Evolution of speciesBy:-

N.K.Rohit KumarX A

Atomic Energy Central School 2

What is evolution?Evolution is change in

the heritable traits of biological populations over successive generations. Evolutionary processes give rise to diversity at every level of biological organization, including the levels of species, individual organisms, and molecules.

All life on Earth shares a common ancestor known as the last universal ancestor, which lived approximately 3.5–3.8 billion years ago, although a study in 2015 found "remains of biotic life" from 4.1 billion years ago in ancient rocks in Western Australia.

Evolution as Theory and Fact• Confusion sometimes arises as to

whether Evolution is a theory or a fact. Actually it is both!

• The theory of Evolution deals with how Evolution happens. Our understanding of this process is always changing.

• Evolution is also a fact as there is a huge amount of indisputable evidence for its occurrence.

How was evolution discovered?The main thing which lead to the discovery

of evolution is the curiosity of man.As man started to civilize he also started to

think of how was he formed and also started to discovery of fire, water and food.

In the olden times many of them believed of god and every thought that the god created the world except few who believed is science.

Lately after years and years of research and the study of animals the theory of evolution was discovered

Transmutation• Around 1800, scientists began

to wonder whether species could change or transmute.

• Lamarck thought that if an animal acquired a characteristic during its lifetime, it could pass it onto its offspring.

• Hence giraffes got their long

necks through generations of straining to reach high branches.

Jean Baptiste de Lamarck

Genetics• From 1856-63, a monk called Gregor

Mendel cultivated 29,000 pea plants to investigate how evolution worked i.e., how characteristics were passed down the generations.

• He figured out the basic principles of genetics. He showed that offspring received characteristics from both parents, but only the dominant characteristic trait was expressed.

Mendel’s work only came to light in

1900, long after his death

Mendel and his peas

Making Sense• In the early 20th century, scientist

started to make sense of how evolution worked.

• Building on Mendel’s genetics, studies showed how characteristics in a population could be selected by environmental pressures.

• This Modern Synthesis, as Julian Huxley called it, brought Darwin’s Natural Selection back to the centre of evolutionary theory.

Julian Huxley and the Modern Synthesis

Opposition• Despite the achieval of

scientific consensus on evolution, some Christian groups continued to oppose the concept.

• In 1925, the teaching of evolution was outlawed in Tennessee, USA, resulting in the infamous Scopes Monkey TrialOutside the Scopes

Trial

Now Let Us See How Evolution Takes Place

Possibilities Of Future EvolutionHumans are in the midst of an evolutionary

transition that can completely alter the way we look in 1000 years. Within the next few decades, scientific breakthroughs will propel our species forward with changes in physical traits and capabilities, but what causes this transformation to occur? In the latest video from Asap SCIENCE, Mitchell Moffat and Gregory Brown explain that climate change, artificial selection, and genetic mutations will all change our bodies in drastic ways, from red eyes to darker skin.

Over the last century and a half, humans have undergone a series of changes in height and lifespan. The average height has increased roughly by 10 centimeters and within the last six and a half decades, the global life span has expanded about 20 years due to science. Scientists predict computers will reach computational speed of the human brain, possibly leading to transhumanism. This theory suggests future nanobots, or tiny robots, will be subtly integrated into our bodies enhancing our own abilities. This means we will no longer be limited by our own physiology, but rather become a mixture of biology and machine on the inside.

The world's rising temperature and the deterioration in the protective ozone layer will also influence our physical traits. Added UV radiation reaching the planet may create a scenario where darker skin will become an evolutionary advantage by protecting us against UV damage. Our bodies may become taller and thinner, which may be ideal for dissipating excess body heat, as it creates the best body surface area to volume ratio.

Now, while genetic mutations may give us a new eye color, or unique abilities, artificial selection (human influenced changes) will likely drive most of our evolution. We may be able to modify our babies' genes before birth to eliminate diseases they may carry, or include desirable traits for our offspring. This may make us smarter, stronger, and even better looking, but such a genetic similarity can leave room for a new disease to wipe what would then be the entire human race.