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Human physiologyHuman physiology
DefinitionDefinition physiology explains physical and physiology explains physical and chemical factors that are chemical factors that are responsible for the origin, responsible for the origin, development, and progression of development, and progression of
life ,(each type of lifelife ,(each type of life( .( .
Human physiologyHuman physiology
DefinitionDefinition
Specific characteristic and mechanisms Specific characteristic and mechanisms of the human body that make it a living of the human body that make it a living being. All organs and tissues perform being. All organs and tissues perform functions that help to maintain internal functions that help to maintain internal environment constant (Homeostasis (environment constant (Homeostasis (
Fig. 1-1, p. 2
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5 6
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2
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5
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Chemical level
Cellular level
Organ level
Tissue level
Body system level
Organism level
Fig. 1-3a (left), p. 4
Digestive systemmouth, pharynx,esophagus, stomach,small intestine, largeintestine, salivaryglands, exocrinepancreas, liver,gallbladder
Circulatory systemheart, blood,blood vessels
Respiratory systemNose, pharynx, larynx,trachea, bronchi, lungs
Fig. 1-3a (right), p. 4
Urinary systemkidneys, ureters,urinary bladder,urethra
Skeletal systembones, cartilage,joints
Muscular systemskeletal muscles
Fig. 1-3b (left), p. 5
Integumentary systemskin, hair, nails
Immune systemlymph nodes, thymus,bone marrow, tonsils,adenoids, spleen, appendix, and,not shown, whiteblood cells, gut-associated lymphoid tissue, and skin-associatedlymphoid tissue
Nervous systembrain, spinal cord,peripheral nerves,and, not shown,special sense organs
Fig. 1-3b (right), p. 5
Endocrine systemall hormone-secretingtissues, includinghypothalamus, pituitary,thyroid, adrenals, endocrine,pancreas, gonads, kidneys,pineal, thymus, and,not shown, parathyroids,intestine, heart, and skin
Reproductive systemMale: testes, penis, prostategland, seminal vesicles,bulbourethral glands, andassociated ducts
Female: ovaries, oviducts,uterus, vagina, breasts
Fig. 1-6, pp. 10-11
Information from the external environment relayed through thenervous system
O2
CO2
Urine containingwastes and excess water and electrolytes
Nutrients, water,electrolytes
Feces containingundigested foodresidue
Sperm leave maleSperm enter female
EXTERNALENVIRONMENT
BODY SYSTEMS
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
NERVOUS SYSTEM
URINARY SYSTEM
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Exchanges with all other systems
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Exchanges with all other systems
MUSCULAR AND SKELETAL
SYSTEM
IMMUNE SYSTEM
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Body systemsmaintainhomeostasis
Keeps internalfluids in
Keeps foreignmaterials out
HOMEOSTASIS
Homeostasisessential forcell survival
CELLS
Cells makeup bodysystem
Enables thebody to interactwith the externalenvironment
Protects againstforeign invaders
Regulate
Control systemsControl systems
Genetic control Genetic control organ level entire body organ level entire body Intra- & extracellular part of inter relations Intra- & extracellular part of inter relations functions the organ b/w the organsfunctions the organ b/w the organs
““We remain alive is We remain alive is almost beyond our own almost beyond our own
control”control”
Hunger Hunger seek foodseek food Fear Fear seek refugeseek refuge Sex Sex seek fellowshipsseek fellowships
Control systemsControl systems
Genetic control Genetic control organ level entire body organ level entire body Intra- & extracellular part of inter relations Intra- & extracellular part of inter relations functions the organ b/w the organsfunctions the organ b/w the organs