Kohlerrsquos Stages of Moral

Development

DrHarim Mohsin

Moral Development

Moral development

is the gradual development of

an individuals concept of right

or wrong ndash conscious religious

values social attitudes and

certain behaviour

Early influence

Kohlberg followed the development of moral judgment far beyond the ages

studied earlier by Piaget who also claimed that logic and morality develop

through constructive stages Looking at the philosophy of Jean Piaget and

Lawrence Kohlberg regarding why and how people justify the decisions they

make

Kohlberg amp his stage theory

Kohlberg became a professor of education and social psychology at Harvard in 1968

His book on moral development is used by teachers around the world to promote moral reasoning

This theory is a stage theory In other words everyone goes through the stages sequentially without skipping any stage

However movement through these stages are not natural movement occurs when a person notices inadequacies in his or her present way of coping with a given moral dilemma

According to stage theory people cannot understand moral reasoning more than one stage ahead of their own

Kohlbergrsquos Six Stages

Pre-Conventional Moral Development

Stage 1

Stage 2

Conventional Moral Development

Stage 3

Stage 4

Post-Conventional Moral Development

Stage 5

Stage 6

The Heinz Dilemma

A woman was near death from a special kind of cancer There was one drug that the

doctors thought might save her It was a form of radium that a druggist in the same town

had recently discovered The drug was expensive to make but the druggist was charging

ten times what the drug cost him to produce He paid $200 for the radium and charged

$2000 for a small dose of the drug The sick womans husband Heinz went to everyone

he knew to borrow the money but he could only get together about $1000 which is half

of what it cost He told the druggist that his wife was dying and asked him to sell it

cheaper or let him pay later But the druggist said No I discovered the drug and Im going

to make money from it So Heinz got desperate and broke into the mans store to steal

the drug for his wife

Moral Development

Moral development

is the gradual development of

an individuals concept of right

or wrong ndash conscious religious

values social attitudes and

certain behaviour

Early influence

Kohlberg followed the development of moral judgment far beyond the ages

studied earlier by Piaget who also claimed that logic and morality develop

through constructive stages Looking at the philosophy of Jean Piaget and

Lawrence Kohlberg regarding why and how people justify the decisions they

make

Kohlberg amp his stage theory

Kohlberg became a professor of education and social psychology at Harvard in 1968

His book on moral development is used by teachers around the world to promote moral reasoning

This theory is a stage theory In other words everyone goes through the stages sequentially without skipping any stage

However movement through these stages are not natural movement occurs when a person notices inadequacies in his or her present way of coping with a given moral dilemma

According to stage theory people cannot understand moral reasoning more than one stage ahead of their own

Kohlbergrsquos Six Stages

Pre-Conventional Moral Development

Stage 1

Stage 2

Conventional Moral Development

Stage 3

Stage 4

Post-Conventional Moral Development

Stage 5

Stage 6

The Heinz Dilemma

A woman was near death from a special kind of cancer There was one drug that the

doctors thought might save her It was a form of radium that a druggist in the same town

had recently discovered The drug was expensive to make but the druggist was charging

ten times what the drug cost him to produce He paid $200 for the radium and charged

$2000 for a small dose of the drug The sick womans husband Heinz went to everyone

he knew to borrow the money but he could only get together about $1000 which is half

of what it cost He told the druggist that his wife was dying and asked him to sell it

cheaper or let him pay later But the druggist said No I discovered the drug and Im going

to make money from it So Heinz got desperate and broke into the mans store to steal

the drug for his wife

Early influence

Kohlberg followed the development of moral judgment far beyond the ages

studied earlier by Piaget who also claimed that logic and morality develop

through constructive stages Looking at the philosophy of Jean Piaget and

Lawrence Kohlberg regarding why and how people justify the decisions they

make

Kohlberg amp his stage theory

Kohlberg became a professor of education and social psychology at Harvard in 1968

His book on moral development is used by teachers around the world to promote moral reasoning

This theory is a stage theory In other words everyone goes through the stages sequentially without skipping any stage

However movement through these stages are not natural movement occurs when a person notices inadequacies in his or her present way of coping with a given moral dilemma

According to stage theory people cannot understand moral reasoning more than one stage ahead of their own

Kohlbergrsquos Six Stages

Pre-Conventional Moral Development

Stage 1

Stage 2

Conventional Moral Development

Stage 3

Stage 4

Post-Conventional Moral Development

Stage 5

Stage 6

The Heinz Dilemma

A woman was near death from a special kind of cancer There was one drug that the

doctors thought might save her It was a form of radium that a druggist in the same town

had recently discovered The drug was expensive to make but the druggist was charging

ten times what the drug cost him to produce He paid $200 for the radium and charged

$2000 for a small dose of the drug The sick womans husband Heinz went to everyone

he knew to borrow the money but he could only get together about $1000 which is half

of what it cost He told the druggist that his wife was dying and asked him to sell it

cheaper or let him pay later But the druggist said No I discovered the drug and Im going

to make money from it So Heinz got desperate and broke into the mans store to steal

the drug for his wife

Kohlberg amp his stage theory

Kohlberg became a professor of education and social psychology at Harvard in 1968

His book on moral development is used by teachers around the world to promote moral reasoning

This theory is a stage theory In other words everyone goes through the stages sequentially without skipping any stage

However movement through these stages are not natural movement occurs when a person notices inadequacies in his or her present way of coping with a given moral dilemma

According to stage theory people cannot understand moral reasoning more than one stage ahead of their own

Kohlbergrsquos Six Stages

Pre-Conventional Moral Development

Stage 1

Stage 2

Conventional Moral Development

Stage 3

Stage 4

Post-Conventional Moral Development

Stage 5

Stage 6

The Heinz Dilemma

A woman was near death from a special kind of cancer There was one drug that the

doctors thought might save her It was a form of radium that a druggist in the same town

had recently discovered The drug was expensive to make but the druggist was charging

ten times what the drug cost him to produce He paid $200 for the radium and charged

$2000 for a small dose of the drug The sick womans husband Heinz went to everyone

he knew to borrow the money but he could only get together about $1000 which is half

of what it cost He told the druggist that his wife was dying and asked him to sell it

cheaper or let him pay later But the druggist said No I discovered the drug and Im going

to make money from it So Heinz got desperate and broke into the mans store to steal

the drug for his wife

Kohlbergrsquos Six Stages

Pre-Conventional Moral Development

Stage 1

Stage 2

Conventional Moral Development

Stage 3

Stage 4

Post-Conventional Moral Development

Stage 5

Stage 6

The Heinz Dilemma

A woman was near death from a special kind of cancer There was one drug that the

doctors thought might save her It was a form of radium that a druggist in the same town

had recently discovered The drug was expensive to make but the druggist was charging

ten times what the drug cost him to produce He paid $200 for the radium and charged

$2000 for a small dose of the drug The sick womans husband Heinz went to everyone

he knew to borrow the money but he could only get together about $1000 which is half

of what it cost He told the druggist that his wife was dying and asked him to sell it

cheaper or let him pay later But the druggist said No I discovered the drug and Im going

to make money from it So Heinz got desperate and broke into the mans store to steal

the drug for his wife

The Heinz Dilemma

A woman was near death from a special kind of cancer There was one drug that the

doctors thought might save her It was a form of radium that a druggist in the same town

had recently discovered The drug was expensive to make but the druggist was charging

ten times what the drug cost him to produce He paid $200 for the radium and charged

$2000 for a small dose of the drug The sick womans husband Heinz went to everyone

he knew to borrow the money but he could only get together about $1000 which is half

of what it cost He told the druggist that his wife was dying and asked him to sell it

cheaper or let him pay later But the druggist said No I discovered the drug and Im going

to make money from it So Heinz got desperate and broke into the mans store to steal

the drug for his wife

LEVEL I

bull Stage 1 ndash Punishment-Obedience Orientation

bull Stage 2 ndash Instrumental Relativist Orientation

LEVEL II

bull Stage 3 ndash Good Boy ndash Nice Girl Orientation

bull Stage 4 ndash Law and Order Orientation

LEVEL III

bull Stage 5 ndash Social Contract Orientation

bull Stage 6 ndash Universal Ethical Principle Orientation

Kohlbergrsquos Stages of Moral Development

LEVEL I

Pre-conventional Morality

people at this stagedo not reallyunderstand theconventions rulesof a society

4 ndash 10 yrs old

Level 1- Stages

Level One

Pre-

Conventional

Morality

Stage 1 Punishment-

Obedience Orientation

bullI should get my own way

bullTo get rewards and avoid punishments

Stage 2 Instrumental

Relativist Orientation

bullI should do what Irsquom told

bullTo stay out of trouble

STAGE 1

Punishment ndash Obedience Orientation

Consequences of

acts determine

whether theyrsquore

good or bad

Stage 1

Obedience amp Punishment

Earliest stage of moral development

Common in young children

They see rules as fixed and absolute

Morality is external

At this stage children see rules as fixed and

absolute

Obeying the rules is important because it is a

means to avoid punishment

Heinz should

steal the drug

because if he

doesnt then his

wife might die

Possible Stage 1

responses

to Heinz Dilemma

Heinz should

not steal the

drug because

he might be

caught and sent

to jail

STAGE 2 Instrumental Relativist Orientation

The ethics of ldquoWhatrsquos in it for

merdquo

Obeying rules and exchanging

favors are judged in terms of

the benefit to the individual

Stage 2

Individualism and Exchange

At this stage of moral development

children account for individual points

of view and judge actions based on

how they serve individual needs

Reciprocity is possible at this point in

moral development but only if it

serves ones own interests

Possible Stage 2 responses

to Heinz Dilemma

It is right for Heinz

to steal the drug

because it can

cure his wife and

then she can take

care of his home

The doctor scientist

had spent lots of

money and many

years of his life to

develop the cure so

its not fair to him if

Heinz stole the drug

LEVEL II

Conventional Morality

People at this stage

conform to the

conventions rules

of a society

10 ndash 13 yrs old

Level 2 Stages

Level Two

Conventional

Morality

Stage 3 Good Boy-Nice

Girl Orientation

bullI should look out for myself but be fair to

those who are fair to me

bullWhatrsquos in it for me

Stage 4 Law and Order

Orientation

bullI should be a nice person and live up to the

expectations of people I know and care

about

bullSo others will think well of me and I can

think well of myself

STAGE 3

Good Boy ndash Nice Girl Orientation

Ethical decisions are

based on concern for

or the opinions of

others

Stage 3

Interpersonal Relationships

Often referred to as the good boy-good girl orientation

At this stage children who are by now usually entering their teens see morality as more than simple deals

Stage of moral development is focused on living up to social expectations and roles (of the family and community) There is an emphasis on conformity being nice and behave in good ways

Good behaviour means having good motives and interpersonal feelings such as love empathy trust and concern for others

Possible Stage 3 responses

to Heinz Dilemma

Yes Heinz should steal the drug He

probably will go to jail for a short time for

stealing but his family will think he is a

good husband

Brown the police officer should report

that he saw Heinz behaving suspiciously

and running away from the laboratory

because his boss would be pleased

STAGE 4

Law and Order Orientation

Right behavior consists in

doing ones duty showing

respect for authority and

maintaining the given

social order for its own

sake

Stage 4

Maintaining Social Order

People begin to consider society as a whole when making judgment

Law and order

focus on maintaining law and order and obeying laws

Consequences of breaking the law

Stage 1 and stage 4 are giving the same response

Similarity is they both agree that breaking the law is wrong

Differences is for Stage 1 the child canrsquot explain why it is wrong while Stage 4 the adults are able to deliberate

Possible Stage 4 responses

to Heinz Dilemma

As her husband Heinz

has a duty to save his

wifes life so he should

steal the drug

But its wrong to steal

so Heinz should be

prepared to accept the

penalty for breaking the

law

The judge should sentence

Heinz to jail Stealing is

against the law He should

not make any exceptions

even though Heinz wife is

dying If the judge does not

sentence Heinz to jail then

others may think its right to

steal and there will be chaos

in the society

LEVEL III

Post-Conventional Morality

The moral principles

that underline the

conventions of a

society are

understood

Level 3- Stages

Level Three

Post-Conventional

Morality

Stage 5 Social Contract

Orientation

bullI should fulfill my responsibilities to

the social or value system I feel part

of

bullTo keep the system from falling

apart and to maintain self-respect as

somebody who meets my obligations

Stage 6 Universal Ethical

Principle Orientation

bullI should show the greatest possible

respect for the rights and dignity of

every individual person and should

support a system that protects human

rights

bullThe obligation of conscience to act

in accordance with the principle of

respect for all human beings

Social Contract Orientation

Rules and laws represent

agreements among people

about behavior that

benefits society Rules can

be changed when they no

longer meet societyrsquos

needs

STAGE 5

Stage 5

Social Contract and Individual Rights

At this stage people begin to account for

the differing values opinions and beliefs

of other people

Rules of law are important for maintaining

a society but members of the society

should agree upon these standards

Possible Stage 5 responses

to Heinz Dilemma

Heinz should steal the drug because everyone has

the right to life regardless of the law against

stealing Should Heinz be caught and prosecuted for

stealing then the law (against stealing) needs to be

reinterpreted because a persons life is at stake

The doctor scientists decision is despicable but his

right to fair compensation (for his discovery) must be

maintained Therefore Heinz should not steal the

drug

STAGE 6 Universal Ethical

Principle Orientation

Right is defined by the decision of

conscience in accord with self-chosen

ethical principles appealing to logical

comprehensiveness universality and

consistency

Stage 6

Universal Principles

Based upon universal ethical principles and abstract

reasoning

Based on respect for universal principle and the demands of

individual conscience

Takes an idealized look at how people might coordinate their

interests

At this stage people follow these internalized principles of

justice even if they conflict with laws and rules

Define the principles by which agreement will be most just

Criticisms

Does moral reasoning necessarily lead to moral behavior

Kohlbergs theory is concerned with moral thinking but there is a big difference between knowing what we oughtto do versus our actual actions

Is justice the only aspect of moral reasoning we should consider

Critics have pointed out that Kohlbergs theory of moral development overemphasizes the concept as justice when making moral choices Factors such as compassion caring and other interpersonal feelings may play an important part in moral reasoning

Does Kohlbergs theory overemphasize Western philosophy

Individualistic cultures emphasize personal rights while collectivist cultures stress the importance of society and community Eastern cultures may have different moral outlooks that Kohlbergs theory does not account for

Every personrsquos moral reasoning develops through the

same stages in the same order

People pass through the same stages at different rates

Development is gradual and continuous rather than

sudden and discrete

Once a stage is attained a person continues to reason

at that stage and rarely regress to a lower stage

Intervention usually results in moving only to the next

higher stage of moral reasoning

ACTIVITY

For the following moral dilemma describe a response which

might be given by someone in each of the first four stages of

Kohlbergs theory

Jill goes shopping one day with her best friend Sidh Sidh tries

on a jumper and walks out of the shop wearing it under her

jacket Jill is left to face the stores security person who insists

that Jill names Sidh and gives Ss address The manager of the

store tells Jill she will be in serious trouble if she does not

disclose Sidhs name and address What should Jill do

What would you do

Consider your own experience ndash Where are you

according to the stages of Moral development

LEVEL I

Pre-conventional Morality

people at this stagedo not reallyunderstand theconventions rulesof a society

4 ndash 10 yrs old

Level 1- Stages

Level One

Pre-

Conventional

Morality

Stage 1 Punishment-

Obedience Orientation

bullI should get my own way

bullTo get rewards and avoid punishments

Stage 2 Instrumental

Relativist Orientation

bullI should do what Irsquom told

bullTo stay out of trouble

STAGE 1

Punishment ndash Obedience Orientation

Consequences of

acts determine

whether theyrsquore

good or bad

Stage 1

Obedience amp Punishment

Earliest stage of moral development

Common in young children

They see rules as fixed and absolute

Morality is external

At this stage children see rules as fixed and

absolute

Obeying the rules is important because it is a

means to avoid punishment

Heinz should

steal the drug

because if he

doesnt then his

wife might die

Possible Stage 1

responses

to Heinz Dilemma

Heinz should

not steal the

drug because

he might be

caught and sent

to jail

STAGE 2 Instrumental Relativist Orientation

The ethics of ldquoWhatrsquos in it for

merdquo

Obeying rules and exchanging

favors are judged in terms of

the benefit to the individual

Stage 2

Individualism and Exchange

At this stage of moral development

children account for individual points

of view and judge actions based on

how they serve individual needs

Reciprocity is possible at this point in

moral development but only if it

serves ones own interests

Possible Stage 2 responses

to Heinz Dilemma

It is right for Heinz

to steal the drug

because it can

cure his wife and

then she can take

care of his home

The doctor scientist

had spent lots of

money and many

years of his life to

develop the cure so

its not fair to him if

Heinz stole the drug

LEVEL II

Conventional Morality

People at this stage

conform to the

conventions rules

of a society

10 ndash 13 yrs old

Level 2 Stages

Level Two

Conventional

Morality

Stage 3 Good Boy-Nice

Girl Orientation

bullI should look out for myself but be fair to

those who are fair to me

bullWhatrsquos in it for me

Stage 4 Law and Order

Orientation

bullI should be a nice person and live up to the

expectations of people I know and care

about

bullSo others will think well of me and I can

think well of myself

STAGE 3

Good Boy ndash Nice Girl Orientation

Ethical decisions are

based on concern for

or the opinions of

others

Stage 3

Interpersonal Relationships

Often referred to as the good boy-good girl orientation

At this stage children who are by now usually entering their teens see morality as more than simple deals

Stage of moral development is focused on living up to social expectations and roles (of the family and community) There is an emphasis on conformity being nice and behave in good ways

Good behaviour means having good motives and interpersonal feelings such as love empathy trust and concern for others

Possible Stage 3 responses

to Heinz Dilemma

Yes Heinz should steal the drug He

probably will go to jail for a short time for

stealing but his family will think he is a

good husband

Brown the police officer should report

that he saw Heinz behaving suspiciously

and running away from the laboratory

because his boss would be pleased

STAGE 4

Law and Order Orientation

Right behavior consists in

doing ones duty showing

respect for authority and

maintaining the given

social order for its own

sake

Stage 4

Maintaining Social Order

People begin to consider society as a whole when making judgment

Law and order

focus on maintaining law and order and obeying laws

Consequences of breaking the law

Stage 1 and stage 4 are giving the same response

Similarity is they both agree that breaking the law is wrong

Differences is for Stage 1 the child canrsquot explain why it is wrong while Stage 4 the adults are able to deliberate

Possible Stage 4 responses

to Heinz Dilemma

As her husband Heinz

has a duty to save his

wifes life so he should

steal the drug

But its wrong to steal

so Heinz should be

prepared to accept the

penalty for breaking the

law

The judge should sentence

Heinz to jail Stealing is

against the law He should

not make any exceptions

even though Heinz wife is

dying If the judge does not

sentence Heinz to jail then

others may think its right to

steal and there will be chaos

in the society

LEVEL III

Post-Conventional Morality

The moral principles

that underline the

conventions of a

society are

understood

Level 3- Stages

Level Three

Post-Conventional

Morality

Stage 5 Social Contract

Orientation

bullI should fulfill my responsibilities to

the social or value system I feel part

of

bullTo keep the system from falling

apart and to maintain self-respect as

somebody who meets my obligations

Stage 6 Universal Ethical

Principle Orientation

bullI should show the greatest possible

respect for the rights and dignity of

every individual person and should

support a system that protects human

rights

bullThe obligation of conscience to act

in accordance with the principle of

respect for all human beings

Social Contract Orientation

Rules and laws represent

agreements among people

about behavior that

benefits society Rules can

be changed when they no

longer meet societyrsquos

needs

STAGE 5

Stage 5

Social Contract and Individual Rights

At this stage people begin to account for

the differing values opinions and beliefs

of other people

Rules of law are important for maintaining

a society but members of the society

should agree upon these standards

Possible Stage 5 responses

to Heinz Dilemma

Heinz should steal the drug because everyone has

the right to life regardless of the law against

stealing Should Heinz be caught and prosecuted for

stealing then the law (against stealing) needs to be

reinterpreted because a persons life is at stake

The doctor scientists decision is despicable but his

right to fair compensation (for his discovery) must be

maintained Therefore Heinz should not steal the

drug

STAGE 6 Universal Ethical

Principle Orientation

Right is defined by the decision of

conscience in accord with self-chosen

ethical principles appealing to logical

comprehensiveness universality and

consistency

Stage 6

Universal Principles

Based upon universal ethical principles and abstract

reasoning

Based on respect for universal principle and the demands of

individual conscience

Takes an idealized look at how people might coordinate their

interests

At this stage people follow these internalized principles of

justice even if they conflict with laws and rules

Define the principles by which agreement will be most just

Criticisms

Does moral reasoning necessarily lead to moral behavior

Kohlbergs theory is concerned with moral thinking but there is a big difference between knowing what we oughtto do versus our actual actions

Is justice the only aspect of moral reasoning we should consider

Critics have pointed out that Kohlbergs theory of moral development overemphasizes the concept as justice when making moral choices Factors such as compassion caring and other interpersonal feelings may play an important part in moral reasoning

Does Kohlbergs theory overemphasize Western philosophy

Individualistic cultures emphasize personal rights while collectivist cultures stress the importance of society and community Eastern cultures may have different moral outlooks that Kohlbergs theory does not account for

Every personrsquos moral reasoning develops through the

same stages in the same order

People pass through the same stages at different rates

Development is gradual and continuous rather than

sudden and discrete

Once a stage is attained a person continues to reason

at that stage and rarely regress to a lower stage

Intervention usually results in moving only to the next

higher stage of moral reasoning

ACTIVITY

For the following moral dilemma describe a response which

might be given by someone in each of the first four stages of

Kohlbergs theory

Jill goes shopping one day with her best friend Sidh Sidh tries

on a jumper and walks out of the shop wearing it under her

jacket Jill is left to face the stores security person who insists

that Jill names Sidh and gives Ss address The manager of the

store tells Jill she will be in serious trouble if she does not

disclose Sidhs name and address What should Jill do

What would you do

Consider your own experience ndash Where are you

according to the stages of Moral development

Level 1- Stages

Level One

Pre-

Conventional

Morality

Stage 1 Punishment-

Obedience Orientation

bullI should get my own way

bullTo get rewards and avoid punishments

Stage 2 Instrumental

Relativist Orientation

bullI should do what Irsquom told

bullTo stay out of trouble

STAGE 1

Punishment ndash Obedience Orientation

Consequences of

acts determine

whether theyrsquore

good or bad

Stage 1

Obedience amp Punishment

Earliest stage of moral development

Common in young children

They see rules as fixed and absolute

Morality is external

At this stage children see rules as fixed and

absolute

Obeying the rules is important because it is a

means to avoid punishment

Heinz should

steal the drug

because if he

doesnt then his

wife might die

Possible Stage 1

responses

to Heinz Dilemma

Heinz should

not steal the

drug because

he might be

caught and sent

to jail

STAGE 2 Instrumental Relativist Orientation

The ethics of ldquoWhatrsquos in it for

merdquo

Obeying rules and exchanging

favors are judged in terms of

the benefit to the individual

Stage 2

Individualism and Exchange

At this stage of moral development

children account for individual points

of view and judge actions based on

how they serve individual needs

Reciprocity is possible at this point in

moral development but only if it

serves ones own interests

Possible Stage 2 responses

to Heinz Dilemma

It is right for Heinz

to steal the drug

because it can

cure his wife and

then she can take

care of his home

The doctor scientist

had spent lots of

money and many

years of his life to

develop the cure so

its not fair to him if

Heinz stole the drug

LEVEL II

Conventional Morality

People at this stage

conform to the

conventions rules

of a society

10 ndash 13 yrs old

Level 2 Stages

Level Two

Conventional

Morality

Stage 3 Good Boy-Nice

Girl Orientation

bullI should look out for myself but be fair to

those who are fair to me

bullWhatrsquos in it for me

Stage 4 Law and Order

Orientation

bullI should be a nice person and live up to the

expectations of people I know and care

about

bullSo others will think well of me and I can

think well of myself

STAGE 3

Good Boy ndash Nice Girl Orientation

Ethical decisions are

based on concern for

or the opinions of

others

Stage 3

Interpersonal Relationships

Often referred to as the good boy-good girl orientation

At this stage children who are by now usually entering their teens see morality as more than simple deals

Stage of moral development is focused on living up to social expectations and roles (of the family and community) There is an emphasis on conformity being nice and behave in good ways

Good behaviour means having good motives and interpersonal feelings such as love empathy trust and concern for others

Possible Stage 3 responses

to Heinz Dilemma

Yes Heinz should steal the drug He

probably will go to jail for a short time for

stealing but his family will think he is a

good husband

Brown the police officer should report

that he saw Heinz behaving suspiciously

and running away from the laboratory

because his boss would be pleased

STAGE 4

Law and Order Orientation

Right behavior consists in

doing ones duty showing

respect for authority and

maintaining the given

social order for its own

sake

Stage 4

Maintaining Social Order

People begin to consider society as a whole when making judgment

Law and order

focus on maintaining law and order and obeying laws

Consequences of breaking the law

Stage 1 and stage 4 are giving the same response

Similarity is they both agree that breaking the law is wrong

Differences is for Stage 1 the child canrsquot explain why it is wrong while Stage 4 the adults are able to deliberate

Possible Stage 4 responses

to Heinz Dilemma

As her husband Heinz

has a duty to save his

wifes life so he should

steal the drug

But its wrong to steal

so Heinz should be

prepared to accept the

penalty for breaking the

law

The judge should sentence

Heinz to jail Stealing is

against the law He should

not make any exceptions

even though Heinz wife is

dying If the judge does not

sentence Heinz to jail then

others may think its right to

steal and there will be chaos

in the society

LEVEL III

Post-Conventional Morality

The moral principles

that underline the

conventions of a

society are

understood

Level 3- Stages

Level Three

Post-Conventional

Morality

Stage 5 Social Contract

Orientation

bullI should fulfill my responsibilities to

the social or value system I feel part

of

bullTo keep the system from falling

apart and to maintain self-respect as

somebody who meets my obligations

Stage 6 Universal Ethical

Principle Orientation

bullI should show the greatest possible

respect for the rights and dignity of

every individual person and should

support a system that protects human

rights

bullThe obligation of conscience to act

in accordance with the principle of

respect for all human beings

Social Contract Orientation

Rules and laws represent

agreements among people

about behavior that

benefits society Rules can

be changed when they no

longer meet societyrsquos

needs

STAGE 5

Stage 5

Social Contract and Individual Rights

At this stage people begin to account for

the differing values opinions and beliefs

of other people

Rules of law are important for maintaining

a society but members of the society

should agree upon these standards

Possible Stage 5 responses

to Heinz Dilemma

Heinz should steal the drug because everyone has

the right to life regardless of the law against

stealing Should Heinz be caught and prosecuted for

stealing then the law (against stealing) needs to be

reinterpreted because a persons life is at stake

The doctor scientists decision is despicable but his

right to fair compensation (for his discovery) must be

maintained Therefore Heinz should not steal the

drug

STAGE 6 Universal Ethical

Principle Orientation

Right is defined by the decision of

conscience in accord with self-chosen

ethical principles appealing to logical

comprehensiveness universality and

consistency

Stage 6

Universal Principles

Based upon universal ethical principles and abstract

reasoning

Based on respect for universal principle and the demands of

individual conscience

Takes an idealized look at how people might coordinate their

interests

At this stage people follow these internalized principles of

justice even if they conflict with laws and rules

Define the principles by which agreement will be most just

Criticisms

Does moral reasoning necessarily lead to moral behavior

Kohlbergs theory is concerned with moral thinking but there is a big difference between knowing what we oughtto do versus our actual actions

Is justice the only aspect of moral reasoning we should consider

Critics have pointed out that Kohlbergs theory of moral development overemphasizes the concept as justice when making moral choices Factors such as compassion caring and other interpersonal feelings may play an important part in moral reasoning

Does Kohlbergs theory overemphasize Western philosophy

Individualistic cultures emphasize personal rights while collectivist cultures stress the importance of society and community Eastern cultures may have different moral outlooks that Kohlbergs theory does not account for

Every personrsquos moral reasoning develops through the

same stages in the same order

People pass through the same stages at different rates

Development is gradual and continuous rather than

sudden and discrete

Once a stage is attained a person continues to reason

at that stage and rarely regress to a lower stage

Intervention usually results in moving only to the next

higher stage of moral reasoning

ACTIVITY

For the following moral dilemma describe a response which

might be given by someone in each of the first four stages of

Kohlbergs theory

Jill goes shopping one day with her best friend Sidh Sidh tries

on a jumper and walks out of the shop wearing it under her

jacket Jill is left to face the stores security person who insists

that Jill names Sidh and gives Ss address The manager of the

store tells Jill she will be in serious trouble if she does not

disclose Sidhs name and address What should Jill do

What would you do

Consider your own experience ndash Where are you

according to the stages of Moral development

STAGE 1

Punishment ndash Obedience Orientation

Consequences of

acts determine

whether theyrsquore

good or bad

Stage 1

Obedience amp Punishment

Earliest stage of moral development

Common in young children

They see rules as fixed and absolute

Morality is external

At this stage children see rules as fixed and

absolute

Obeying the rules is important because it is a

means to avoid punishment

Heinz should

steal the drug

because if he

doesnt then his

wife might die

Possible Stage 1

responses

to Heinz Dilemma

Heinz should

not steal the

drug because

he might be

caught and sent

to jail

STAGE 2 Instrumental Relativist Orientation

The ethics of ldquoWhatrsquos in it for

merdquo

Obeying rules and exchanging

favors are judged in terms of

the benefit to the individual

Stage 2

Individualism and Exchange

At this stage of moral development

children account for individual points

of view and judge actions based on

how they serve individual needs

Reciprocity is possible at this point in

moral development but only if it

serves ones own interests

Possible Stage 2 responses

to Heinz Dilemma

It is right for Heinz

to steal the drug

because it can

cure his wife and

then she can take

care of his home

The doctor scientist

had spent lots of

money and many

years of his life to

develop the cure so

its not fair to him if

Heinz stole the drug

LEVEL II

Conventional Morality

People at this stage

conform to the

conventions rules

of a society

10 ndash 13 yrs old

Level 2 Stages

Level Two

Conventional

Morality

Stage 3 Good Boy-Nice

Girl Orientation

bullI should look out for myself but be fair to

those who are fair to me

bullWhatrsquos in it for me

Stage 4 Law and Order

Orientation

bullI should be a nice person and live up to the

expectations of people I know and care

about

bullSo others will think well of me and I can

think well of myself

STAGE 3

Good Boy ndash Nice Girl Orientation

Ethical decisions are

based on concern for

or the opinions of

others

Stage 3

Interpersonal Relationships

Often referred to as the good boy-good girl orientation

At this stage children who are by now usually entering their teens see morality as more than simple deals

Stage of moral development is focused on living up to social expectations and roles (of the family and community) There is an emphasis on conformity being nice and behave in good ways

Good behaviour means having good motives and interpersonal feelings such as love empathy trust and concern for others

Possible Stage 3 responses

to Heinz Dilemma

Yes Heinz should steal the drug He

probably will go to jail for a short time for

stealing but his family will think he is a

good husband

Brown the police officer should report

that he saw Heinz behaving suspiciously

and running away from the laboratory

because his boss would be pleased

STAGE 4

Law and Order Orientation

Right behavior consists in

doing ones duty showing

respect for authority and

maintaining the given

social order for its own

sake

Stage 4

Maintaining Social Order

People begin to consider society as a whole when making judgment

Law and order

focus on maintaining law and order and obeying laws

Consequences of breaking the law

Stage 1 and stage 4 are giving the same response

Similarity is they both agree that breaking the law is wrong

Differences is for Stage 1 the child canrsquot explain why it is wrong while Stage 4 the adults are able to deliberate

Possible Stage 4 responses

to Heinz Dilemma

As her husband Heinz

has a duty to save his

wifes life so he should

steal the drug

But its wrong to steal

so Heinz should be

prepared to accept the

penalty for breaking the

law

The judge should sentence

Heinz to jail Stealing is

against the law He should

not make any exceptions

even though Heinz wife is

dying If the judge does not

sentence Heinz to jail then

others may think its right to

steal and there will be chaos

in the society

LEVEL III

Post-Conventional Morality

The moral principles

that underline the

conventions of a

society are

understood

Level 3- Stages

Level Three

Post-Conventional

Morality

Stage 5 Social Contract

Orientation

bullI should fulfill my responsibilities to

the social or value system I feel part

of

bullTo keep the system from falling

apart and to maintain self-respect as

somebody who meets my obligations

Stage 6 Universal Ethical

Principle Orientation

bullI should show the greatest possible

respect for the rights and dignity of

every individual person and should

support a system that protects human

rights

bullThe obligation of conscience to act

in accordance with the principle of

respect for all human beings

Social Contract Orientation

Rules and laws represent

agreements among people

about behavior that

benefits society Rules can

be changed when they no

longer meet societyrsquos

needs

STAGE 5

Stage 5

Social Contract and Individual Rights

At this stage people begin to account for

the differing values opinions and beliefs

of other people

Rules of law are important for maintaining

a society but members of the society

should agree upon these standards

Possible Stage 5 responses

to Heinz Dilemma

Heinz should steal the drug because everyone has

the right to life regardless of the law against

stealing Should Heinz be caught and prosecuted for

stealing then the law (against stealing) needs to be

reinterpreted because a persons life is at stake

The doctor scientists decision is despicable but his

right to fair compensation (for his discovery) must be

maintained Therefore Heinz should not steal the

drug

STAGE 6 Universal Ethical

Principle Orientation

Right is defined by the decision of

conscience in accord with self-chosen

ethical principles appealing to logical

comprehensiveness universality and

consistency

Stage 6

Universal Principles

Based upon universal ethical principles and abstract

reasoning

Based on respect for universal principle and the demands of

individual conscience

Takes an idealized look at how people might coordinate their

interests

At this stage people follow these internalized principles of

justice even if they conflict with laws and rules

Define the principles by which agreement will be most just

Criticisms

Does moral reasoning necessarily lead to moral behavior

Kohlbergs theory is concerned with moral thinking but there is a big difference between knowing what we oughtto do versus our actual actions

Is justice the only aspect of moral reasoning we should consider

Critics have pointed out that Kohlbergs theory of moral development overemphasizes the concept as justice when making moral choices Factors such as compassion caring and other interpersonal feelings may play an important part in moral reasoning

Does Kohlbergs theory overemphasize Western philosophy

Individualistic cultures emphasize personal rights while collectivist cultures stress the importance of society and community Eastern cultures may have different moral outlooks that Kohlbergs theory does not account for

Every personrsquos moral reasoning develops through the

same stages in the same order

People pass through the same stages at different rates

Development is gradual and continuous rather than

sudden and discrete

Once a stage is attained a person continues to reason

at that stage and rarely regress to a lower stage

Intervention usually results in moving only to the next

higher stage of moral reasoning

ACTIVITY

For the following moral dilemma describe a response which

might be given by someone in each of the first four stages of

Kohlbergs theory

Jill goes shopping one day with her best friend Sidh Sidh tries

on a jumper and walks out of the shop wearing it under her

jacket Jill is left to face the stores security person who insists

that Jill names Sidh and gives Ss address The manager of the

store tells Jill she will be in serious trouble if she does not

disclose Sidhs name and address What should Jill do

What would you do

Consider your own experience ndash Where are you

according to the stages of Moral development

Stage 1

Obedience amp Punishment

Earliest stage of moral development

Common in young children

They see rules as fixed and absolute

Morality is external

At this stage children see rules as fixed and

absolute

Obeying the rules is important because it is a

means to avoid punishment

Heinz should

steal the drug

because if he

doesnt then his

wife might die

Possible Stage 1

responses

to Heinz Dilemma

Heinz should

not steal the

drug because

he might be

caught and sent

to jail

STAGE 2 Instrumental Relativist Orientation

The ethics of ldquoWhatrsquos in it for

merdquo

Obeying rules and exchanging

favors are judged in terms of

the benefit to the individual

Stage 2

Individualism and Exchange

At this stage of moral development

children account for individual points

of view and judge actions based on

how they serve individual needs

Reciprocity is possible at this point in

moral development but only if it

serves ones own interests

Possible Stage 2 responses

to Heinz Dilemma

It is right for Heinz

to steal the drug

because it can

cure his wife and

then she can take

care of his home

The doctor scientist

had spent lots of

money and many

years of his life to

develop the cure so

its not fair to him if

Heinz stole the drug

LEVEL II

Conventional Morality

People at this stage

conform to the

conventions rules

of a society

10 ndash 13 yrs old

Level 2 Stages

Level Two

Conventional

Morality

Stage 3 Good Boy-Nice

Girl Orientation

bullI should look out for myself but be fair to

those who are fair to me

bullWhatrsquos in it for me

Stage 4 Law and Order

Orientation

bullI should be a nice person and live up to the

expectations of people I know and care

about

bullSo others will think well of me and I can

think well of myself

STAGE 3

Good Boy ndash Nice Girl Orientation

Ethical decisions are

based on concern for

or the opinions of

others

Stage 3

Interpersonal Relationships

Often referred to as the good boy-good girl orientation

At this stage children who are by now usually entering their teens see morality as more than simple deals

Stage of moral development is focused on living up to social expectations and roles (of the family and community) There is an emphasis on conformity being nice and behave in good ways

Good behaviour means having good motives and interpersonal feelings such as love empathy trust and concern for others

Possible Stage 3 responses

to Heinz Dilemma

Yes Heinz should steal the drug He

probably will go to jail for a short time for

stealing but his family will think he is a

good husband

Brown the police officer should report

that he saw Heinz behaving suspiciously

and running away from the laboratory

because his boss would be pleased

STAGE 4

Law and Order Orientation

Right behavior consists in

doing ones duty showing

respect for authority and

maintaining the given

social order for its own

sake

Stage 4

Maintaining Social Order

People begin to consider society as a whole when making judgment

Law and order

focus on maintaining law and order and obeying laws

Consequences of breaking the law

Stage 1 and stage 4 are giving the same response

Similarity is they both agree that breaking the law is wrong

Differences is for Stage 1 the child canrsquot explain why it is wrong while Stage 4 the adults are able to deliberate

Possible Stage 4 responses

to Heinz Dilemma

As her husband Heinz

has a duty to save his

wifes life so he should

steal the drug

But its wrong to steal

so Heinz should be

prepared to accept the

penalty for breaking the

law

The judge should sentence

Heinz to jail Stealing is

against the law He should

not make any exceptions

even though Heinz wife is

dying If the judge does not

sentence Heinz to jail then

others may think its right to

steal and there will be chaos

in the society

LEVEL III

Post-Conventional Morality

The moral principles

that underline the

conventions of a

society are

understood

Level 3- Stages

Level Three

Post-Conventional

Morality

Stage 5 Social Contract

Orientation

bullI should fulfill my responsibilities to

the social or value system I feel part

of

bullTo keep the system from falling

apart and to maintain self-respect as

somebody who meets my obligations

Stage 6 Universal Ethical

Principle Orientation

bullI should show the greatest possible

respect for the rights and dignity of

every individual person and should

support a system that protects human

rights

bullThe obligation of conscience to act

in accordance with the principle of

respect for all human beings

Social Contract Orientation

Rules and laws represent

agreements among people

about behavior that

benefits society Rules can

be changed when they no

longer meet societyrsquos

needs

STAGE 5

Stage 5

Social Contract and Individual Rights

At this stage people begin to account for

the differing values opinions and beliefs

of other people

Rules of law are important for maintaining

a society but members of the society

should agree upon these standards

Possible Stage 5 responses

to Heinz Dilemma

Heinz should steal the drug because everyone has

the right to life regardless of the law against

stealing Should Heinz be caught and prosecuted for

stealing then the law (against stealing) needs to be

reinterpreted because a persons life is at stake

The doctor scientists decision is despicable but his

right to fair compensation (for his discovery) must be

maintained Therefore Heinz should not steal the

drug

STAGE 6 Universal Ethical

Principle Orientation

Right is defined by the decision of

conscience in accord with self-chosen

ethical principles appealing to logical

comprehensiveness universality and

consistency

Stage 6

Universal Principles

Based upon universal ethical principles and abstract

reasoning

Based on respect for universal principle and the demands of

individual conscience

Takes an idealized look at how people might coordinate their

interests

At this stage people follow these internalized principles of

justice even if they conflict with laws and rules

Define the principles by which agreement will be most just

Criticisms

Does moral reasoning necessarily lead to moral behavior

Kohlbergs theory is concerned with moral thinking but there is a big difference between knowing what we oughtto do versus our actual actions

Is justice the only aspect of moral reasoning we should consider

Critics have pointed out that Kohlbergs theory of moral development overemphasizes the concept as justice when making moral choices Factors such as compassion caring and other interpersonal feelings may play an important part in moral reasoning

Does Kohlbergs theory overemphasize Western philosophy

Individualistic cultures emphasize personal rights while collectivist cultures stress the importance of society and community Eastern cultures may have different moral outlooks that Kohlbergs theory does not account for

Every personrsquos moral reasoning develops through the

same stages in the same order

People pass through the same stages at different rates

Development is gradual and continuous rather than

sudden and discrete

Once a stage is attained a person continues to reason

at that stage and rarely regress to a lower stage

Intervention usually results in moving only to the next

higher stage of moral reasoning

ACTIVITY

For the following moral dilemma describe a response which

might be given by someone in each of the first four stages of

Kohlbergs theory

Jill goes shopping one day with her best friend Sidh Sidh tries

on a jumper and walks out of the shop wearing it under her

jacket Jill is left to face the stores security person who insists

that Jill names Sidh and gives Ss address The manager of the

store tells Jill she will be in serious trouble if she does not

disclose Sidhs name and address What should Jill do

What would you do

Consider your own experience ndash Where are you

according to the stages of Moral development

Heinz should

steal the drug

because if he

doesnt then his

wife might die

Possible Stage 1

responses

to Heinz Dilemma

Heinz should

not steal the

drug because

he might be

caught and sent

to jail

STAGE 2 Instrumental Relativist Orientation

The ethics of ldquoWhatrsquos in it for

merdquo

Obeying rules and exchanging

favors are judged in terms of

the benefit to the individual

Stage 2

Individualism and Exchange

At this stage of moral development

children account for individual points

of view and judge actions based on

how they serve individual needs

Reciprocity is possible at this point in

moral development but only if it

serves ones own interests

Possible Stage 2 responses

to Heinz Dilemma

It is right for Heinz

to steal the drug

because it can

cure his wife and

then she can take

care of his home

The doctor scientist

had spent lots of

money and many

years of his life to

develop the cure so

its not fair to him if

Heinz stole the drug

LEVEL II

Conventional Morality

People at this stage

conform to the

conventions rules

of a society

10 ndash 13 yrs old

Level 2 Stages

Level Two

Conventional

Morality

Stage 3 Good Boy-Nice

Girl Orientation

bullI should look out for myself but be fair to

those who are fair to me

bullWhatrsquos in it for me

Stage 4 Law and Order

Orientation

bullI should be a nice person and live up to the

expectations of people I know and care

about

bullSo others will think well of me and I can

think well of myself

STAGE 3

Good Boy ndash Nice Girl Orientation

Ethical decisions are

based on concern for

or the opinions of

others

Stage 3

Interpersonal Relationships

Often referred to as the good boy-good girl orientation

At this stage children who are by now usually entering their teens see morality as more than simple deals

Stage of moral development is focused on living up to social expectations and roles (of the family and community) There is an emphasis on conformity being nice and behave in good ways

Good behaviour means having good motives and interpersonal feelings such as love empathy trust and concern for others

Possible Stage 3 responses

to Heinz Dilemma

Yes Heinz should steal the drug He

probably will go to jail for a short time for

stealing but his family will think he is a

good husband

Brown the police officer should report

that he saw Heinz behaving suspiciously

and running away from the laboratory

because his boss would be pleased

STAGE 4

Law and Order Orientation

Right behavior consists in

doing ones duty showing

respect for authority and

maintaining the given

social order for its own

sake

Stage 4

Maintaining Social Order

People begin to consider society as a whole when making judgment

Law and order

focus on maintaining law and order and obeying laws

Consequences of breaking the law

Stage 1 and stage 4 are giving the same response

Similarity is they both agree that breaking the law is wrong

Differences is for Stage 1 the child canrsquot explain why it is wrong while Stage 4 the adults are able to deliberate

Possible Stage 4 responses

to Heinz Dilemma

As her husband Heinz

has a duty to save his

wifes life so he should

steal the drug

But its wrong to steal

so Heinz should be

prepared to accept the

penalty for breaking the

law

The judge should sentence

Heinz to jail Stealing is

against the law He should

not make any exceptions

even though Heinz wife is

dying If the judge does not

sentence Heinz to jail then

others may think its right to

steal and there will be chaos

in the society

LEVEL III

Post-Conventional Morality

The moral principles

that underline the

conventions of a

society are

understood

Level 3- Stages

Level Three

Post-Conventional

Morality

Stage 5 Social Contract

Orientation

bullI should fulfill my responsibilities to

the social or value system I feel part

of

bullTo keep the system from falling

apart and to maintain self-respect as

somebody who meets my obligations

Stage 6 Universal Ethical

Principle Orientation

bullI should show the greatest possible

respect for the rights and dignity of

every individual person and should

support a system that protects human

rights

bullThe obligation of conscience to act

in accordance with the principle of

respect for all human beings

Social Contract Orientation

Rules and laws represent

agreements among people

about behavior that

benefits society Rules can

be changed when they no

longer meet societyrsquos

needs

STAGE 5

Stage 5

Social Contract and Individual Rights

At this stage people begin to account for

the differing values opinions and beliefs

of other people

Rules of law are important for maintaining

a society but members of the society

should agree upon these standards

Possible Stage 5 responses

to Heinz Dilemma

Heinz should steal the drug because everyone has

the right to life regardless of the law against

stealing Should Heinz be caught and prosecuted for

stealing then the law (against stealing) needs to be

reinterpreted because a persons life is at stake

The doctor scientists decision is despicable but his

right to fair compensation (for his discovery) must be

maintained Therefore Heinz should not steal the

drug

STAGE 6 Universal Ethical

Principle Orientation

Right is defined by the decision of

conscience in accord with self-chosen

ethical principles appealing to logical

comprehensiveness universality and

consistency

Stage 6

Universal Principles

Based upon universal ethical principles and abstract

reasoning

Based on respect for universal principle and the demands of

individual conscience

Takes an idealized look at how people might coordinate their

interests

At this stage people follow these internalized principles of

justice even if they conflict with laws and rules

Define the principles by which agreement will be most just

Criticisms

Does moral reasoning necessarily lead to moral behavior

Kohlbergs theory is concerned with moral thinking but there is a big difference between knowing what we oughtto do versus our actual actions

Is justice the only aspect of moral reasoning we should consider

Critics have pointed out that Kohlbergs theory of moral development overemphasizes the concept as justice when making moral choices Factors such as compassion caring and other interpersonal feelings may play an important part in moral reasoning

Does Kohlbergs theory overemphasize Western philosophy

Individualistic cultures emphasize personal rights while collectivist cultures stress the importance of society and community Eastern cultures may have different moral outlooks that Kohlbergs theory does not account for

Every personrsquos moral reasoning develops through the

same stages in the same order

People pass through the same stages at different rates

Development is gradual and continuous rather than

sudden and discrete

Once a stage is attained a person continues to reason

at that stage and rarely regress to a lower stage

Intervention usually results in moving only to the next

higher stage of moral reasoning

ACTIVITY

For the following moral dilemma describe a response which

might be given by someone in each of the first four stages of

Kohlbergs theory

Jill goes shopping one day with her best friend Sidh Sidh tries

on a jumper and walks out of the shop wearing it under her

jacket Jill is left to face the stores security person who insists

that Jill names Sidh and gives Ss address The manager of the

store tells Jill she will be in serious trouble if she does not

disclose Sidhs name and address What should Jill do

What would you do

Consider your own experience ndash Where are you

according to the stages of Moral development

STAGE 2 Instrumental Relativist Orientation

The ethics of ldquoWhatrsquos in it for

merdquo

Obeying rules and exchanging

favors are judged in terms of

the benefit to the individual

Stage 2

Individualism and Exchange

At this stage of moral development

children account for individual points

of view and judge actions based on

how they serve individual needs

Reciprocity is possible at this point in

moral development but only if it

serves ones own interests

Possible Stage 2 responses

to Heinz Dilemma

It is right for Heinz

to steal the drug

because it can

cure his wife and

then she can take

care of his home

The doctor scientist

had spent lots of

money and many

years of his life to

develop the cure so

its not fair to him if

Heinz stole the drug

LEVEL II

Conventional Morality

People at this stage

conform to the

conventions rules

of a society

10 ndash 13 yrs old

Level 2 Stages

Level Two

Conventional

Morality

Stage 3 Good Boy-Nice

Girl Orientation

bullI should look out for myself but be fair to

those who are fair to me

bullWhatrsquos in it for me

Stage 4 Law and Order

Orientation

bullI should be a nice person and live up to the

expectations of people I know and care

about

bullSo others will think well of me and I can

think well of myself

STAGE 3

Good Boy ndash Nice Girl Orientation

Ethical decisions are

based on concern for

or the opinions of

others

Stage 3

Interpersonal Relationships

Often referred to as the good boy-good girl orientation

At this stage children who are by now usually entering their teens see morality as more than simple deals

Stage of moral development is focused on living up to social expectations and roles (of the family and community) There is an emphasis on conformity being nice and behave in good ways

Good behaviour means having good motives and interpersonal feelings such as love empathy trust and concern for others

Possible Stage 3 responses

to Heinz Dilemma

Yes Heinz should steal the drug He

probably will go to jail for a short time for

stealing but his family will think he is a

good husband

Brown the police officer should report

that he saw Heinz behaving suspiciously

and running away from the laboratory

because his boss would be pleased

STAGE 4

Law and Order Orientation

Right behavior consists in

doing ones duty showing

respect for authority and

maintaining the given

social order for its own

sake

Stage 4

Maintaining Social Order

People begin to consider society as a whole when making judgment

Law and order

focus on maintaining law and order and obeying laws

Consequences of breaking the law

Stage 1 and stage 4 are giving the same response

Similarity is they both agree that breaking the law is wrong

Differences is for Stage 1 the child canrsquot explain why it is wrong while Stage 4 the adults are able to deliberate

Possible Stage 4 responses

to Heinz Dilemma

As her husband Heinz

has a duty to save his

wifes life so he should

steal the drug

But its wrong to steal

so Heinz should be

prepared to accept the

penalty for breaking the

law

The judge should sentence

Heinz to jail Stealing is

against the law He should

not make any exceptions

even though Heinz wife is

dying If the judge does not

sentence Heinz to jail then

others may think its right to

steal and there will be chaos

in the society

LEVEL III

Post-Conventional Morality

The moral principles

that underline the

conventions of a

society are

understood

Level 3- Stages

Level Three

Post-Conventional

Morality

Stage 5 Social Contract

Orientation

bullI should fulfill my responsibilities to

the social or value system I feel part

of

bullTo keep the system from falling

apart and to maintain self-respect as

somebody who meets my obligations

Stage 6 Universal Ethical

Principle Orientation

bullI should show the greatest possible

respect for the rights and dignity of

every individual person and should

support a system that protects human

rights

bullThe obligation of conscience to act

in accordance with the principle of

respect for all human beings

Social Contract Orientation

Rules and laws represent

agreements among people

about behavior that

benefits society Rules can

be changed when they no

longer meet societyrsquos

needs

STAGE 5

Stage 5

Social Contract and Individual Rights

At this stage people begin to account for

the differing values opinions and beliefs

of other people

Rules of law are important for maintaining

a society but members of the society

should agree upon these standards

Possible Stage 5 responses

to Heinz Dilemma

Heinz should steal the drug because everyone has

the right to life regardless of the law against

stealing Should Heinz be caught and prosecuted for

stealing then the law (against stealing) needs to be

reinterpreted because a persons life is at stake

The doctor scientists decision is despicable but his

right to fair compensation (for his discovery) must be

maintained Therefore Heinz should not steal the

drug

STAGE 6 Universal Ethical

Principle Orientation

Right is defined by the decision of

conscience in accord with self-chosen

ethical principles appealing to logical

comprehensiveness universality and

consistency

Stage 6

Universal Principles

Based upon universal ethical principles and abstract

reasoning

Based on respect for universal principle and the demands of

individual conscience

Takes an idealized look at how people might coordinate their

interests

At this stage people follow these internalized principles of

justice even if they conflict with laws and rules

Define the principles by which agreement will be most just

Criticisms

Does moral reasoning necessarily lead to moral behavior

Kohlbergs theory is concerned with moral thinking but there is a big difference between knowing what we oughtto do versus our actual actions

Is justice the only aspect of moral reasoning we should consider

Critics have pointed out that Kohlbergs theory of moral development overemphasizes the concept as justice when making moral choices Factors such as compassion caring and other interpersonal feelings may play an important part in moral reasoning

Does Kohlbergs theory overemphasize Western philosophy

Individualistic cultures emphasize personal rights while collectivist cultures stress the importance of society and community Eastern cultures may have different moral outlooks that Kohlbergs theory does not account for

Every personrsquos moral reasoning develops through the

same stages in the same order

People pass through the same stages at different rates

Development is gradual and continuous rather than

sudden and discrete

Once a stage is attained a person continues to reason

at that stage and rarely regress to a lower stage

Intervention usually results in moving only to the next

higher stage of moral reasoning

ACTIVITY

For the following moral dilemma describe a response which

might be given by someone in each of the first four stages of

Kohlbergs theory

Jill goes shopping one day with her best friend Sidh Sidh tries

on a jumper and walks out of the shop wearing it under her

jacket Jill is left to face the stores security person who insists

that Jill names Sidh and gives Ss address The manager of the

store tells Jill she will be in serious trouble if she does not

disclose Sidhs name and address What should Jill do

What would you do

Consider your own experience ndash Where are you

according to the stages of Moral development

Stage 2

Individualism and Exchange

At this stage of moral development

children account for individual points

of view and judge actions based on

how they serve individual needs

Reciprocity is possible at this point in

moral development but only if it

serves ones own interests

Possible Stage 2 responses

to Heinz Dilemma

It is right for Heinz

to steal the drug

because it can

cure his wife and

then she can take

care of his home

The doctor scientist

had spent lots of

money and many

years of his life to

develop the cure so

its not fair to him if

Heinz stole the drug

LEVEL II

Conventional Morality

People at this stage

conform to the

conventions rules

of a society

10 ndash 13 yrs old

Level 2 Stages

Level Two

Conventional

Morality

Stage 3 Good Boy-Nice

Girl Orientation

bullI should look out for myself but be fair to

those who are fair to me

bullWhatrsquos in it for me

Stage 4 Law and Order

Orientation

bullI should be a nice person and live up to the

expectations of people I know and care

about

bullSo others will think well of me and I can

think well of myself

STAGE 3

Good Boy ndash Nice Girl Orientation

Ethical decisions are

based on concern for

or the opinions of

others

Stage 3

Interpersonal Relationships

Often referred to as the good boy-good girl orientation

At this stage children who are by now usually entering their teens see morality as more than simple deals

Stage of moral development is focused on living up to social expectations and roles (of the family and community) There is an emphasis on conformity being nice and behave in good ways

Good behaviour means having good motives and interpersonal feelings such as love empathy trust and concern for others

Possible Stage 3 responses

to Heinz Dilemma

Yes Heinz should steal the drug He

probably will go to jail for a short time for

stealing but his family will think he is a

good husband

Brown the police officer should report

that he saw Heinz behaving suspiciously

and running away from the laboratory

because his boss would be pleased

STAGE 4

Law and Order Orientation

Right behavior consists in

doing ones duty showing

respect for authority and

maintaining the given

social order for its own

sake

Stage 4

Maintaining Social Order

People begin to consider society as a whole when making judgment

Law and order

focus on maintaining law and order and obeying laws

Consequences of breaking the law

Stage 1 and stage 4 are giving the same response

Similarity is they both agree that breaking the law is wrong

Differences is for Stage 1 the child canrsquot explain why it is wrong while Stage 4 the adults are able to deliberate

Possible Stage 4 responses

to Heinz Dilemma

As her husband Heinz

has a duty to save his

wifes life so he should

steal the drug

But its wrong to steal

so Heinz should be

prepared to accept the

penalty for breaking the

law

The judge should sentence

Heinz to jail Stealing is

against the law He should

not make any exceptions

even though Heinz wife is

dying If the judge does not

sentence Heinz to jail then

others may think its right to

steal and there will be chaos

in the society

LEVEL III

Post-Conventional Morality

The moral principles

that underline the

conventions of a

society are

understood

Level 3- Stages

Level Three

Post-Conventional

Morality

Stage 5 Social Contract

Orientation

bullI should fulfill my responsibilities to

the social or value system I feel part

of

bullTo keep the system from falling

apart and to maintain self-respect as

somebody who meets my obligations

Stage 6 Universal Ethical

Principle Orientation

bullI should show the greatest possible

respect for the rights and dignity of

every individual person and should

support a system that protects human

rights

bullThe obligation of conscience to act

in accordance with the principle of

respect for all human beings

Social Contract Orientation

Rules and laws represent

agreements among people

about behavior that

benefits society Rules can

be changed when they no

longer meet societyrsquos

needs

STAGE 5

Stage 5

Social Contract and Individual Rights

At this stage people begin to account for

the differing values opinions and beliefs

of other people

Rules of law are important for maintaining

a society but members of the society

should agree upon these standards

Possible Stage 5 responses

to Heinz Dilemma

Heinz should steal the drug because everyone has

the right to life regardless of the law against

stealing Should Heinz be caught and prosecuted for

stealing then the law (against stealing) needs to be

reinterpreted because a persons life is at stake

The doctor scientists decision is despicable but his

right to fair compensation (for his discovery) must be

maintained Therefore Heinz should not steal the

drug

STAGE 6 Universal Ethical

Principle Orientation

Right is defined by the decision of

conscience in accord with self-chosen

ethical principles appealing to logical

comprehensiveness universality and

consistency

Stage 6

Universal Principles

Based upon universal ethical principles and abstract

reasoning

Based on respect for universal principle and the demands of

individual conscience

Takes an idealized look at how people might coordinate their

interests

At this stage people follow these internalized principles of

justice even if they conflict with laws and rules

Define the principles by which agreement will be most just

Criticisms

Does moral reasoning necessarily lead to moral behavior

Kohlbergs theory is concerned with moral thinking but there is a big difference between knowing what we oughtto do versus our actual actions

Is justice the only aspect of moral reasoning we should consider

Critics have pointed out that Kohlbergs theory of moral development overemphasizes the concept as justice when making moral choices Factors such as compassion caring and other interpersonal feelings may play an important part in moral reasoning

Does Kohlbergs theory overemphasize Western philosophy

Individualistic cultures emphasize personal rights while collectivist cultures stress the importance of society and community Eastern cultures may have different moral outlooks that Kohlbergs theory does not account for

Every personrsquos moral reasoning develops through the

same stages in the same order

People pass through the same stages at different rates

Development is gradual and continuous rather than

sudden and discrete

Once a stage is attained a person continues to reason

at that stage and rarely regress to a lower stage

Intervention usually results in moving only to the next

higher stage of moral reasoning

ACTIVITY

For the following moral dilemma describe a response which

might be given by someone in each of the first four stages of

Kohlbergs theory

Jill goes shopping one day with her best friend Sidh Sidh tries

on a jumper and walks out of the shop wearing it under her

jacket Jill is left to face the stores security person who insists

that Jill names Sidh and gives Ss address The manager of the

store tells Jill she will be in serious trouble if she does not

disclose Sidhs name and address What should Jill do

What would you do

Consider your own experience ndash Where are you

according to the stages of Moral development

Possible Stage 2 responses

to Heinz Dilemma

It is right for Heinz

to steal the drug

because it can

cure his wife and

then she can take

care of his home

The doctor scientist

had spent lots of

money and many

years of his life to

develop the cure so

its not fair to him if

Heinz stole the drug

LEVEL II

Conventional Morality

People at this stage

conform to the

conventions rules

of a society

10 ndash 13 yrs old

Level 2 Stages

Level Two

Conventional

Morality

Stage 3 Good Boy-Nice

Girl Orientation

bullI should look out for myself but be fair to

those who are fair to me

bullWhatrsquos in it for me

Stage 4 Law and Order

Orientation

bullI should be a nice person and live up to the

expectations of people I know and care

about

bullSo others will think well of me and I can

think well of myself

STAGE 3

Good Boy ndash Nice Girl Orientation

Ethical decisions are

based on concern for

or the opinions of

others

Stage 3

Interpersonal Relationships

Often referred to as the good boy-good girl orientation

At this stage children who are by now usually entering their teens see morality as more than simple deals

Stage of moral development is focused on living up to social expectations and roles (of the family and community) There is an emphasis on conformity being nice and behave in good ways

Good behaviour means having good motives and interpersonal feelings such as love empathy trust and concern for others

Possible Stage 3 responses

to Heinz Dilemma

Yes Heinz should steal the drug He

probably will go to jail for a short time for

stealing but his family will think he is a

good husband

Brown the police officer should report

that he saw Heinz behaving suspiciously

and running away from the laboratory

because his boss would be pleased

STAGE 4

Law and Order Orientation

Right behavior consists in

doing ones duty showing

respect for authority and

maintaining the given

social order for its own

sake

Stage 4

Maintaining Social Order

People begin to consider society as a whole when making judgment

Law and order

focus on maintaining law and order and obeying laws

Consequences of breaking the law

Stage 1 and stage 4 are giving the same response

Similarity is they both agree that breaking the law is wrong

Differences is for Stage 1 the child canrsquot explain why it is wrong while Stage 4 the adults are able to deliberate

Possible Stage 4 responses

to Heinz Dilemma

As her husband Heinz

has a duty to save his

wifes life so he should

steal the drug

But its wrong to steal

so Heinz should be

prepared to accept the

penalty for breaking the

law

The judge should sentence

Heinz to jail Stealing is

against the law He should

not make any exceptions

even though Heinz wife is

dying If the judge does not

sentence Heinz to jail then

others may think its right to

steal and there will be chaos

in the society

LEVEL III

Post-Conventional Morality

The moral principles

that underline the

conventions of a

society are

understood

Level 3- Stages

Level Three

Post-Conventional

Morality

Stage 5 Social Contract

Orientation

bullI should fulfill my responsibilities to

the social or value system I feel part

of

bullTo keep the system from falling

apart and to maintain self-respect as

somebody who meets my obligations

Stage 6 Universal Ethical

Principle Orientation

bullI should show the greatest possible

respect for the rights and dignity of

every individual person and should

support a system that protects human

rights

bullThe obligation of conscience to act

in accordance with the principle of

respect for all human beings

Social Contract Orientation

Rules and laws represent

agreements among people

about behavior that

benefits society Rules can

be changed when they no

longer meet societyrsquos

needs

STAGE 5

Stage 5

Social Contract and Individual Rights

At this stage people begin to account for

the differing values opinions and beliefs

of other people

Rules of law are important for maintaining

a society but members of the society

should agree upon these standards

Possible Stage 5 responses

to Heinz Dilemma

Heinz should steal the drug because everyone has

the right to life regardless of the law against

stealing Should Heinz be caught and prosecuted for

stealing then the law (against stealing) needs to be

reinterpreted because a persons life is at stake

The doctor scientists decision is despicable but his

right to fair compensation (for his discovery) must be

maintained Therefore Heinz should not steal the

drug

STAGE 6 Universal Ethical

Principle Orientation

Right is defined by the decision of

conscience in accord with self-chosen

ethical principles appealing to logical

comprehensiveness universality and

consistency

Stage 6

Universal Principles

Based upon universal ethical principles and abstract

reasoning

Based on respect for universal principle and the demands of

individual conscience

Takes an idealized look at how people might coordinate their

interests

At this stage people follow these internalized principles of

justice even if they conflict with laws and rules

Define the principles by which agreement will be most just

Criticisms

Does moral reasoning necessarily lead to moral behavior

Kohlbergs theory is concerned with moral thinking but there is a big difference between knowing what we oughtto do versus our actual actions

Is justice the only aspect of moral reasoning we should consider

Critics have pointed out that Kohlbergs theory of moral development overemphasizes the concept as justice when making moral choices Factors such as compassion caring and other interpersonal feelings may play an important part in moral reasoning

Does Kohlbergs theory overemphasize Western philosophy

Individualistic cultures emphasize personal rights while collectivist cultures stress the importance of society and community Eastern cultures may have different moral outlooks that Kohlbergs theory does not account for

Every personrsquos moral reasoning develops through the

same stages in the same order

People pass through the same stages at different rates

Development is gradual and continuous rather than

sudden and discrete

Once a stage is attained a person continues to reason

at that stage and rarely regress to a lower stage

Intervention usually results in moving only to the next

higher stage of moral reasoning

ACTIVITY

For the following moral dilemma describe a response which

might be given by someone in each of the first four stages of

Kohlbergs theory

Jill goes shopping one day with her best friend Sidh Sidh tries

on a jumper and walks out of the shop wearing it under her

jacket Jill is left to face the stores security person who insists

that Jill names Sidh and gives Ss address The manager of the

store tells Jill she will be in serious trouble if she does not

disclose Sidhs name and address What should Jill do

What would you do

Consider your own experience ndash Where are you

according to the stages of Moral development

LEVEL II

Conventional Morality

People at this stage

conform to the

conventions rules

of a society

10 ndash 13 yrs old

Level 2 Stages

Level Two

Conventional

Morality

Stage 3 Good Boy-Nice

Girl Orientation

bullI should look out for myself but be fair to

those who are fair to me

bullWhatrsquos in it for me

Stage 4 Law and Order

Orientation

bullI should be a nice person and live up to the

expectations of people I know and care

about

bullSo others will think well of me and I can

think well of myself

STAGE 3

Good Boy ndash Nice Girl Orientation

Ethical decisions are

based on concern for

or the opinions of

others

Stage 3

Interpersonal Relationships

Often referred to as the good boy-good girl orientation

At this stage children who are by now usually entering their teens see morality as more than simple deals

Stage of moral development is focused on living up to social expectations and roles (of the family and community) There is an emphasis on conformity being nice and behave in good ways

Good behaviour means having good motives and interpersonal feelings such as love empathy trust and concern for others

Possible Stage 3 responses

to Heinz Dilemma

Yes Heinz should steal the drug He

probably will go to jail for a short time for

stealing but his family will think he is a

good husband

Brown the police officer should report

that he saw Heinz behaving suspiciously

and running away from the laboratory

because his boss would be pleased

STAGE 4

Law and Order Orientation

Right behavior consists in

doing ones duty showing

respect for authority and

maintaining the given

social order for its own

sake

Stage 4

Maintaining Social Order

People begin to consider society as a whole when making judgment

Law and order

focus on maintaining law and order and obeying laws

Consequences of breaking the law

Stage 1 and stage 4 are giving the same response

Similarity is they both agree that breaking the law is wrong

Differences is for Stage 1 the child canrsquot explain why it is wrong while Stage 4 the adults are able to deliberate

Possible Stage 4 responses

to Heinz Dilemma

As her husband Heinz

has a duty to save his

wifes life so he should

steal the drug

But its wrong to steal

so Heinz should be

prepared to accept the

penalty for breaking the

law

The judge should sentence

Heinz to jail Stealing is

against the law He should

not make any exceptions

even though Heinz wife is

dying If the judge does not

sentence Heinz to jail then

others may think its right to

steal and there will be chaos

in the society

LEVEL III

Post-Conventional Morality

The moral principles

that underline the

conventions of a

society are

understood

Level 3- Stages

Level Three

Post-Conventional

Morality

Stage 5 Social Contract

Orientation

bullI should fulfill my responsibilities to

the social or value system I feel part

of

bullTo keep the system from falling

apart and to maintain self-respect as

somebody who meets my obligations

Stage 6 Universal Ethical

Principle Orientation

bullI should show the greatest possible

respect for the rights and dignity of

every individual person and should

support a system that protects human

rights

bullThe obligation of conscience to act

in accordance with the principle of

respect for all human beings

Social Contract Orientation

Rules and laws represent

agreements among people

about behavior that

benefits society Rules can

be changed when they no

longer meet societyrsquos

needs

STAGE 5

Stage 5

Social Contract and Individual Rights

At this stage people begin to account for

the differing values opinions and beliefs

of other people

Rules of law are important for maintaining

a society but members of the society

should agree upon these standards

Possible Stage 5 responses

to Heinz Dilemma

Heinz should steal the drug because everyone has

the right to life regardless of the law against

stealing Should Heinz be caught and prosecuted for

stealing then the law (against stealing) needs to be

reinterpreted because a persons life is at stake

The doctor scientists decision is despicable but his

right to fair compensation (for his discovery) must be

maintained Therefore Heinz should not steal the

drug

STAGE 6 Universal Ethical

Principle Orientation

Right is defined by the decision of

conscience in accord with self-chosen

ethical principles appealing to logical

comprehensiveness universality and

consistency

Stage 6

Universal Principles

Based upon universal ethical principles and abstract

reasoning

Based on respect for universal principle and the demands of

individual conscience

Takes an idealized look at how people might coordinate their

interests

At this stage people follow these internalized principles of

justice even if they conflict with laws and rules

Define the principles by which agreement will be most just

Criticisms

Does moral reasoning necessarily lead to moral behavior

Kohlbergs theory is concerned with moral thinking but there is a big difference between knowing what we oughtto do versus our actual actions

Is justice the only aspect of moral reasoning we should consider

Critics have pointed out that Kohlbergs theory of moral development overemphasizes the concept as justice when making moral choices Factors such as compassion caring and other interpersonal feelings may play an important part in moral reasoning

Does Kohlbergs theory overemphasize Western philosophy

Individualistic cultures emphasize personal rights while collectivist cultures stress the importance of society and community Eastern cultures may have different moral outlooks that Kohlbergs theory does not account for

Every personrsquos moral reasoning develops through the

same stages in the same order

People pass through the same stages at different rates

Development is gradual and continuous rather than

sudden and discrete

Once a stage is attained a person continues to reason

at that stage and rarely regress to a lower stage

Intervention usually results in moving only to the next

higher stage of moral reasoning

ACTIVITY

For the following moral dilemma describe a response which

might be given by someone in each of the first four stages of

Kohlbergs theory

Jill goes shopping one day with her best friend Sidh Sidh tries

on a jumper and walks out of the shop wearing it under her

jacket Jill is left to face the stores security person who insists

that Jill names Sidh and gives Ss address The manager of the

store tells Jill she will be in serious trouble if she does not

disclose Sidhs name and address What should Jill do

What would you do

Consider your own experience ndash Where are you

according to the stages of Moral development

Level 2 Stages

Level Two

Conventional

Morality

Stage 3 Good Boy-Nice

Girl Orientation

bullI should look out for myself but be fair to

those who are fair to me

bullWhatrsquos in it for me

Stage 4 Law and Order

Orientation

bullI should be a nice person and live up to the

expectations of people I know and care

about

bullSo others will think well of me and I can

think well of myself

STAGE 3

Good Boy ndash Nice Girl Orientation

Ethical decisions are

based on concern for

or the opinions of

others

Stage 3

Interpersonal Relationships

Often referred to as the good boy-good girl orientation

At this stage children who are by now usually entering their teens see morality as more than simple deals

Stage of moral development is focused on living up to social expectations and roles (of the family and community) There is an emphasis on conformity being nice and behave in good ways

Good behaviour means having good motives and interpersonal feelings such as love empathy trust and concern for others

Possible Stage 3 responses

to Heinz Dilemma

Yes Heinz should steal the drug He

probably will go to jail for a short time for

stealing but his family will think he is a

good husband

Brown the police officer should report

that he saw Heinz behaving suspiciously

and running away from the laboratory

because his boss would be pleased

STAGE 4

Law and Order Orientation

Right behavior consists in

doing ones duty showing

respect for authority and

maintaining the given

social order for its own

sake

Stage 4

Maintaining Social Order

People begin to consider society as a whole when making judgment

Law and order

focus on maintaining law and order and obeying laws

Consequences of breaking the law

Stage 1 and stage 4 are giving the same response

Similarity is they both agree that breaking the law is wrong

Differences is for Stage 1 the child canrsquot explain why it is wrong while Stage 4 the adults are able to deliberate

Possible Stage 4 responses

to Heinz Dilemma

As her husband Heinz

has a duty to save his

wifes life so he should

steal the drug

But its wrong to steal

so Heinz should be

prepared to accept the

penalty for breaking the

law

The judge should sentence

Heinz to jail Stealing is

against the law He should

not make any exceptions

even though Heinz wife is

dying If the judge does not

sentence Heinz to jail then

others may think its right to

steal and there will be chaos

in the society

LEVEL III

Post-Conventional Morality

The moral principles

that underline the

conventions of a

society are

understood

Level 3- Stages

Level Three

Post-Conventional

Morality

Stage 5 Social Contract

Orientation

bullI should fulfill my responsibilities to

the social or value system I feel part

of

bullTo keep the system from falling

apart and to maintain self-respect as

somebody who meets my obligations

Stage 6 Universal Ethical

Principle Orientation

bullI should show the greatest possible

respect for the rights and dignity of

every individual person and should

support a system that protects human

rights

bullThe obligation of conscience to act

in accordance with the principle of

respect for all human beings

Social Contract Orientation

Rules and laws represent

agreements among people

about behavior that

benefits society Rules can

be changed when they no

longer meet societyrsquos

needs

STAGE 5

Stage 5

Social Contract and Individual Rights

At this stage people begin to account for

the differing values opinions and beliefs

of other people

Rules of law are important for maintaining

a society but members of the society

should agree upon these standards

Possible Stage 5 responses

to Heinz Dilemma

Heinz should steal the drug because everyone has

the right to life regardless of the law against

stealing Should Heinz be caught and prosecuted for

stealing then the law (against stealing) needs to be

reinterpreted because a persons life is at stake

The doctor scientists decision is despicable but his

right to fair compensation (for his discovery) must be

maintained Therefore Heinz should not steal the

drug

STAGE 6 Universal Ethical

Principle Orientation

Right is defined by the decision of

conscience in accord with self-chosen

ethical principles appealing to logical

comprehensiveness universality and

consistency

Stage 6

Universal Principles

Based upon universal ethical principles and abstract

reasoning

Based on respect for universal principle and the demands of

individual conscience

Takes an idealized look at how people might coordinate their

interests

At this stage people follow these internalized principles of

justice even if they conflict with laws and rules

Define the principles by which agreement will be most just

Criticisms

Does moral reasoning necessarily lead to moral behavior

Kohlbergs theory is concerned with moral thinking but there is a big difference between knowing what we oughtto do versus our actual actions

Is justice the only aspect of moral reasoning we should consider

Critics have pointed out that Kohlbergs theory of moral development overemphasizes the concept as justice when making moral choices Factors such as compassion caring and other interpersonal feelings may play an important part in moral reasoning

Does Kohlbergs theory overemphasize Western philosophy

Individualistic cultures emphasize personal rights while collectivist cultures stress the importance of society and community Eastern cultures may have different moral outlooks that Kohlbergs theory does not account for

Every personrsquos moral reasoning develops through the

same stages in the same order

People pass through the same stages at different rates

Development is gradual and continuous rather than

sudden and discrete

Once a stage is attained a person continues to reason

at that stage and rarely regress to a lower stage

Intervention usually results in moving only to the next

higher stage of moral reasoning

ACTIVITY

For the following moral dilemma describe a response which

might be given by someone in each of the first four stages of

Kohlbergs theory

Jill goes shopping one day with her best friend Sidh Sidh tries

on a jumper and walks out of the shop wearing it under her

jacket Jill is left to face the stores security person who insists

that Jill names Sidh and gives Ss address The manager of the

store tells Jill she will be in serious trouble if she does not

disclose Sidhs name and address What should Jill do

What would you do

Consider your own experience ndash Where are you

according to the stages of Moral development

STAGE 3

Good Boy ndash Nice Girl Orientation

Ethical decisions are

based on concern for

or the opinions of

others

Stage 3

Interpersonal Relationships

Often referred to as the good boy-good girl orientation

At this stage children who are by now usually entering their teens see morality as more than simple deals

Stage of moral development is focused on living up to social expectations and roles (of the family and community) There is an emphasis on conformity being nice and behave in good ways

Good behaviour means having good motives and interpersonal feelings such as love empathy trust and concern for others

Possible Stage 3 responses

to Heinz Dilemma

Yes Heinz should steal the drug He

probably will go to jail for a short time for

stealing but his family will think he is a

good husband

Brown the police officer should report

that he saw Heinz behaving suspiciously

and running away from the laboratory

because his boss would be pleased

STAGE 4

Law and Order Orientation

Right behavior consists in

doing ones duty showing

respect for authority and

maintaining the given

social order for its own

sake

Stage 4

Maintaining Social Order

People begin to consider society as a whole when making judgment

Law and order

focus on maintaining law and order and obeying laws

Consequences of breaking the law

Stage 1 and stage 4 are giving the same response

Similarity is they both agree that breaking the law is wrong

Differences is for Stage 1 the child canrsquot explain why it is wrong while Stage 4 the adults are able to deliberate

Possible Stage 4 responses

to Heinz Dilemma

As her husband Heinz

has a duty to save his

wifes life so he should

steal the drug

But its wrong to steal

so Heinz should be

prepared to accept the

penalty for breaking the

law

The judge should sentence

Heinz to jail Stealing is

against the law He should

not make any exceptions

even though Heinz wife is

dying If the judge does not

sentence Heinz to jail then

others may think its right to

steal and there will be chaos

in the society

LEVEL III

Post-Conventional Morality

The moral principles

that underline the

conventions of a

society are

understood

Level 3- Stages

Level Three

Post-Conventional

Morality

Stage 5 Social Contract

Orientation

bullI should fulfill my responsibilities to

the social or value system I feel part

of

bullTo keep the system from falling

apart and to maintain self-respect as

somebody who meets my obligations

Stage 6 Universal Ethical

Principle Orientation

bullI should show the greatest possible

respect for the rights and dignity of

every individual person and should

support a system that protects human

rights

bullThe obligation of conscience to act

in accordance with the principle of

respect for all human beings

Social Contract Orientation

Rules and laws represent

agreements among people

about behavior that

benefits society Rules can

be changed when they no

longer meet societyrsquos

needs

STAGE 5

Stage 5

Social Contract and Individual Rights

At this stage people begin to account for

the differing values opinions and beliefs

of other people

Rules of law are important for maintaining

a society but members of the society

should agree upon these standards

Possible Stage 5 responses

to Heinz Dilemma

Heinz should steal the drug because everyone has

the right to life regardless of the law against

stealing Should Heinz be caught and prosecuted for

stealing then the law (against stealing) needs to be

reinterpreted because a persons life is at stake

The doctor scientists decision is despicable but his

right to fair compensation (for his discovery) must be

maintained Therefore Heinz should not steal the

drug

STAGE 6 Universal Ethical

Principle Orientation

Right is defined by the decision of

conscience in accord with self-chosen

ethical principles appealing to logical

comprehensiveness universality and

consistency

Stage 6

Universal Principles

Based upon universal ethical principles and abstract

reasoning

Based on respect for universal principle and the demands of

individual conscience

Takes an idealized look at how people might coordinate their

interests

At this stage people follow these internalized principles of

justice even if they conflict with laws and rules

Define the principles by which agreement will be most just

Criticisms

Does moral reasoning necessarily lead to moral behavior

Kohlbergs theory is concerned with moral thinking but there is a big difference between knowing what we oughtto do versus our actual actions

Is justice the only aspect of moral reasoning we should consider

Critics have pointed out that Kohlbergs theory of moral development overemphasizes the concept as justice when making moral choices Factors such as compassion caring and other interpersonal feelings may play an important part in moral reasoning

Does Kohlbergs theory overemphasize Western philosophy

Individualistic cultures emphasize personal rights while collectivist cultures stress the importance of society and community Eastern cultures may have different moral outlooks that Kohlbergs theory does not account for

Every personrsquos moral reasoning develops through the

same stages in the same order

People pass through the same stages at different rates

Development is gradual and continuous rather than

sudden and discrete

Once a stage is attained a person continues to reason

at that stage and rarely regress to a lower stage

Intervention usually results in moving only to the next

higher stage of moral reasoning

ACTIVITY

For the following moral dilemma describe a response which

might be given by someone in each of the first four stages of

Kohlbergs theory

Jill goes shopping one day with her best friend Sidh Sidh tries

on a jumper and walks out of the shop wearing it under her

jacket Jill is left to face the stores security person who insists

that Jill names Sidh and gives Ss address The manager of the

store tells Jill she will be in serious trouble if she does not

disclose Sidhs name and address What should Jill do

What would you do

Consider your own experience ndash Where are you

according to the stages of Moral development

Stage 3

Interpersonal Relationships

Often referred to as the good boy-good girl orientation

At this stage children who are by now usually entering their teens see morality as more than simple deals

Stage of moral development is focused on living up to social expectations and roles (of the family and community) There is an emphasis on conformity being nice and behave in good ways

Good behaviour means having good motives and interpersonal feelings such as love empathy trust and concern for others

Possible Stage 3 responses

to Heinz Dilemma

Yes Heinz should steal the drug He

probably will go to jail for a short time for

stealing but his family will think he is a

good husband

Brown the police officer should report

that he saw Heinz behaving suspiciously

and running away from the laboratory

because his boss would be pleased

STAGE 4

Law and Order Orientation

Right behavior consists in

doing ones duty showing

respect for authority and

maintaining the given

social order for its own

sake

Stage 4

Maintaining Social Order

People begin to consider society as a whole when making judgment

Law and order

focus on maintaining law and order and obeying laws

Consequences of breaking the law

Stage 1 and stage 4 are giving the same response

Similarity is they both agree that breaking the law is wrong

Differences is for Stage 1 the child canrsquot explain why it is wrong while Stage 4 the adults are able to deliberate

Possible Stage 4 responses

to Heinz Dilemma

As her husband Heinz

has a duty to save his

wifes life so he should

steal the drug

But its wrong to steal

so Heinz should be

prepared to accept the

penalty for breaking the

law

The judge should sentence

Heinz to jail Stealing is

against the law He should

not make any exceptions

even though Heinz wife is

dying If the judge does not

sentence Heinz to jail then

others may think its right to

steal and there will be chaos

in the society

LEVEL III

Post-Conventional Morality

The moral principles

that underline the

conventions of a

society are

understood

Level 3- Stages

Level Three

Post-Conventional

Morality

Stage 5 Social Contract

Orientation

bullI should fulfill my responsibilities to

the social or value system I feel part

of

bullTo keep the system from falling

apart and to maintain self-respect as

somebody who meets my obligations

Stage 6 Universal Ethical

Principle Orientation

bullI should show the greatest possible

respect for the rights and dignity of

every individual person and should

support a system that protects human

rights

bullThe obligation of conscience to act

in accordance with the principle of

respect for all human beings

Social Contract Orientation

Rules and laws represent

agreements among people

about behavior that

benefits society Rules can

be changed when they no

longer meet societyrsquos

needs

STAGE 5

Stage 5

Social Contract and Individual Rights

At this stage people begin to account for

the differing values opinions and beliefs

of other people

Rules of law are important for maintaining

a society but members of the society

should agree upon these standards

Possible Stage 5 responses

to Heinz Dilemma

Heinz should steal the drug because everyone has

the right to life regardless of the law against

stealing Should Heinz be caught and prosecuted for

stealing then the law (against stealing) needs to be

reinterpreted because a persons life is at stake

The doctor scientists decision is despicable but his

right to fair compensation (for his discovery) must be

maintained Therefore Heinz should not steal the

drug

STAGE 6 Universal Ethical

Principle Orientation

Right is defined by the decision of

conscience in accord with self-chosen

ethical principles appealing to logical

comprehensiveness universality and

consistency

Stage 6

Universal Principles

Based upon universal ethical principles and abstract

reasoning

Based on respect for universal principle and the demands of

individual conscience

Takes an idealized look at how people might coordinate their

interests

At this stage people follow these internalized principles of

justice even if they conflict with laws and rules

Define the principles by which agreement will be most just

Criticisms

Does moral reasoning necessarily lead to moral behavior

Kohlbergs theory is concerned with moral thinking but there is a big difference between knowing what we oughtto do versus our actual actions

Is justice the only aspect of moral reasoning we should consider

Critics have pointed out that Kohlbergs theory of moral development overemphasizes the concept as justice when making moral choices Factors such as compassion caring and other interpersonal feelings may play an important part in moral reasoning

Does Kohlbergs theory overemphasize Western philosophy

Individualistic cultures emphasize personal rights while collectivist cultures stress the importance of society and community Eastern cultures may have different moral outlooks that Kohlbergs theory does not account for

Every personrsquos moral reasoning develops through the

same stages in the same order

People pass through the same stages at different rates

Development is gradual and continuous rather than

sudden and discrete

Once a stage is attained a person continues to reason

at that stage and rarely regress to a lower stage

Intervention usually results in moving only to the next

higher stage of moral reasoning

ACTIVITY

For the following moral dilemma describe a response which

might be given by someone in each of the first four stages of

Kohlbergs theory

Jill goes shopping one day with her best friend Sidh Sidh tries

on a jumper and walks out of the shop wearing it under her

jacket Jill is left to face the stores security person who insists

that Jill names Sidh and gives Ss address The manager of the

store tells Jill she will be in serious trouble if she does not

disclose Sidhs name and address What should Jill do

What would you do

Consider your own experience ndash Where are you

according to the stages of Moral development

Possible Stage 3 responses

to Heinz Dilemma

Yes Heinz should steal the drug He

probably will go to jail for a short time for

stealing but his family will think he is a

good husband

Brown the police officer should report

that he saw Heinz behaving suspiciously

and running away from the laboratory

because his boss would be pleased

STAGE 4

Law and Order Orientation

Right behavior consists in

doing ones duty showing

respect for authority and

maintaining the given

social order for its own

sake

Stage 4

Maintaining Social Order

People begin to consider society as a whole when making judgment

Law and order

focus on maintaining law and order and obeying laws

Consequences of breaking the law

Stage 1 and stage 4 are giving the same response

Similarity is they both agree that breaking the law is wrong

Differences is for Stage 1 the child canrsquot explain why it is wrong while Stage 4 the adults are able to deliberate

Possible Stage 4 responses

to Heinz Dilemma

As her husband Heinz

has a duty to save his

wifes life so he should

steal the drug

But its wrong to steal

so Heinz should be

prepared to accept the

penalty for breaking the

law

The judge should sentence

Heinz to jail Stealing is

against the law He should

not make any exceptions

even though Heinz wife is

dying If the judge does not

sentence Heinz to jail then

others may think its right to

steal and there will be chaos

in the society

LEVEL III

Post-Conventional Morality

The moral principles

that underline the

conventions of a

society are

understood

Level 3- Stages

Level Three

Post-Conventional

Morality

Stage 5 Social Contract

Orientation

bullI should fulfill my responsibilities to

the social or value system I feel part

of

bullTo keep the system from falling

apart and to maintain self-respect as

somebody who meets my obligations

Stage 6 Universal Ethical

Principle Orientation

bullI should show the greatest possible

respect for the rights and dignity of

every individual person and should

support a system that protects human

rights

bullThe obligation of conscience to act

in accordance with the principle of

respect for all human beings

Social Contract Orientation

Rules and laws represent

agreements among people

about behavior that

benefits society Rules can

be changed when they no

longer meet societyrsquos

needs

STAGE 5

Stage 5

Social Contract and Individual Rights

At this stage people begin to account for

the differing values opinions and beliefs

of other people

Rules of law are important for maintaining

a society but members of the society

should agree upon these standards

Possible Stage 5 responses

to Heinz Dilemma

Heinz should steal the drug because everyone has

the right to life regardless of the law against

stealing Should Heinz be caught and prosecuted for

stealing then the law (against stealing) needs to be

reinterpreted because a persons life is at stake

The doctor scientists decision is despicable but his

right to fair compensation (for his discovery) must be

maintained Therefore Heinz should not steal the

drug

STAGE 6 Universal Ethical

Principle Orientation

Right is defined by the decision of

conscience in accord with self-chosen

ethical principles appealing to logical

comprehensiveness universality and

consistency

Stage 6

Universal Principles

Based upon universal ethical principles and abstract

reasoning

Based on respect for universal principle and the demands of

individual conscience

Takes an idealized look at how people might coordinate their

interests

At this stage people follow these internalized principles of

justice even if they conflict with laws and rules

Define the principles by which agreement will be most just

Criticisms

Does moral reasoning necessarily lead to moral behavior

Kohlbergs theory is concerned with moral thinking but there is a big difference between knowing what we oughtto do versus our actual actions

Is justice the only aspect of moral reasoning we should consider

Critics have pointed out that Kohlbergs theory of moral development overemphasizes the concept as justice when making moral choices Factors such as compassion caring and other interpersonal feelings may play an important part in moral reasoning

Does Kohlbergs theory overemphasize Western philosophy

Individualistic cultures emphasize personal rights while collectivist cultures stress the importance of society and community Eastern cultures may have different moral outlooks that Kohlbergs theory does not account for

Every personrsquos moral reasoning develops through the

same stages in the same order

People pass through the same stages at different rates

Development is gradual and continuous rather than

sudden and discrete

Once a stage is attained a person continues to reason

at that stage and rarely regress to a lower stage

Intervention usually results in moving only to the next

higher stage of moral reasoning

ACTIVITY

For the following moral dilemma describe a response which

might be given by someone in each of the first four stages of

Kohlbergs theory

Jill goes shopping one day with her best friend Sidh Sidh tries

on a jumper and walks out of the shop wearing it under her

jacket Jill is left to face the stores security person who insists

that Jill names Sidh and gives Ss address The manager of the

store tells Jill she will be in serious trouble if she does not

disclose Sidhs name and address What should Jill do

What would you do

Consider your own experience ndash Where are you

according to the stages of Moral development

STAGE 4

Law and Order Orientation

Right behavior consists in

doing ones duty showing

respect for authority and

maintaining the given

social order for its own

sake

Stage 4

Maintaining Social Order

People begin to consider society as a whole when making judgment

Law and order

focus on maintaining law and order and obeying laws

Consequences of breaking the law

Stage 1 and stage 4 are giving the same response

Similarity is they both agree that breaking the law is wrong

Differences is for Stage 1 the child canrsquot explain why it is wrong while Stage 4 the adults are able to deliberate

Possible Stage 4 responses

to Heinz Dilemma

As her husband Heinz

has a duty to save his

wifes life so he should

steal the drug

But its wrong to steal

so Heinz should be

prepared to accept the

penalty for breaking the

law

The judge should sentence

Heinz to jail Stealing is

against the law He should

not make any exceptions

even though Heinz wife is

dying If the judge does not

sentence Heinz to jail then

others may think its right to

steal and there will be chaos

in the society

LEVEL III

Post-Conventional Morality

The moral principles

that underline the

conventions of a

society are

understood

Level 3- Stages

Level Three

Post-Conventional

Morality

Stage 5 Social Contract

Orientation

bullI should fulfill my responsibilities to

the social or value system I feel part

of

bullTo keep the system from falling

apart and to maintain self-respect as

somebody who meets my obligations

Stage 6 Universal Ethical

Principle Orientation

bullI should show the greatest possible

respect for the rights and dignity of

every individual person and should

support a system that protects human

rights

bullThe obligation of conscience to act

in accordance with the principle of

respect for all human beings

Social Contract Orientation

Rules and laws represent

agreements among people

about behavior that

benefits society Rules can

be changed when they no

longer meet societyrsquos

needs

STAGE 5

Stage 5

Social Contract and Individual Rights

At this stage people begin to account for

the differing values opinions and beliefs

of other people

Rules of law are important for maintaining

a society but members of the society

should agree upon these standards

Possible Stage 5 responses

to Heinz Dilemma

Heinz should steal the drug because everyone has

the right to life regardless of the law against

stealing Should Heinz be caught and prosecuted for

stealing then the law (against stealing) needs to be

reinterpreted because a persons life is at stake

The doctor scientists decision is despicable but his

right to fair compensation (for his discovery) must be

maintained Therefore Heinz should not steal the

drug

STAGE 6 Universal Ethical

Principle Orientation

Right is defined by the decision of

conscience in accord with self-chosen

ethical principles appealing to logical

comprehensiveness universality and

consistency

Stage 6

Universal Principles

Based upon universal ethical principles and abstract

reasoning

Based on respect for universal principle and the demands of

individual conscience

Takes an idealized look at how people might coordinate their

interests

At this stage people follow these internalized principles of

justice even if they conflict with laws and rules

Define the principles by which agreement will be most just

Criticisms

Does moral reasoning necessarily lead to moral behavior

Kohlbergs theory is concerned with moral thinking but there is a big difference between knowing what we oughtto do versus our actual actions

Is justice the only aspect of moral reasoning we should consider

Critics have pointed out that Kohlbergs theory of moral development overemphasizes the concept as justice when making moral choices Factors such as compassion caring and other interpersonal feelings may play an important part in moral reasoning

Does Kohlbergs theory overemphasize Western philosophy

Individualistic cultures emphasize personal rights while collectivist cultures stress the importance of society and community Eastern cultures may have different moral outlooks that Kohlbergs theory does not account for

Every personrsquos moral reasoning develops through the

same stages in the same order

People pass through the same stages at different rates

Development is gradual and continuous rather than

sudden and discrete

Once a stage is attained a person continues to reason

at that stage and rarely regress to a lower stage

Intervention usually results in moving only to the next

higher stage of moral reasoning

ACTIVITY

For the following moral dilemma describe a response which

might be given by someone in each of the first four stages of

Kohlbergs theory

Jill goes shopping one day with her best friend Sidh Sidh tries

on a jumper and walks out of the shop wearing it under her

jacket Jill is left to face the stores security person who insists

that Jill names Sidh and gives Ss address The manager of the

store tells Jill she will be in serious trouble if she does not

disclose Sidhs name and address What should Jill do

What would you do

Consider your own experience ndash Where are you

according to the stages of Moral development

Stage 4

Maintaining Social Order

People begin to consider society as a whole when making judgment

Law and order

focus on maintaining law and order and obeying laws

Consequences of breaking the law

Stage 1 and stage 4 are giving the same response

Similarity is they both agree that breaking the law is wrong

Differences is for Stage 1 the child canrsquot explain why it is wrong while Stage 4 the adults are able to deliberate

Possible Stage 4 responses

to Heinz Dilemma

As her husband Heinz

has a duty to save his

wifes life so he should

steal the drug

But its wrong to steal

so Heinz should be

prepared to accept the

penalty for breaking the

law

The judge should sentence

Heinz to jail Stealing is

against the law He should

not make any exceptions

even though Heinz wife is

dying If the judge does not

sentence Heinz to jail then

others may think its right to

steal and there will be chaos

in the society

LEVEL III

Post-Conventional Morality

The moral principles

that underline the

conventions of a

society are

understood

Level 3- Stages

Level Three

Post-Conventional

Morality

Stage 5 Social Contract

Orientation

bullI should fulfill my responsibilities to

the social or value system I feel part

of

bullTo keep the system from falling

apart and to maintain self-respect as

somebody who meets my obligations

Stage 6 Universal Ethical

Principle Orientation

bullI should show the greatest possible

respect for the rights and dignity of

every individual person and should

support a system that protects human

rights

bullThe obligation of conscience to act

in accordance with the principle of

respect for all human beings

Social Contract Orientation

Rules and laws represent

agreements among people

about behavior that

benefits society Rules can

be changed when they no

longer meet societyrsquos

needs

STAGE 5

Stage 5

Social Contract and Individual Rights

At this stage people begin to account for

the differing values opinions and beliefs

of other people

Rules of law are important for maintaining

a society but members of the society

should agree upon these standards

Possible Stage 5 responses

to Heinz Dilemma

Heinz should steal the drug because everyone has

the right to life regardless of the law against

stealing Should Heinz be caught and prosecuted for

stealing then the law (against stealing) needs to be

reinterpreted because a persons life is at stake

The doctor scientists decision is despicable but his

right to fair compensation (for his discovery) must be

maintained Therefore Heinz should not steal the

drug

STAGE 6 Universal Ethical

Principle Orientation

Right is defined by the decision of

conscience in accord with self-chosen

ethical principles appealing to logical

comprehensiveness universality and

consistency

Stage 6

Universal Principles

Based upon universal ethical principles and abstract

reasoning

Based on respect for universal principle and the demands of

individual conscience

Takes an idealized look at how people might coordinate their

interests

At this stage people follow these internalized principles of

justice even if they conflict with laws and rules

Define the principles by which agreement will be most just

Criticisms

Does moral reasoning necessarily lead to moral behavior

Kohlbergs theory is concerned with moral thinking but there is a big difference between knowing what we oughtto do versus our actual actions

Is justice the only aspect of moral reasoning we should consider

Critics have pointed out that Kohlbergs theory of moral development overemphasizes the concept as justice when making moral choices Factors such as compassion caring and other interpersonal feelings may play an important part in moral reasoning

Does Kohlbergs theory overemphasize Western philosophy

Individualistic cultures emphasize personal rights while collectivist cultures stress the importance of society and community Eastern cultures may have different moral outlooks that Kohlbergs theory does not account for

Every personrsquos moral reasoning develops through the

same stages in the same order

People pass through the same stages at different rates

Development is gradual and continuous rather than

sudden and discrete

Once a stage is attained a person continues to reason

at that stage and rarely regress to a lower stage

Intervention usually results in moving only to the next

higher stage of moral reasoning

ACTIVITY

For the following moral dilemma describe a response which

might be given by someone in each of the first four stages of

Kohlbergs theory

Jill goes shopping one day with her best friend Sidh Sidh tries

on a jumper and walks out of the shop wearing it under her

jacket Jill is left to face the stores security person who insists

that Jill names Sidh and gives Ss address The manager of the

store tells Jill she will be in serious trouble if she does not

disclose Sidhs name and address What should Jill do

What would you do

Consider your own experience ndash Where are you

according to the stages of Moral development

Possible Stage 4 responses

to Heinz Dilemma

As her husband Heinz

has a duty to save his

wifes life so he should

steal the drug

But its wrong to steal

so Heinz should be

prepared to accept the

penalty for breaking the

law

The judge should sentence

Heinz to jail Stealing is

against the law He should

not make any exceptions

even though Heinz wife is

dying If the judge does not

sentence Heinz to jail then

others may think its right to

steal and there will be chaos

in the society

LEVEL III

Post-Conventional Morality

The moral principles

that underline the

conventions of a

society are

understood

Level 3- Stages

Level Three

Post-Conventional

Morality

Stage 5 Social Contract

Orientation

bullI should fulfill my responsibilities to

the social or value system I feel part

of

bullTo keep the system from falling

apart and to maintain self-respect as

somebody who meets my obligations

Stage 6 Universal Ethical

Principle Orientation

bullI should show the greatest possible

respect for the rights and dignity of

every individual person and should

support a system that protects human

rights

bullThe obligation of conscience to act

in accordance with the principle of

respect for all human beings

Social Contract Orientation

Rules and laws represent

agreements among people

about behavior that

benefits society Rules can

be changed when they no

longer meet societyrsquos

needs

STAGE 5

Stage 5

Social Contract and Individual Rights

At this stage people begin to account for

the differing values opinions and beliefs

of other people

Rules of law are important for maintaining

a society but members of the society

should agree upon these standards

Possible Stage 5 responses

to Heinz Dilemma

Heinz should steal the drug because everyone has

the right to life regardless of the law against

stealing Should Heinz be caught and prosecuted for

stealing then the law (against stealing) needs to be

reinterpreted because a persons life is at stake

The doctor scientists decision is despicable but his

right to fair compensation (for his discovery) must be

maintained Therefore Heinz should not steal the

drug

STAGE 6 Universal Ethical

Principle Orientation

Right is defined by the decision of

conscience in accord with self-chosen

ethical principles appealing to logical

comprehensiveness universality and

consistency

Stage 6

Universal Principles

Based upon universal ethical principles and abstract

reasoning

Based on respect for universal principle and the demands of

individual conscience

Takes an idealized look at how people might coordinate their

interests

At this stage people follow these internalized principles of

justice even if they conflict with laws and rules

Define the principles by which agreement will be most just

Criticisms

Does moral reasoning necessarily lead to moral behavior

Kohlbergs theory is concerned with moral thinking but there is a big difference between knowing what we oughtto do versus our actual actions

Is justice the only aspect of moral reasoning we should consider

Critics have pointed out that Kohlbergs theory of moral development overemphasizes the concept as justice when making moral choices Factors such as compassion caring and other interpersonal feelings may play an important part in moral reasoning

Does Kohlbergs theory overemphasize Western philosophy

Individualistic cultures emphasize personal rights while collectivist cultures stress the importance of society and community Eastern cultures may have different moral outlooks that Kohlbergs theory does not account for

Every personrsquos moral reasoning develops through the

same stages in the same order

People pass through the same stages at different rates

Development is gradual and continuous rather than

sudden and discrete

Once a stage is attained a person continues to reason

at that stage and rarely regress to a lower stage

Intervention usually results in moving only to the next

higher stage of moral reasoning

ACTIVITY

For the following moral dilemma describe a response which

might be given by someone in each of the first four stages of

Kohlbergs theory

Jill goes shopping one day with her best friend Sidh Sidh tries

on a jumper and walks out of the shop wearing it under her

jacket Jill is left to face the stores security person who insists

that Jill names Sidh and gives Ss address The manager of the

store tells Jill she will be in serious trouble if she does not

disclose Sidhs name and address What should Jill do

What would you do

Consider your own experience ndash Where are you

according to the stages of Moral development

LEVEL III

Post-Conventional Morality

The moral principles

that underline the

conventions of a

society are

understood

Level 3- Stages

Level Three

Post-Conventional

Morality

Stage 5 Social Contract

Orientation

bullI should fulfill my responsibilities to

the social or value system I feel part

of

bullTo keep the system from falling

apart and to maintain self-respect as

somebody who meets my obligations

Stage 6 Universal Ethical

Principle Orientation

bullI should show the greatest possible

respect for the rights and dignity of

every individual person and should

support a system that protects human

rights

bullThe obligation of conscience to act

in accordance with the principle of

respect for all human beings

Social Contract Orientation

Rules and laws represent

agreements among people

about behavior that

benefits society Rules can

be changed when they no

longer meet societyrsquos

needs

STAGE 5

Stage 5

Social Contract and Individual Rights

At this stage people begin to account for

the differing values opinions and beliefs

of other people

Rules of law are important for maintaining

a society but members of the society

should agree upon these standards

Possible Stage 5 responses

to Heinz Dilemma

Heinz should steal the drug because everyone has

the right to life regardless of the law against

stealing Should Heinz be caught and prosecuted for

stealing then the law (against stealing) needs to be

reinterpreted because a persons life is at stake

The doctor scientists decision is despicable but his

right to fair compensation (for his discovery) must be

maintained Therefore Heinz should not steal the

drug

STAGE 6 Universal Ethical

Principle Orientation

Right is defined by the decision of

conscience in accord with self-chosen

ethical principles appealing to logical

comprehensiveness universality and

consistency

Stage 6

Universal Principles

Based upon universal ethical principles and abstract

reasoning

Based on respect for universal principle and the demands of

individual conscience

Takes an idealized look at how people might coordinate their

interests

At this stage people follow these internalized principles of

justice even if they conflict with laws and rules

Define the principles by which agreement will be most just

Criticisms

Does moral reasoning necessarily lead to moral behavior

Kohlbergs theory is concerned with moral thinking but there is a big difference between knowing what we oughtto do versus our actual actions

Is justice the only aspect of moral reasoning we should consider

Critics have pointed out that Kohlbergs theory of moral development overemphasizes the concept as justice when making moral choices Factors such as compassion caring and other interpersonal feelings may play an important part in moral reasoning

Does Kohlbergs theory overemphasize Western philosophy

Individualistic cultures emphasize personal rights while collectivist cultures stress the importance of society and community Eastern cultures may have different moral outlooks that Kohlbergs theory does not account for

Every personrsquos moral reasoning develops through the

same stages in the same order

People pass through the same stages at different rates

Development is gradual and continuous rather than

sudden and discrete

Once a stage is attained a person continues to reason

at that stage and rarely regress to a lower stage

Intervention usually results in moving only to the next

higher stage of moral reasoning

ACTIVITY

For the following moral dilemma describe a response which

might be given by someone in each of the first four stages of

Kohlbergs theory

Jill goes shopping one day with her best friend Sidh Sidh tries

on a jumper and walks out of the shop wearing it under her

jacket Jill is left to face the stores security person who insists

that Jill names Sidh and gives Ss address The manager of the

store tells Jill she will be in serious trouble if she does not

disclose Sidhs name and address What should Jill do

What would you do

Consider your own experience ndash Where are you

according to the stages of Moral development

Level 3- Stages

Level Three

Post-Conventional

Morality

Stage 5 Social Contract

Orientation

bullI should fulfill my responsibilities to

the social or value system I feel part

of

bullTo keep the system from falling

apart and to maintain self-respect as

somebody who meets my obligations

Stage 6 Universal Ethical

Principle Orientation

bullI should show the greatest possible

respect for the rights and dignity of

every individual person and should

support a system that protects human

rights

bullThe obligation of conscience to act

in accordance with the principle of

respect for all human beings

Social Contract Orientation

Rules and laws represent

agreements among people

about behavior that

benefits society Rules can

be changed when they no

longer meet societyrsquos

needs

STAGE 5

Stage 5

Social Contract and Individual Rights

At this stage people begin to account for

the differing values opinions and beliefs

of other people

Rules of law are important for maintaining

a society but members of the society

should agree upon these standards

Possible Stage 5 responses

to Heinz Dilemma

Heinz should steal the drug because everyone has

the right to life regardless of the law against

stealing Should Heinz be caught and prosecuted for

stealing then the law (against stealing) needs to be

reinterpreted because a persons life is at stake

The doctor scientists decision is despicable but his

right to fair compensation (for his discovery) must be

maintained Therefore Heinz should not steal the

drug

STAGE 6 Universal Ethical

Principle Orientation

Right is defined by the decision of

conscience in accord with self-chosen

ethical principles appealing to logical

comprehensiveness universality and

consistency

Stage 6

Universal Principles

Based upon universal ethical principles and abstract

reasoning

Based on respect for universal principle and the demands of

individual conscience

Takes an idealized look at how people might coordinate their

interests

At this stage people follow these internalized principles of

justice even if they conflict with laws and rules

Define the principles by which agreement will be most just

Criticisms

Does moral reasoning necessarily lead to moral behavior

Kohlbergs theory is concerned with moral thinking but there is a big difference between knowing what we oughtto do versus our actual actions

Is justice the only aspect of moral reasoning we should consider

Critics have pointed out that Kohlbergs theory of moral development overemphasizes the concept as justice when making moral choices Factors such as compassion caring and other interpersonal feelings may play an important part in moral reasoning

Does Kohlbergs theory overemphasize Western philosophy

Individualistic cultures emphasize personal rights while collectivist cultures stress the importance of society and community Eastern cultures may have different moral outlooks that Kohlbergs theory does not account for

Every personrsquos moral reasoning develops through the

same stages in the same order

People pass through the same stages at different rates

Development is gradual and continuous rather than

sudden and discrete

Once a stage is attained a person continues to reason

at that stage and rarely regress to a lower stage

Intervention usually results in moving only to the next

higher stage of moral reasoning

ACTIVITY

For the following moral dilemma describe a response which

might be given by someone in each of the first four stages of

Kohlbergs theory

Jill goes shopping one day with her best friend Sidh Sidh tries

on a jumper and walks out of the shop wearing it under her

jacket Jill is left to face the stores security person who insists

that Jill names Sidh and gives Ss address The manager of the

store tells Jill she will be in serious trouble if she does not

disclose Sidhs name and address What should Jill do

What would you do

Consider your own experience ndash Where are you

according to the stages of Moral development

Social Contract Orientation

Rules and laws represent

agreements among people

about behavior that

benefits society Rules can

be changed when they no

longer meet societyrsquos

needs

STAGE 5

Stage 5

Social Contract and Individual Rights

At this stage people begin to account for

the differing values opinions and beliefs

of other people

Rules of law are important for maintaining

a society but members of the society

should agree upon these standards

Possible Stage 5 responses

to Heinz Dilemma

Heinz should steal the drug because everyone has

the right to life regardless of the law against

stealing Should Heinz be caught and prosecuted for

stealing then the law (against stealing) needs to be

reinterpreted because a persons life is at stake

The doctor scientists decision is despicable but his

right to fair compensation (for his discovery) must be

maintained Therefore Heinz should not steal the

drug

STAGE 6 Universal Ethical

Principle Orientation

Right is defined by the decision of

conscience in accord with self-chosen

ethical principles appealing to logical

comprehensiveness universality and

consistency

Stage 6

Universal Principles

Based upon universal ethical principles and abstract

reasoning

Based on respect for universal principle and the demands of

individual conscience

Takes an idealized look at how people might coordinate their

interests

At this stage people follow these internalized principles of

justice even if they conflict with laws and rules

Define the principles by which agreement will be most just

Criticisms

Does moral reasoning necessarily lead to moral behavior

Kohlbergs theory is concerned with moral thinking but there is a big difference between knowing what we oughtto do versus our actual actions

Is justice the only aspect of moral reasoning we should consider

Critics have pointed out that Kohlbergs theory of moral development overemphasizes the concept as justice when making moral choices Factors such as compassion caring and other interpersonal feelings may play an important part in moral reasoning

Does Kohlbergs theory overemphasize Western philosophy

Individualistic cultures emphasize personal rights while collectivist cultures stress the importance of society and community Eastern cultures may have different moral outlooks that Kohlbergs theory does not account for

Every personrsquos moral reasoning develops through the

same stages in the same order

People pass through the same stages at different rates

Development is gradual and continuous rather than

sudden and discrete

Once a stage is attained a person continues to reason

at that stage and rarely regress to a lower stage

Intervention usually results in moving only to the next

higher stage of moral reasoning

ACTIVITY

For the following moral dilemma describe a response which

might be given by someone in each of the first four stages of

Kohlbergs theory

Jill goes shopping one day with her best friend Sidh Sidh tries

on a jumper and walks out of the shop wearing it under her

jacket Jill is left to face the stores security person who insists

that Jill names Sidh and gives Ss address The manager of the

store tells Jill she will be in serious trouble if she does not

disclose Sidhs name and address What should Jill do

What would you do

Consider your own experience ndash Where are you

according to the stages of Moral development

Stage 5

Social Contract and Individual Rights

At this stage people begin to account for

the differing values opinions and beliefs

of other people

Rules of law are important for maintaining

a society but members of the society

should agree upon these standards

Possible Stage 5 responses

to Heinz Dilemma

Heinz should steal the drug because everyone has

the right to life regardless of the law against

stealing Should Heinz be caught and prosecuted for

stealing then the law (against stealing) needs to be

reinterpreted because a persons life is at stake

The doctor scientists decision is despicable but his

right to fair compensation (for his discovery) must be

maintained Therefore Heinz should not steal the

drug

STAGE 6 Universal Ethical

Principle Orientation

Right is defined by the decision of

conscience in accord with self-chosen

ethical principles appealing to logical

comprehensiveness universality and

consistency

Stage 6

Universal Principles

Based upon universal ethical principles and abstract

reasoning

Based on respect for universal principle and the demands of

individual conscience

Takes an idealized look at how people might coordinate their

interests

At this stage people follow these internalized principles of

justice even if they conflict with laws and rules

Define the principles by which agreement will be most just

Criticisms

Does moral reasoning necessarily lead to moral behavior

Kohlbergs theory is concerned with moral thinking but there is a big difference between knowing what we oughtto do versus our actual actions

Is justice the only aspect of moral reasoning we should consider

Critics have pointed out that Kohlbergs theory of moral development overemphasizes the concept as justice when making moral choices Factors such as compassion caring and other interpersonal feelings may play an important part in moral reasoning

Does Kohlbergs theory overemphasize Western philosophy

Individualistic cultures emphasize personal rights while collectivist cultures stress the importance of society and community Eastern cultures may have different moral outlooks that Kohlbergs theory does not account for

Every personrsquos moral reasoning develops through the

same stages in the same order

People pass through the same stages at different rates

Development is gradual and continuous rather than

sudden and discrete

Once a stage is attained a person continues to reason

at that stage and rarely regress to a lower stage

Intervention usually results in moving only to the next

higher stage of moral reasoning

ACTIVITY

For the following moral dilemma describe a response which

might be given by someone in each of the first four stages of

Kohlbergs theory

Jill goes shopping one day with her best friend Sidh Sidh tries

on a jumper and walks out of the shop wearing it under her

jacket Jill is left to face the stores security person who insists

that Jill names Sidh and gives Ss address The manager of the

store tells Jill she will be in serious trouble if she does not

disclose Sidhs name and address What should Jill do

What would you do

Consider your own experience ndash Where are you

according to the stages of Moral development

Possible Stage 5 responses

to Heinz Dilemma

Heinz should steal the drug because everyone has

the right to life regardless of the law against

stealing Should Heinz be caught and prosecuted for

stealing then the law (against stealing) needs to be

reinterpreted because a persons life is at stake

The doctor scientists decision is despicable but his

right to fair compensation (for his discovery) must be

maintained Therefore Heinz should not steal the

drug

STAGE 6 Universal Ethical

Principle Orientation

Right is defined by the decision of

conscience in accord with self-chosen

ethical principles appealing to logical

comprehensiveness universality and

consistency

Stage 6

Universal Principles

Based upon universal ethical principles and abstract

reasoning

Based on respect for universal principle and the demands of

individual conscience

Takes an idealized look at how people might coordinate their

interests

At this stage people follow these internalized principles of

justice even if they conflict with laws and rules

Define the principles by which agreement will be most just

Criticisms

Does moral reasoning necessarily lead to moral behavior

Kohlbergs theory is concerned with moral thinking but there is a big difference between knowing what we oughtto do versus our actual actions

Is justice the only aspect of moral reasoning we should consider

Critics have pointed out that Kohlbergs theory of moral development overemphasizes the concept as justice when making moral choices Factors such as compassion caring and other interpersonal feelings may play an important part in moral reasoning

Does Kohlbergs theory overemphasize Western philosophy

Individualistic cultures emphasize personal rights while collectivist cultures stress the importance of society and community Eastern cultures may have different moral outlooks that Kohlbergs theory does not account for

Every personrsquos moral reasoning develops through the

same stages in the same order

People pass through the same stages at different rates

Development is gradual and continuous rather than

sudden and discrete

Once a stage is attained a person continues to reason

at that stage and rarely regress to a lower stage

Intervention usually results in moving only to the next

higher stage of moral reasoning

ACTIVITY

For the following moral dilemma describe a response which

might be given by someone in each of the first four stages of

Kohlbergs theory

Jill goes shopping one day with her best friend Sidh Sidh tries

on a jumper and walks out of the shop wearing it under her

jacket Jill is left to face the stores security person who insists

that Jill names Sidh and gives Ss address The manager of the

store tells Jill she will be in serious trouble if she does not

disclose Sidhs name and address What should Jill do

What would you do

Consider your own experience ndash Where are you

according to the stages of Moral development

STAGE 6 Universal Ethical

Principle Orientation

Right is defined by the decision of

conscience in accord with self-chosen

ethical principles appealing to logical

comprehensiveness universality and

consistency

Stage 6

Universal Principles

Based upon universal ethical principles and abstract

reasoning

Based on respect for universal principle and the demands of

individual conscience

Takes an idealized look at how people might coordinate their

interests

At this stage people follow these internalized principles of

justice even if they conflict with laws and rules

Define the principles by which agreement will be most just

Criticisms

Does moral reasoning necessarily lead to moral behavior

Kohlbergs theory is concerned with moral thinking but there is a big difference between knowing what we oughtto do versus our actual actions

Is justice the only aspect of moral reasoning we should consider

Critics have pointed out that Kohlbergs theory of moral development overemphasizes the concept as justice when making moral choices Factors such as compassion caring and other interpersonal feelings may play an important part in moral reasoning

Does Kohlbergs theory overemphasize Western philosophy

Individualistic cultures emphasize personal rights while collectivist cultures stress the importance of society and community Eastern cultures may have different moral outlooks that Kohlbergs theory does not account for

Every personrsquos moral reasoning develops through the

same stages in the same order

People pass through the same stages at different rates

Development is gradual and continuous rather than

sudden and discrete

Once a stage is attained a person continues to reason

at that stage and rarely regress to a lower stage

Intervention usually results in moving only to the next

higher stage of moral reasoning

ACTIVITY

For the following moral dilemma describe a response which

might be given by someone in each of the first four stages of

Kohlbergs theory

Jill goes shopping one day with her best friend Sidh Sidh tries

on a jumper and walks out of the shop wearing it under her

jacket Jill is left to face the stores security person who insists

that Jill names Sidh and gives Ss address The manager of the

store tells Jill she will be in serious trouble if she does not

disclose Sidhs name and address What should Jill do

What would you do

Consider your own experience ndash Where are you

according to the stages of Moral development

Stage 6

Universal Principles

Based upon universal ethical principles and abstract

reasoning

Based on respect for universal principle and the demands of

individual conscience

Takes an idealized look at how people might coordinate their

interests

At this stage people follow these internalized principles of

justice even if they conflict with laws and rules

Define the principles by which agreement will be most just

Criticisms

Does moral reasoning necessarily lead to moral behavior

Kohlbergs theory is concerned with moral thinking but there is a big difference between knowing what we oughtto do versus our actual actions

Is justice the only aspect of moral reasoning we should consider

Critics have pointed out that Kohlbergs theory of moral development overemphasizes the concept as justice when making moral choices Factors such as compassion caring and other interpersonal feelings may play an important part in moral reasoning

Does Kohlbergs theory overemphasize Western philosophy

Individualistic cultures emphasize personal rights while collectivist cultures stress the importance of society and community Eastern cultures may have different moral outlooks that Kohlbergs theory does not account for

Every personrsquos moral reasoning develops through the

same stages in the same order

People pass through the same stages at different rates

Development is gradual and continuous rather than

sudden and discrete

Once a stage is attained a person continues to reason

at that stage and rarely regress to a lower stage

Intervention usually results in moving only to the next

higher stage of moral reasoning

ACTIVITY

For the following moral dilemma describe a response which

might be given by someone in each of the first four stages of

Kohlbergs theory

Jill goes shopping one day with her best friend Sidh Sidh tries

on a jumper and walks out of the shop wearing it under her

jacket Jill is left to face the stores security person who insists

that Jill names Sidh and gives Ss address The manager of the

store tells Jill she will be in serious trouble if she does not

disclose Sidhs name and address What should Jill do

What would you do

Consider your own experience ndash Where are you

according to the stages of Moral development

Criticisms

Does moral reasoning necessarily lead to moral behavior

Kohlbergs theory is concerned with moral thinking but there is a big difference between knowing what we oughtto do versus our actual actions

Is justice the only aspect of moral reasoning we should consider

Critics have pointed out that Kohlbergs theory of moral development overemphasizes the concept as justice when making moral choices Factors such as compassion caring and other interpersonal feelings may play an important part in moral reasoning

Does Kohlbergs theory overemphasize Western philosophy

Individualistic cultures emphasize personal rights while collectivist cultures stress the importance of society and community Eastern cultures may have different moral outlooks that Kohlbergs theory does not account for

Every personrsquos moral reasoning develops through the

same stages in the same order

People pass through the same stages at different rates

Development is gradual and continuous rather than

sudden and discrete

Once a stage is attained a person continues to reason

at that stage and rarely regress to a lower stage

Intervention usually results in moving only to the next

higher stage of moral reasoning

ACTIVITY

For the following moral dilemma describe a response which

might be given by someone in each of the first four stages of

Kohlbergs theory

Jill goes shopping one day with her best friend Sidh Sidh tries

on a jumper and walks out of the shop wearing it under her

jacket Jill is left to face the stores security person who insists

that Jill names Sidh and gives Ss address The manager of the

store tells Jill she will be in serious trouble if she does not

disclose Sidhs name and address What should Jill do

What would you do

Consider your own experience ndash Where are you

according to the stages of Moral development

Every personrsquos moral reasoning develops through the

same stages in the same order

People pass through the same stages at different rates

Development is gradual and continuous rather than

sudden and discrete

Once a stage is attained a person continues to reason

at that stage and rarely regress to a lower stage

Intervention usually results in moving only to the next

higher stage of moral reasoning

ACTIVITY

For the following moral dilemma describe a response which

might be given by someone in each of the first four stages of

Kohlbergs theory

Jill goes shopping one day with her best friend Sidh Sidh tries

on a jumper and walks out of the shop wearing it under her

jacket Jill is left to face the stores security person who insists

that Jill names Sidh and gives Ss address The manager of the

store tells Jill she will be in serious trouble if she does not

disclose Sidhs name and address What should Jill do

What would you do

Consider your own experience ndash Where are you

according to the stages of Moral development

ACTIVITY

For the following moral dilemma describe a response which

might be given by someone in each of the first four stages of

Kohlbergs theory

Jill goes shopping one day with her best friend Sidh Sidh tries

on a jumper and walks out of the shop wearing it under her

jacket Jill is left to face the stores security person who insists

that Jill names Sidh and gives Ss address The manager of the

store tells Jill she will be in serious trouble if she does not

disclose Sidhs name and address What should Jill do

What would you do

Consider your own experience ndash Where are you

according to the stages of Moral development

What would you do

Consider your own experience ndash Where are you

according to the stages of Moral development