Introductions to immunology

Dr Alok TripathiDepartment of [email protected]

Outline of Immune Response

Cells of Immun

e Respon

se

What immune

System does?

•Specifically recognizes •Effectively Attack•selectively eliminates •displays a long-term memory

Juncture point for Non Specific & Specific Immune Response ↑

Showing the Significance of Specific & Non Specific IR

Is it The Environment which decides weather the disease will occur or not ?

Host

Pathogens

Environment

Diseases

Immune Response Virulency Interaction

metabolis

m

Components of

immune system

Nonspecific Cellular Response

Nonspecific Humoral

Specific Humoral

Specific Cellular

Properties •Present from birth •Operate against any nonself•Unaffected to prior exposure

•Acquired & Adoptive •Tailored against individual pathogens•Enhanced by prior exposure

Who do it? Cells: Macrophages, Monocytes, PMN

Acute phase proteins, like CRP, Ceruloplasmin, Transferrine Lysozymes etc

Immunoglobuline

T-Lymphocytes

What they do?

Phagocytosis The whole components cause hindrance in establishment of pathogen

Form Ag-Ab complex to neutralized the harmful components

Apoptosis, Killing by Cytotoxic Lymphocytes

Disease

Virulency of

pathogen

Non Specific Humoral Immune

responses

Physiological

condition of the

Interfaces

In order to establish , invade and thrive inside host the host A

Pathogen has to overcome the Nonspecific

Immune Response of

HOST

P

Invasion includes two

steps•1-establishement of pathogen at skin surface, •2- penetrate in side the host skin

Hindered in

establishment of

pathogen

Now if a Pathogen succeeded to penetrate it cause

Damage of Skin

release of certain chemottaractents Phagocytosis

Release of

chemoattractant

instigate →Inflammation

Non specific Vs Specific Immune Response

Complement System:

•to complement the Immune Response

Definition

•A group of 20 serum thermolabile proteins, along with cells of the immune system work together to eliminate foreign cells.Intro

duction

•Cooperate with antibodies to eliminate bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens•Prevent the lysis of normal host cells by pathogens . •It operates as a cascade mechanism, just like the blood-clotting system. •This sequential activation usually occurs by proteolysis.

Extraction of peptide from pathogen /antigen is key point between Non specific

& Specific Immune Response

Elicits the Processing & Presentation of Antigen

Ag Processin

g

•Preparing a peptide from pathogen (antigen) which can be fix on peptide presenting cleft of MHC molecule

Antigen Presentat

ion

•The degraded peptide then associated with MHC, transported to membrane surface and where they are displayed to TCR

Ag can be processed in 2 ways:

•Exogenous Pathways•Endogenous pathways

Outline of Acquired Immune

Response

T Cell ActivationKill

Endogenous Antigen

Activate CTL

Kill Infected Cell

Exogenous Antigen

Activate Th

Stimulate Macrophage

Endosomal Pathogens

APC [B-Cell]

ThCell

YAg

YY

MHC-II

P

B7 CD-28TCR

CD-40 CD-40L CK

CO-STIMULATORY SIGNALS

Nucleus

Singling CascadesProcessing &

Presentation of Ag

P-Effect=Pathoge

n Effect; H-Effect= Host Effect; APP= Acute Phage

Proteins;

Whole Process is Manifested as Inflammation Innate Immunity Acquired Immunity Result

Humoral (APP)Cellular

(Phagocytosis) Processing PresentationT Cell Response

B-Cell Response

P-EffectH-Effect P-Effect H-Effect H-Effect H-Effect H-Effect H-Effect

1External –internal

environment

interface

¬ X X X X X X Immunotolerence

2 ¬ X X X X X X Immunotolerence

3 ¬4 ¬ ¬ ¬ Normal IR

5 ¬ ¬ ¬ Normal IR



80 ¬ ¬ ¬ Autoimmunity

90 ¬ ¬¬¬ ¬¬¬ ¬¬¬ Hypersenstivity

100 ¬ ¬¬¬ ¬¬¬ ¬¬¬ Hypersenstivity

110 ¬ ¬ Autoimmunity





16 ¬C ¬C ¬C ¬C ¬C ¬C ¬C

17 ¬C ¬C ¬C ¬C ¬C ¬C ¬C

18 ¬C ¬C ¬C ¬C ¬C ¬C ¬C

Graphical representation of IR under different conditions

Normal

IR

Autoimmunity

Hyper

sensti

vity

Immunoto

leren

ce

-600

-400

-200

0

200

400

600

800

1000

PathogensNsHR

NsCRSHR

SCRComplement

Inflammation

Pathogens

NsHR

NsCR

SHR

SCR

Complement

Inflammation

Thus Immunology can be defined as……………….

Sum of responses offered by the host body against any

invading pathogen to nullify the impact

exerted by the pathogen/s

Thank you

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Ic sæcge eow þancas

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Health & Medicine

Introductions to immunology