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Participants: Children in the fifth grade, from 13 elementary schools in the Greater
Philadelphia area, participated in a three-year school-based intervention, which
included two levels of intervention schools, Core and Level 1, and Control schools.
Only results from the second year of the intervention are presented here.
Experimental Procedures: Intervention components took place throughout the entire
school year and consisted of a three-pronged approach that included nutrition,
physical activity and preventative health components. The Core schools received the
maximum level of intervention dosage, Level 1 schools received less frequent
interventions, while the Control schools did not receive an intervention.
Longitudinal Changes in Anthropometric Measures in Children in the 5th Grade
Brianna D. Higgins, Emily N. Werner, Abigail D. Gilman, Dorothy E. Hanrahan,
Kristen Kochenour, Patricia A. Shewokis, Stella L. Volpe, FACSM
Department of Nutrition Sciences
Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
In Philadelphia, PA, 40% of children, 6 to 17 years of age, are currently categorized as
overweight or obese. School-based interventions have been shown to be effective to
help increase healthy behaviors and decrease childhood obesity rates.
PURPOSE: To assess changes in body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference,
over the 2014 to 2015 school year, in children in the fifth grade, who were provided
health intervention programming.
METHODS: Children in the fifth grade, from 13 elementary schools in the Greater
Philadelphia area, participated in a three-year school-based intervention, which
included two levels of intervention schools, Core and Level 1, and Control schools;
however, results from the second year of the intervention are presented here.
Intervention components for Core schools included healthy lunches, produce tastings
and fitness classes. Level 1 schools included the same components as Core schools,
but with less frequency and without healthy lunches. Control schools received no
intervention. Anthropometric measures (height, body weight, BMI, waist circumference)
were taken at the beginning and end of the school year.
RESULTS: Baseline BMI were as follows: Core schools (n=202): 19.68 ± 4.41 kg/m2,
Level 1 schools (n=213): 20.68 ± 4.81 kg/m2, and Control schools (n=132): 20.66 ±5.33 kg/m2. Post-intervention BMI were as follows: Core schools: 20.32± 4.64 kg/m2
(p<0.001), Level 1 schools: 22.94 ± 11.64 kg/m2 (p=0.046), and Control schools:
21.14 ± 5.20 kg/m2 (p=0.3592). Baseline waist circumference were as follows: Core
schools: 67.16 ± 10.49 cm, Level 1 schools: 72.49 ± 13.62 cm, and Control schools:
70.19 ± 11.60 cm. Post-intervention waist circumference were as follows: Core
schools: 69.07 ± 11.31 cm (p<0.001), Level 1 schools 70.91 ± 11.60 cm (p=0.090),
and Control schools: 69.96 ± 12.70 cm (p=0.2279).
CONCLUSIONS: Significant increases were observed in BMI in the Core and Level 1
schools, with significant increases in waist circumference in the Core schools only,
from baseline to post-intervention. Although this school-based intervention may not
have led to changes in BMI or waist circumferences over one year, a longer term
intervention may provide positive changes in these measures.
• In students in the 5th grade, significant increases from baseline to follow-up
were observed in
• BMI in the Core (P < 0.001) and Level 1 schools (P < 0.05)
• Waist Circumference in the Core (P < 0.001) and Control schools
(P < 0.001)
• Although this school-based intervention may not have led to significant
positive changes in BMI or waist circumferences over one school year, a
longer term intervention may provide positive changes in these measures
*P < 0.05, **P <0.001
**P < 0.001
13 Healthy Futures Schools
4 Core Schools
5 Level 1 Schools
4 Control Schools
Funding Provided by: Independence Blue Cross Foundation
Data Collection: At baseline and follow-up of the 2014 to 2015 school year, height,
body weight, and waist circumference were measured. Height was measured using a
stadiometer, body weight was measured using a balance beam scale, and waist
circumference was measured using a tape measure one inch above the umbilicus.
Body mass index (BMI) was calculated using the equation: weight (in kilograms) divided
by height (in meters) squared.
Partner Core Level 1 Control
Vetri
Foundtion
for Children
• Eatiquette 1 to 2
days per week
• Up to 4 Culinary
Classrooms per
school year
• No programming • No programming
Greener
Partners
• Monthly in-classroom
Seed-2-Snack lessons
• 2 Farm Explorer
visits per year
• 4 in-classroom
Seed-2- Snack lessons
• 1 Farm Explorer
visit per year
• No programming
Villanova
University
• VioScreen for
all students
• Focus groups
• No programming • No programming
Fit
Essentials
•1 Fitness Period
weekly (45 minutes)
• Biannual
cardiovascular and
muscular
measurements
• 1 Fitness Period
monthly (45 minutes)
• Biannual
cardiovascular and
muscular
measurements
• No programming
Philadelphia
Union
• 2 coach/player visits
per year (90 minutes)
• 1 coach/player visit
per year (90 minutes)
• No programming
Children’s
Hospital of
Philadelphia
• Weekly Visits
• Biannual assessments
of height, body weight,
waist circumference
• Weekly Visits
• Biannual assessments
of height, body weight,
waist circumference
• No programming
• Biannual assessments
of height, body weight,
waist circumference
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
Core Level 1 Control
BM
I (k
g/m
2)
Intervention Level
Change in BMIBaseline Follow-up
Intervention Level NSex
(% Male)
Age in years
(Mean ± Standard
Deviation)
Core 202 56% 11.0 ± 0.8
Level 1 213 51% 11.0 ± 0.5
Control 132 50% 11.1 ± 0.9
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
Core Level 1 Control
Wais
t C
ircu
mfe
ren
ce
(c
m)
Intervention Level
Change in Waist Circumference
Baseline Follow-up
**
*
** **