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Empathy
By Ashley Winters
What is Empathy?
“to put yourself in his or her shoes”
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yOjL6baOwu0
Background Info
-origin of the word empathy dates back to the 1880’s -German psychologist Theodore Lipps-coined the term “einfuhlung” (in feeling)-then meant to describe the emotional appreciation
of another’s feelings-now commonly referred to as process of
understanding a person’s subjective experience by vicariously sharing that experience while maintaining an observant stance
Medical Field
Empathy is commonly referred to in the medical work force because it applies directly to a characteristic nurses and physicians need to have in order to diagnose and treat patients.
Differences in Similar Terms
• Pity -describes a relationship which separates physician and patient
-often condescending and may entail feelings of contempt and rejection
• Sympathy -physician experiences feelings as if he or she were the sufferer -shared feelings
• Empathy -“borrows” another’s feelings to observe, feel, and understand but not to take them upon ourselves
DYAMOND’S CONTRIBUTION (1949)
-empathetic person can imaginatively take the role of another and can understand and accurately predict the person’s thoughts, feelings, and actions
Evolution
-term originally believed by all researchers to be innate and impossible to acquire
-either born with it or not-now considered teachable and learnable by
some-named as essential learning objective by the
American Association of Medical Colleges
American Association of Medical Colleges Could Be Referring To. . .
Clinical Empathy-expanded defintion of empathy which includes
-emotive: ability to imagine patient’s emotions and perspectives
-moral: the physician’s internal motivation to empathize
-cognitive: intellectual ability to identify and understand patient’s emotions and perspectives
-behavioral: ability to convey understanding of those emotions and perspectives back to the patient
Behavioral Empathy
-empathy mediates helping behaviors or volunteering (nursing)
-associated with higher life statistics, well being, and health promotion
-volunteerism provides man-power, saves money, and is the backbone of many organizations
Measurement of Empathy
-more than 20 different ways to measure-very difficult to measure-most studies use paper and pencil self
evaluationsPopular Ones Include:
-Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI)-Empathy Construct Rating Scale (ECRS)-Balanced Emotional Empathy Scale
Study
-Hogan Empathy Scale and Adjective Check List Empathy Scale
-tested 43 adults-ages 63-96-both test results showed mean score of older
generations was lower than that of the younger
Medical Models
“The Four Habits Model” (Permenente Medical Group)-Invest in the beginning, Elicit the patient’s perspective, Demonstrate empathy, Invest in the end
“The Four E’s” ( Bayer Institute for Health Care Communication)-Engage, Empathize, Educate, Enlist
“The PEARLS” (American Academy on Physician and Patient)-Partnership, Empathy, Apology, Respect, Legitimization, Support
Key Steps to Effective Empathy-Frederic Platt-
-Recognizing presence of strong feelings in the clinical setting (fear, grief, anger, disappointment)
-Pausing to imagine how the patient might be feeling-Stating your perception of the patient’s feeling (I can Imagine
that must be…)(It sounds like you’re upset about…)
-Legitimizing that feeling-Respecting the patient’s effort to cope with the predicament-Offering support and partnership (I’m committed to work
with you to…)(Let’s see what we can do together to…)
5 Types of Empathetic Responses1) reflective: “I can see that you are…”
“You seem to be…about this”2) legitimizing: involves putting yourself in the other person’s
place “I can understand why you’re feeling…”
3) supportive: suggests that you want to help in a constructive way “I’ll be here if you have any questions or need any advice”
4) partnership building: suggests that you would like to work as a team to solve the problem “We’ll work together to do what’s best”
5) respectful: expresses admiration for the way in which the patient is dealing with the situation “You are coping well with this”
5 Different States of Empathy
-different names for each term-different ideas behind each name-each is part of the mosaic that creates empathy
as a whole, even though some ideas seem conflicting
Empathy As A. . .
1) Human Trait
-innate-natural ability-cannot be taught but can be identified,
reinforced, and refined
2) Professional Trait
-learned communication skill-comprised of cognitive and behavioral ideas used
to convey understanding of clients reality back to him or her
-learned phenomenon-emotional distance-appropriate professional response -objectivity-therapeutic role
3) Communications Process
-goal is to leave the client feeling understood-can be non-verbal (mentioned later)-3 primary stages
a)empathy potentialb)empathy expressedc)empathy recieved
4) Caring
-understanding of a situation and compulsion ti act because of experience of understanding
-goal is to alleviate emotional sufferinga)identification: losing consciousness of self and becoming
engrossed in the experience/ situation of anotherb)introjection: emotionally experiencing what another is
feelingc)detachment: responsiveness to sufferingd)patient response: physical needs met or emotional
suffering alleviated
5) Special Relationship
-reciprocal relationship to develop over time-consists of 3 sequential stages
a)initiatingb)buildingc)sustaining
Types of Non-Verbal Empathy
-tone of voice (lowered, sympathetic)-facial expression (concerned)-touch (caring, reassuring)
Ways to Improve Empathy
-review videotaped encounters-do what feels comfortable-develop styles that match your personality
Barriers to Giving Empathy
-“there is not enough time during the visit to give empathy”
-“giving empathy is emotionally exhausting for me”
-“I don’t want to open that Pandora’s box”-“I’m concerned that if I use all my empathy at
work I won’t have anything left for family”-“I haven’t had enough training in empathetic
communication”
Tying It All Together With Obama
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LGHbbJ5xz3g&feature=related
ReferencesAn Introduction to Empathy (n.d.). Lifelong Independent Veterinary Education. Retrieved
December 7, 2009, from http://www.live.ac.uk/documents/intro_to_empathy.pdfJames, T. H. (2003). An Overview of Empathy. A Focus on Patient-Centered Care and Office
Practice Management, 7. Retrieved from http://xnet.kp.org/permanentejournal/fall03/cpc.html
Kunyk, D., & Olson, J. (2001). Clarification of conceptualizations of empathy. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 35(3), 317-325. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2648.2001.01848.x.
May, B., & Alligood, M. (2000). BASIC EMPATHY IN OLDER ADULTS: CONCEPTUALIZATION, MEASUREMENT, AND APPLICATION. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 21(4), 375-386. doi: 10.1080/016/28400247997.
Mehrabian, A., & Epstein, N. (1972). A measure of emotional empathy. Journal of Personality. Retrieved from http://dionysus.psych.wisc.edu/Lit/Articles/MehrabianA1972a.pdf
Stephen, K., & Baernstein, A. (2006). Educating for Empathy. JGIM: Journal of General Internal Medicine, 21(5), 524-530. doi: 10.1111/j.1525-1497.2006.00443.x.