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With Regards
This is being Reproduced for the benefits of Student.
Our sincere thanks and warm regards to the Author of this article,
Prof. M.C.Bansal. prof Veena Acharya.
Uterus
The uterus in pregnancy
www.udel.educellbio.utmb.edu
Thick layer of interlacing muscle
fibers
stratum functionalis: •sloughed off during menstruation and regenerated each cycle •grows to 6mm thick in about 10 days
stratum basalis: • not sloughed off during menstruation• approximately 1mm thick• Contains bases of glands and blood vessels
Endometrium
Lutz Slomianka, Univ. West. Australia
Endometrium
Proliferative phase Straight glands
Secretory phase Sacculated glands
Menstrual phase Disrupted glands
Basal
RER
Basal
RER
+
Apica
l glyco
gen
Apica
l glyco
gen
Quies
cent
Quies
cent
Glycogen is produced and secreted cyclically
cellbio.utmb.edu
Proliferative
Secretory
Menstrual
Endometrium
www.endotext.orgOrig. From Noyes RW, Hertig AW, Rock J.
Dating the endometrial biopsy. Fertil Steril 1950; 1:3
Gland mitoses
Pseudostratification of nuclei
Basal vacuolation
Secretion
Stromal edema
Pseudodecidual reaction
Stromal mitoses
Leukocytic proliferation
Endometrial tissue growing outside uterus
Causes pain as tissue responds to hormones
Can be treated with hormones or surgery
Allows the body to control its fertility by:
• controlling the maturation of oocytes
• altering the readiness of the uterus for implantation
•Menarche – age 9-14•Onset of menstruation
•Menopause – age 45-55•Oocytes no longer produced•Hormone production reduced
BUT, see: http://www.snopes.com/pregnant/medina.asp
Menstruation
Clinical correlation: Menstruation may cease with anorexia, high amounts exercise, or hypothalamic disorders. The amount of body fat is signaled to the hypothalamus by substances such as leptin and insulin, and menstruation will not occur unless some minimal amount of body fat is present. The age of menarche is also affected by the same mechanism.
Comparative medicine: Humans ovulate continuously throughout the year, but many mammals ovulate seasonally (during “estrus” – e.g. rats, cats), or only upon sexual stimulation (e.g. ferrets).
day:
||||||||||||
|___________________________________________________________________|<--menstrual-->|<--------- proliferative ------->|<-----------|----- secretory -----|------->|1 5 15 20 25 28
|-ovul.-| |<--implantation-->|
http://www.wisc.edu/ansci_repro/
anterior pituitary
FSH LH
estrogens
estrogens +progesterone ovaries
Menstrual Cycle: I
corpus luteum
GnRH
LH
FSH
progesterone
estrogens
++
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
| | | | | | | | | | | | |___________________________________________________________________ |<--menstrual-->|<--------- proliferative ------->|<-----------|----- secretory -----|------->| 1 5 15 20 25 28 |-ovul.-| |<--implantation-->|
day:
estrogensFSH progesteroneLH+ ++- -
estrogens
horm
on
e levels
-
| | | | | | | | | | | | |___________________________________________________________________ |<--menstrual-->|<--------- proliferative ------->|<-----------|----- secretory -----|------->| 1 5 15 20 25 28 |-ovul.-| |<--implantation-->|
day:
Pituitary Corpus Luteum
horm
on
e levels
Ovarian Follicle (Placenta)
FSH
Estrogen
LH
EstrogenProgesterone
hCG
Charting menstrual cyclebody temp - raises 0.1-0.5 deg in secretory phase (progesterone)cervical mucus – becomes slippery and stretchable at ovulationcalendar method – least effective method
Taking advantage of hormones:birth control pills – progesterone 50-150ug (& estrogen 20-35ug)ovulation test – detects LH surgepregnancy test - hCG
pituitary gland
uterus
ovaries
Menstrual Cycle: IIIOvaries, Pituitary, Uterus
FSHprolactin
GnRH
oxytocin
LH
progesterone
estrogens
hCG, estrogens, progesterone, etc.
Menstrual: Days 1 - 5– the corpus luteum degenerates
• estrogen and progesterone levels drop• spiral arteries degenerate
– the endometrium is sloughed off– FSH is produced
The ovary: menstrual phase
Low estrogen levels mean FSH levels rise. In response, 15 -20 primordial follicles begin to mature.
The corpus luteum stops producing hormones anddegenerates.
A corpus albicans forms.
The Pituitary: menstrual phase
anterior pituitary
posterior pituitary
hypothalamus
GnRH
Low levels of estrogens induce FSH production
The endometrium: menstrual phase
Day 28 Day 3 Day 5
Proliferative (follicular): Days 6 - 15
- ovarian follicles develop- estrogen levels increase
- the endometrium regenerates
- LH is produced
- FSH levels drop
The ovary: proliferative phase
estrogens
At the end of the proliferative phase, high levels of LH induce ovulation
Pituitary Gland: proliferative phase
anterior pituitary
posterior pituitary
hypothalamus
GnRH
High levels of estrogen from developing ovarian follicles stimulate LH production.
The endometrium: proliferative phase
Day 10
Secretory (luteal): Days 16-28
– corpus luteum forms, estrogens and progesterone are produced– the endometrial gland become sacculated and begin to secrete fluid– FSH and LH production is suppressed
The ovary: secretory phase
after ovulation, the remaining follicle cells form a corpus luteumestrogens +
progesterone
Pituitary Gland: secretory phase
anterior pituitary
posterior pituitary
FSH
hypothalamus
LHhigh progesterone levels inhibit LH production.
high estrogen levels inhibit FSH production
The endometrium: secretory phase
Day 25
But what if pregnancy occurs?
hCG
Hormones of pregnancy
corpus luteum
GnRH
LH
FSH
progesterone
estrogens
+
-
-
hCG
X
X
X
+
+
+
+
+
+
The ovary: pregnancy
hCG made by the developing embryo causes the corpus luteum to continue making estrogens and progesterone to maintain the pregnancy
estrogensprogesterone
The pituitary Gland: pregnancy
anterior pituitary posterior
pituitary
FSH
hypothalamus
LH high progesterone levels inhibit LH production.
high estrogen levels inhibit FSH production
The endometrium: pregnanacy
undergoes decidualization
is called ‘decidua’
is a topic for the next lecture
www.snafudesigns.com