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Health and SafetyThe term Health and Safety is generally used
to mean an employer should:
•Promote and maintain the mental, physical and social well-being of employees
•Protect employees and others affected by an organisation’s activities to harm from risk
•Establish a management framework to implement policies and achieve continual improvement in health and safety
Health: The protection of the bodies and minds of people from illness resulting from the materials, processes or procedures used in the workplace
Safety: The protection of people from physical injury
The differences between Safety and Health
The borderline between Safety and health is the ill-defined the two words are used together to indicates concerns for the physical and mental well-being of an individual in the workplace
The differences between Safety and Health
SafetySlips, trips, falls
Falls from height
Struck by vehicles
Contact with electricity
Contact with moving parts
HealthExposure to hazardous chemicals
Exposure to asbestos, dusts, etc.
Repetitive strain injuries
Definitions used in Health and Safety
Welfare Looking after people’s basic needs
EnvironmentThe surroundings in which an organisation operates including land, air and water, natural resources, flora, fauna, humans and their interrelationships
Accident Definitions
An AccidentAn unwanted, unforeseen, unplanned event which results in a loss of some kind.
Near Miss (Incident)An unwanted, unforeseen, unplanned event that had the potential to result in a loss
Dangerous Occurrence (High Potential Near Miss)A near miss with serious injury potential
Ill-health Definitions
AcuteShort term exposure with immediate effect, usually reversible
ChronicRepeated or long term exposure, often irreversible
Hazard Something with the potential to cause harm
Physical
Chemical
Biological
Ergonomic
Psychological
RiskThe likelihood that harm will occur and the
severity of the harm
The extent of risks cover the population affected and the consequences for them
© TWI Gulf WLL 2008
Reasons for Good Health & Safety Practice
Humanitarian/MoralEthical and responsible behaviour
LegalCriminal and civil liability
CostThe costs of injuries and ill-health
© TWI Gulf WLL 2008
Fatal Injuries by Cause UK99/00 00/01 01/02 02/03 03/04
Falls from height 68 74 69 50 67
Struck by falling object 35 51 46 30 29
Hit by moving vehicle 34 64 39 39 44
Contact with machinery 14 19 22 21 11
Trapped by collapse or overturning
16 40 8 11 7
Contact with electricity 18 14 12 15 13
Drowning/asphyxiation 7 6 11 8 21
Others 28 24 44 53 43
Total 220 292 251 227 235
© TWI Gulf WLL 2008
Worldwide Work-Related Disease Deaths (ILO)
Causes of death Number of deaths attributed to occupation
Cancer 30+years 456,240
Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease 15-60 years
200,025
Chronic respiratory disease 15+ years 275,000
Pneumoconiosis (Proportional estimate from US figures)
36,000
Nervous system disorders 15+ years 12,080
Renal disorders (kidney disorders) 15+ years
13,100
Total 992,445
Costs of Accidents at Work
Iceberg Model of Accident Costs:
$16-75
$1
… Visible Costs Liability insurance
Invisible Costs
Hidden Costs of Accidents
Accident investigation
Payments to injured person
Payments non productive time
Replacement labour
Training
Business interruption
Loss of reputation
Damage repair
Replacement plant
Compensation
Legal fees
Insurance
Employer’s InsuranceCompulsory in many countries
Insurance is increasingly expensive
In UK claims have increased at about twice the rate of premium increases
Limited liability which may be linked to performance
£1
£8 - £36
© TWI Gulf WLL 2008
Employer’s Insurance
Benefits of Good Health and Safety Practice
1) Increased levels of compliance2) Improved production3) Improved staff morale4) Improved company reputation5) Reduced accidents6) Reduced ill health7) Reduced damage to equipment8) Reduced staff complaints9) Reduced staff turnover10) Reduced insurance premiums 11) Reduced fines and compensation claims
Safety Management Systems
Safety Management Systems
ISO 9001ISO 14001
PlanDo CheckAct
Step 1
Establish standards for health & safety
management based on risk assessment and legal requirements
Step 2
Implement plans to achieve objectives and standards
Step 4
Review against objectives and
standards and take appropriate action
Step 3
Measure progress with plans and compliance with standards
A C
DPPlan Do
Check
Act
Safety Management Systems
Policy
Organisation
Planning and implementing
Measuring performance
Reviewing performance
Auditing
Safety Management Systems
Policy: Health and Safety aims and objectives of the organisation, and management commitment
Organisation: Clear roles and lines of responsibility, competence, commitment and control, co-operation and communication
Planning and Implementation: Identify hazards, assess risks and decide how risks can be eliminated or controlled. Sets standards against which performance can be measured
Safety Management Systems
Measuring Performance: A means of determining the extent to which health and safety policy and objectives are being implemented and should be both reactive and proactive
Reviewing: Analysing data gathered through monitoring to see whether performance is adequate
Audit: Systematic critical examination of each stage of an organisation’s management systems and procedures
Setting Policy for Health and Safety
Purpose of Safety Policy
1. Management Commitment to Safety
2. Organisation and Arrangements for controlling work related hazards
3. Protect people from injury and ill-health
4. Comply with legal requirements
5. Manage health and safety on a cost effective basis
Safety Policy
1) General StatementDeclaration of intent
What2) The Organisation
ResponsibilitiesWho
3) ArrangementsProcedures
How
Statement of Intent
Demonstrates Management’s commitment to health and safety and sets goals and objectives
• Signed by most senior person in organisation because:
• Shows management commitment
• Gives policy authority
• Person who signs it has ultimate responsibility
OrganisationTo identify health and safety responsibilities and reporting lines within the company
Directors and Senior Managers – setting policy and objectives
Line Managers – Implementing policy in their department
Supervisors – Checking compliance with the policy
Safety Advisors – Advising company on accident and safety compliance
Employees – Responsibility for own and others safety
Fire Marshals – Ensure evacuation of building and roll calls
First Aiders – to provide first aid
ArrangementsSet out in detail the specific systems and procedures for implementing the safety policy
• Risk Assessments• Emergency Arrangements e.g. Fire, First Aid,• Written Procedures, e.g. Permits• Training Programmes, e.g. Manual Handling, Fork Lift Trucks• Maintenance Information• Information/Consultation• Personal Protective Equipment
Safety Policy – Review/Revision
a) Accidents / Incidentsb) Changes in Organisationc) Processesd) Materialse) Premisesf) Legislationg) Work Patternsh) Risk Assessmentsi) Following Accident Investigationj) Enforcement Actionk) Policy Reviewl) Professional Advise
Communicating the PolicyEmployers must bring the policy to Employees attention. This can be done by:
•Displaying it on notice boards
•Introducing it on induction and training session
•Considering it on team briefings and tool box talks
•Using newsletters
•Inserts in wage slips
•Posters
•Build into safe systems and codes of practice
•Managers to discuss with workforce
Objectives and Targets
Objectives: General goals
Targets: Specific performance requirements
Importance to an organisation of setting targets:
Gives evidence on Management commitment and motivates staff by giving them something to aim for
Targets in Health and Safety
• Reduce/Zero Accidents• Zero Prosecutions• Reduced sickness absence• Reduction in compensation claims• Improve reporting of minor accidents• Improve reporting of near misses• Increase numbers trained in health and
safety• Improve audit scores
Smart Goal SettingSpecific
Measurable
Achievable
Realistic
Timescale
Benchmarking
Advantages:• Identifies key performance indicators• Ensures monitoring procedures are effective• Feeds back into continuous improvement• Helps by learning lessons from others
Issues that could be used to benchmark
1. Existence and quality of health and safety policy
2. Staff roles and responsibilities clearly outlined
3. Documented health and safety plans measured
4. Reporting of accidents
5. Reporting of near misses
6. The quality of risk assessments
7. Type of training provided
8. Level of monitoring i.e. reactive and pro-active
Ineffective Health & Safety Policies• No commitment or leadership• No annual objectives • Health and Safety not given enough priority• Insufficient resources provided• Personnel do not understand aims• Too much emphasis on employee
responsibility• No measure of performance• Management unaware of their role• No training of management in their
responsibilities
Organising for Health and Safety
37
Roles and Responsibilities
• Employer• Employees• Self-employed• Designers and manufacturers
38
Management’s Responsibilities for Employees
1. Safe plant and equipment
2. Information, instruction, and training
3. Supervision
4. Safe place of work and access and egress
5. Safe environment and welfare facilities
6. Safety policy
7. Consult and inform employees
39
Management’s Responsibilities for Employees
8. Risk Assessments
9. Effective health and safety management
10.Competent health and safety assistance
11.Health and surveillance
12.Serious and imminent danger
If employer is in control of premises:• Safe premises
• Safe access and egress
• Safe plant or substances 40
Non employees include:
1. Contractors2. Visitors3. General public4. Other employees5. Trespassers
41
Precautions for visitors safety• Signing in
• Providing identification badges
• Providing PPE
• Site induction e.g. Fire precautions
• Escorting visitor to area of work
• Remain with visitor or regular monitoring
• Escorting visitor back to reception area
• Signing out visitor and removing badge42
Duties of Employees
a) Not to endanger themselves and othersb) Co-operation with their employerc) Not to interfere with anything provided for safetyd) Follow instructions and training givene) Inform Employer of dangers and problems with
health and safety arrangements
43
Risk Assessment
44
INTRODUCTION• The concept of risk assessment requires to take
reasonably practicable precautions to safeguard staff and everyone else who may be affected by the operations.
• The risk assessment should be based on a balanced judgement of the extent and realisation of the risk against time, trouble and cost of the steps required to remove or reduce it.
• If the cost is grossly disproportionate, then the company is entitled to say that the steps proposed are not reasonably practicable.
45
Risk Assessment: Definitions Hazard: Something with the potential to cause harm
Risk:The likelihood that harm will occurThe extent of risks cover the population affected and the consequences for them
46
Risk Assessment – 5 Steps
1) Identify the Hazards
2) Decide who may be harmed and how
3) Evaluate risks & existing precautions
4) Record the findings
5) Review Assessments
47
Risk Assessment – 5 Steps
Select a siteKnown or Unknown
Step 1Identify hazards
associated with site
Step 2Decide who & what might
be harmed and how
Step 3Evaluate the risk arising
From the hazard & evaluateExisting precautions
Step 4Record assessmentby writing out plan
Step 5Review assessment
48
1) Identify the hazards
• Workplace inspections• Task observation• Job safety analysis• Accident, ill-health or near
miss data• Documentation• Consultation with the
workforce
49
Hazard Identification
50
Hazard Identification
51
2) Who may be harmed & how?
• What are the Hazards? • How likely to occur?
• Consequences? • Number of people? • Frequency/Duration?• Effects of exposure?• Competence?• Existing Controls?
52
Severity and Likelihood
Severity1) Minor no lost time2) Under 3 days3) Over 3 days4) Disabling injury5) Fatality
Likelihood1) Very unlikely2) Unlikely3) Likely4) Very likely5) Certain, imminent
1-7 Low risk 8-14 Medium risk 15-25 High risk
53
Risk Matrix
15
20
1 2 3 4 5
2
3
4 6 8 10
S
E
V
E
R
I
T
Y
LIKELIHOOD
54
Likelihood & Severity Exercise
55
Likelihood & Severity Exercise
56
Likelihood & Severity Exercise
57
3) Evaluate risks and decide whether existing precautions are adequate
• The effectiveness of the existing precautions Workplace precautions Risk control systems
• An estimation of the risk
• What further actions necessary to eliminate risk
58
4) Record the Significant findings
• The significant hazards• People affected• Adequacy of controls• Further actions required
59
5) Review Risk AssessmentCircumstance requiring RA Review• Accidents• Changes in Process• Changes in Work Methods• Changes in Materials• New Plant or Technology• New Information• Changes in Legislation• Prosecutions/Enforcement notices• Changes in Personnel• Monitoring Results not as expected
60
Risk Assessment Summary
Factors to be considered:
• Tasks/activities• Hazards involved• Likelihood and severity of harm• Frequency and duration of activity• Number of employees involved• Frequency of exposure• Competence of employees doing task• Competence of risk assessor• Evaluation of existing control measures• Review/monitoring provision
61
Principles of Control
62
Principles of Prevention
• Avoid risks (eliminate hazards) • Evaluate risks (risk assessments)• Combat risks at source (enclose noisy equipment)• Adapt to individual (design of workplace)• Adapt to technical progress (automate tasks)• Implement Risk prevention measures• Priority to collective measures• Ensure workers understand what they must do• Promote a positive safety culture
63
Hazard Control Strategy
E liminate: Remove trailing cableR eduction: Use lower voltage toolsI solate: Guard dangerous machineryC ontrol: Reduce time/frequency of exposureP ersonal Protective Equipment: Issue PPED iscipline: Enforce rules and procedures
Hierarchy of control definition:
A preferred series of measures to control risks in order of priority starting with elimination and ending with discipline.
64
Permit to Work
Definition: Definition: A Permit to Work procedure is a formal written system used to control certain types of work which are potentially hazardous
Work requiring permits
•Confined spaces•Hot work/Cold work•Electrical
65
Design of Permits to Work (1)Permit Title Permit Number
Date
1) Job Location/Plant Identification
2) Description of work
3) Time limits
4) Description of hazards
5) Tests and checks prior to work commencing
6) Further precautions: emergency procedures, PPE, etc.
66
Design of Permit to Work (2)
7) Authorisation: Signature by competent person confirming that isolations and precautions have been carried out
8) Acceptance: Signature of person in charge of work confirming understanding of work to be done, hazards involved and precautions required
9) Time Extensions/Shift Change procedures
10) Hand Back: Confirming work completed
11) Cancellation: Confirming work satisfactorily completed
Note: All signatures to be legible
67
Confined Spaces
68
Safe Working in Confined Spaces
Definition of Confined Space:
Any enclosed space, where there is a reasonably foreseeable specified risk associated with that enclosed space. Includes chambers, tanks, vats, silos, pits, trenches, pipes, sewers, flues, wells or other similar spaces.
69
Specified Risks of Confined Spaces
• Serious injury from fire or explosion
• Increased body temperature resulting in unconsciousness
• Unconsciousness or asphyxiation resulting from work exposure to gas, fume, vapour, lack of oxygen
• Drowning from rising liquid level
• Asphyxiation from a free flowing solid
• Entrapment in the free flowing solid which prevents escape to a respirable environment
70
Confined Space Hazards
•Previous contents of confined space (Chemical/biological)•Are there any residues•What cleaning materials are being used•Reactions between residues and cleaning materials•Could there be an oxygen deficient/enrichment atmosphere•Could there be an explosive/toxic atmosphere•What are the access and egress facilities•What tools and equipment need to be used•What are physical dimensions of confined space•Structural collapse
71
Safe System for Workingin Confined Spaces
• Permit to work• Emptying• Isolation• Atmospheric tests• Suitable Access & egress• Suitable tools/equipment • Lighting
• P.P.E.• Communication• Competent staff• Supervision• Emergency arrangements
72
Monitoring, Review & Audit
• This helps you know whether targets have been met or whether you are complying with the law.
• Typically, a combination of reactive and active monitoring techniques are used to gather performance data.
Reactive monitoring (after the event) e.g. accident statistics/investigations
Active monitoring (before the event) e.g. inspections , audits
Measuring Performance
Reasons for Monitoring
• Identify sub-standard H & S practices
• Identify Trends
• Compare actual performance against targets
• To benchmark
• Identify use and effectiveness of control measures
• Make decisions on suitable remedial measures
• Set priorities and establish realistic timescales
• Assess compliance with legal requirements
• Provide information to Board, Committees etc.
Monitoring Health and SafetyReactive Monitoring
• Examining accident figures• Claims records• Number of defects reported• Prosecutions• Enforcement notices
Health and Safety MonitoringPro-active Monitoring
• Safety Audit• Safety Inspections• Safety Surveys• Safety Tour• Safety Sampling• Benchmarking• HAZOPS• Health Surveillance
Safety AuditA safety audit is a thorough, critical examination of an organisation’s safety management systems and procedures.
It is normally a lengthy process carried out by a trained auditor, often someone from outside the organisation looking at the strengths and weaknesses of the organisation.
It is a structured way of assessing the health and safety performance of an organisation by supplying answers to a series of questions and often involves a scoring system so that improvements can be made.
Pre - Audit Preparation & Procedure• Setting audit objectives
• Selecting the audit team
• Requirements from auditees
• Information gathering
• Interviews
• Draw conclusions
• Report and presentation
• Action by the organisation
Safety Audit DocumentsDocuments looked at during audits include:
•Safety policy•Safety procedures•Risk assessments•Training records•Inspection records•Previous audit reports•Safety committee minutes•Accident reports and procedure