCREASING MOTORCYCLE HELMET USE In European countries,
head injuries contribute to approximately 75% of deaths among
motorcycle users; in some low- and middle-income countries, head
injuries are estimated to account for up to 88% of such fatalities.
Wearing a standard, good quality motor cycle helmet can reduce the
risk of death by 40% and the risk of serious injury by over 70% .
69
70. Contd.... 155 countries (covering 88% of the worlds
population) have laws in place for for helmet; both for drivers and
co-passengers. About half of all participating countries (98)
covering 77% of world population apply helmet standards , with
proven effectiveness in reducing head injuries. 70
71. INCREASING SEAT-BELT USE Failure to use a seat-belt is a
major risk factor for road trafc injuries and deaths among vehicle
occupants. Wearing a seat-belt reduces the risk of a fatal injury
by 4050% for drivers and front seat occupants, and between 2575%
for rear seat occupants 71
72. Contd.. Comprehensive seat-belt laws in place in hundred
and 111 countries, (69% of the worlds population, 4.8 billion
people) . But more needs to be done to convince political leaders
and police authorities that seat-belt use can save lives, and to
work to strengthen seat- belt legislation in line with best
practices. 72
73. seat-belt wearing is mandatory by law. there is no
exemption for anybody, 73 seat-belt wearing is mandatory by law.
there is no exemption for anybody, including me. including me.
Governor of Afyonkarahisar
74. INCREASING THE USE OF CHILD RESTRAINTS Child restraint
systems protect infants and young children from injury during a
crash. Infants and children need child restraint systems that can
accommodate their size and weight. Child restraints reduce the
likelihood of a fatal crash by approximately 70% among infants and
between 54% and 80% among young children 74
75. 75
76. The majority of high-income countries (88%) have
child-restraint laws in place, while such laws are far less common
in low- and middle-income countries (30% and 43%, respectively).
Most of the 51 European countries have enacted child restraint
laws, but only one of eleven South East Asia countries has passed
such a law 76
77. USE OF MOBILE PHONE Drivers using mobile phone are four
times more vulnerable than those not using a phone. The Risk is
similar for both, hand held as well as hands free. 142 countries
(covering 83% of world population ) have laws in place and prohibit
its use while driving, while 34 countries also prohibit hands free
phones. 77
78. STATUS REPORT : INDIA 78
79. SAFE ROAD USER Penalty/demerit point system in place - No
National speed limits - Yes Local authorities can set lower limits
- Yes Maximum limit urban roads 60km/h Enforcement 012 45678910
79
80. DRUNKUN DRIVING National drinkdriving law - Yes BAClimit
General population - 0.03g/dl BAC limityoung or novice drivers -
0.03g/dl BAC limitprofessional - 0.03g/dl Random breath testing
and/or Police check points - Yes Enforcement 012 45678910 80
81. HELMET USE National motor cycle helmet law - Yes Applies to
drivers and passengers - Yes Helmet standard mandated - Yes
Enforcement 01 345678910 Helmet wearing rate 50% Drivers 10%
Passengers 81
82. SEAT-BELT National seat-belt law - Yes Applies to front and
rear seat occupants - Yes Enforcement 01 345678910 Seat-belt
wearing rate 27%Drivers
83. NATIONAL CHILD RESTRAINT LAW AND USE OF MOBILE PHONES
National child restraint law Enforcement -No National law on mobile
phones while driving Yes Law prohibits hand-held as well as
hands-free mobile phone use 83
84. POST-CRASH CARE Emergency Room based injury surveillance
Emergency system - No Access telephone number(s) - Multiple numbers
Seriously injured transported by ambulance - 1149% Permanently
disabled due to road trafc crash - 2% Emergency medicine training
for doctors - Yes Emergency medicine training for nurses - Yes
84
85. DATA Reported road trafc fatalities in (2010) = 133938
(85%M,15%F) Estimated GDP lost due to road trafc crashes = 3%
85
86. DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Occupants 4-wheeled cars and
light vehicles (16%) 86 Occupants 4-wheeled cars and light vehicles
(16%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (32%) (32%) Cyclists
(5%)Pedestrians (9%) Drivers/ trucks (13%) Drivers passengers buses
(8%) Other (17%)
87. PREVENTION OF ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS 87
88. Road deaths and injuries are preventable. A wide range of
effective road safety interventions exist and a scientific system
approach to road safety is essential to tackle the problem 88
89. HUMAN FACTOR Drunken Driving increses the RTA risk five
times. Drivers need to be educated on this aspect. Issuing of the
driving license should be strictly based on the minimum proficiency
acquired by the learners from designated driving schools. Minimum
qualifications should be fixed for different categories of drivers.
89
90. Contd... Carry out periodic medical checkup especially
vision and hearing for the drivers. Training on first aid should be
compulsory. Indiscriminate honking to be avoided. Educate the
drivers and traveling public about traffic rules 90
91. DRUNKEN DRIVING India has the highest number of road
accidents in the world killing nearly 1,34,000 people every year.
Of this 70% or over 93,800 cases are due to consumption of alcohol.
The legal limit of alcohol content in blood is 0.03% or 30mg per
100ml of blood. If a person driving a car has a BAC level of 30mg
per 100 ml of blood, he or she can be booked under section 185 of
the Motor Vehicle Act 91
92. SAFE ALCOHOL LIMITS For an average adult male who weighs
about 65 Kg ; may have beer (660 ml),whisky (60 ml) or wine (200
ml) to stay within the legal limit. How long after a drink can you
drive? It takes about one hour to process about 9.5 ml of alcohol
in the body. But its always safer to drive without any sort of
alcoholic influence. 92
93. BREATH ALYZERS A breathalyzer or breathalyser is a device
for estimating blood alcohol content (BAC) from a breath sample.
Breath analyzers estimate BAC indirectly by measuring the amount of
alcohol in one's breath. Two breathalyzer technologies are most
prevalent. Desktop analyzers generally use infrared
spectrophotometer and electro chemical fuel cell technology, or a
combination of the two. 93
94. LEGISLATIONS 94
95. ROAD TRANSPORT AND SAFETY BILL- 2014. Bill aims to "provide
a framework for safer, faster, cost effective and inclusive
movement of passengers and freight in the country, thus enabling
the mission of Make in India" and that the enactment of the Bill is
expected to save 200,000 lives in the next five years.
95http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/dinesh-mohan-road-safety-and-a-bhel-puri-act-114100901227_1.html
96. Contd... The Bill will pave the way for Vehicle Regulation
and Road Safety Authority prescribing minimum safety standards for
vehicles, roads and its users. The authority will have to maintain
a National Unified Information System, thereby centralising details
on vehicle registrations, driving licences, insurance, permits,
penalties, accidents, etc. 96
97. MOTOR VEHICLE AMENDMENT BILL 2014 The revised proposed bill
has been passed in parliament on 18 dec 2014. First offence for
drunk driving will attract "Rs. 25,000 fine, or imprisonment for a
term not exceeding 3 months, or with both, and a six-month license
suspension. Second offence within three years will result in
Rs.50,000 penalty or imprisonment for up to one year or both and a
one year license suspension.
97http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/new-motor-bill-road-safety-and-transport-bill-2014-traffic-offenders/1/382678.html
98. Contd Any subsequent offence shall result in the
cancellation of the licence, and impounding of the vehicle which
may extend for 30 days. If school bus drivers are caught driving
drunk, Rs. 50,000 fine will be imposed with imprisonment for three
years while "immediate cancellation" of licence will take place in
case of drivers in the age- group of 18 to 25 years involved in
such incidences. 98
99. Causing death of a child in certain circumstances will
result in "Rs. 3 lakh fine, and imprisonment for a term not less
than 7 years" Violating traffic signal three times will result in
Rs. 15,000 fine, licence cancellation for a month and a compulsory
refresher training. Contd. 99
100. Emergency medical care to victims of accidents and other
emergencies Honourable Supreme Court of India in its order dated 19
Feb 2004 has made it mendatory to all medical professionals to
attend all RTA victim with out raising any objection that it is a
medico-legal case requiring information to the police authorities.
Whether or not such a person is immediately in a position to make
payment for screening and emergency medical treatment, 100
101. Contd Whether or not such a person has medical insurance
or is a member of any medical scheme of the person's employer or to
a scheme which otherwise provides for medical reimbursement. And
without raising any other unreasonable objection. 101
102. 102 HBLE SUPREME COURT DIRECTIVE
103. HAND OUT ON HBLE SUPREME COURT DIRECTIVE 103
104. VEHICLES Well-maintained vehicles with good breaks,
lighting, tyres etc. will reduce accidents. Older vehicles and
highly polluting vehicles should be phased out. Vehicles should be
provided with seat belts and other necessary safety provisions
(like airbags). 104
105. CONDITION OF ROADS Roads should be well maintained with
frequent relaying of road surfaces and markings of road safety
signs. Provide proper footpaths for pedestrians and pedestrian
crossings at intersections. Provide separate lanes for slow-moving
and fast-moving vehicles. Roads and junctions should be wide and
well lit so that visibility is good 105
106. PEDESTRIAN SAFETY More than one fifth of the people killed
on the worlds roads each year are not travelling in a car, on a
motorcycle or even on a bicycle they are pedestrians. Each year,
more than 270 000 pedestrians (22% of all RTA deaths)lose their
lives on the worlds roads. 106WHO.Global status report on road
safety 2013. Supporting a decade of
107. Contd.. Pedestrian deaths and injuries are often
preventable, and proven interventions exist, yet in many locations
pedestrian safety does not attract the attention it merits.
107
108. Policy and planning reforms that support pedestrian safety
Controlling vehicle speed, developing traffic- calming measures,
restricting vehicle traffic in residential areas, building
Sidewalks, enforcing traffic laws, pedestrianizing city centres,
installing pedestrian signals, Pedestrian safety in roadway design
are some measures 108
109. MANAGEMENT OF ACCIDENT VICTIMS The importance of the
Golden Hour in giving adequate treatment to the accident victim in
saving the injured should be highlighted to both the health
personnel and the community. Provision of medical care/first aid
care facilities on highways and busy roads. 109
110. Contd... Provision of ambulances and trained health
personals in shifting and transporting the injured person to nearby
hospitals for treatment. Awareness creation among all sections of
the society to treat accident victims with sympathy and without
fear so that the morbidity and mortality can be reduced. 110
111. FIRST AID IN ROAD ACCIDENTS Many deaths can be prevented
with First-Aid if causalities are treated immediately. The basic
aims of first aid are To save life, To protect the casualty from
getting more harm, To reduce pain and priorities of casualty
treatment. 111
112. THE GOLDEN HOUR The first hour after the trauma is called
the golden hour.. If proper first aid is given, road accident
victims have a greater chance of survival and a reduction in the
severity of their injuries 112
113. THE WHO INITIATIVE 113
114. MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH IN RTA PREVENTION WHO has drawn
a Global Plan for the Decade of Action for Road Safety 2011 2020 to
guide efforts at national and local levels. Governments,
international agencies, civil society organizations, and private
companies from more than 110 countries have launched the Decade of
Action for Road Safety 2011 2020. which seeks to save 5 million
lives over the 10-year period. India is also a signatory to this.
114WHO.Decade of Action for Road Safety 20112020.2011. Saving
millions of lives.
115. Contd...... Decade of Action for Road Safety 20112020 was
officially proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly in
March 2010. To achieve its goal, the Global Plan features five
categories or pillars 115
117. ROAD SAFETY WEEK Road Safety Week is observed throughout
the country every year in the month of January in order to
highlight and emphasize the need for safe roads by taking up
activities to promote the concep 117
118. COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION Effective community participation
also plays a key role in the prevention of RTA. Everybody should be
concerned and should work toward achieving a safe road travel so
that road accidents should never happen again. 118
119. ROAD SAFETY INFORMATION SYSTEMS Information of RTI is
primarily collected by the Police department and sufficient
information is not available from the health sector and
under-reporting is a serious issue undermining the public health
burden and impact of RTI 119
120. BLOOMBERG PHILANTHROPIES GLOBAL ROAD SAFETY PROGRAMME
Former New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg is to donate $125m
over the next five years to improve traffic conditions in ten
cities of low and middle-income countries across the world.
Starting from 2015, the funds will be provided through the
Bloomberg Philanthropies Global Road Safety Programme with an aim
to strengthen road safety legislation. 120
121. 121
122. CONCLUSION 1. Enforce laws to prevent drunken driving ( 70
% of RTA deaths can be averted) 2. Prevent over-speeding and
enforce speed limits. 3. Ensure use of helmets by two-wheeler
drivers 4. Ensure use of seat belts and child restraints in cars 5.
Improve visibility, vehicle headlights and road lightings. 6.
Enforce traffic rules. 122
123. TAKE HOME MESSAGE 123
124. 124 A symbol for all: the road safety tag The road safety
tag is the new global symbol for road safety and the key visual for
the Decade 2011-20 of Action for Road Safety. Wear. Believe.
Act.
125. REFERENCES 1. WHO.Global status report on road safety
2013. Supporting a decade of action. 2. WHO.STRENGTHENING ROAD
SAFETY LEGISLATION 2014. A toolkit for road safety legislation
workshops. 3. WHO.Decade of Action for Road Safety 20112020.2011.
Saving millions of lives. 4. WHO.PREVENTING ROAD TRAFFIC
INJURY:2004. A PUBLIC HEALTH PERSPECTIVE FOR EUROPE. 5. WHO.Make
walking safe:2011.A brief overview of pedestrian safety around the
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