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CORE Group Fall Meeting 2010. WHO/UNICEF - Joint Statement Service Delivery & Program Implications, - Winnie Mwebesa & Stella Abwao, Save the Children.
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WHO/UNICEF - Joint Statement Service Delivery & Program Implications
Dr. Winnie MwebesaDr. Stella Abwao
CORE Group Fall MeetingSeptember 14-15, 2010
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Service Delivery & Program Implications
Outline• Background
– Rationale – why focus on PNC home visits?
– Evidence– Recommendations
• Malawi country experience
WHO/UNICEF - Joint Statement
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050
100
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Mo
rtal
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per
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1960 1980 2000 2020Year
Rationale 1: Neonatal deaths & MDG 4
Almost 40% of under 5 deaths are neonatal – 4 million a year
MDG4 can be achieved if neonatal deaths are reduced
Under-5 mortality rate
Late neonatal mortality
Early neonatal mortality
Target for
MDG-4
Source: Lawn JE et al Lancet 2005
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Rationale 2: When do newborn deaths occur?
Up to 50% of neonatal
deaths are in the first 24 hours
75% of neonatal deaths are in
the first week – 3 million deaths
Source: Lawn JE et al Lancet 2005, Based on analysis of 47 DHS datasets (1995-2003), 10,048 neonatal deaths)
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Rationale 3: Where do newborn deaths occur?
• 99% of all newborn deaths occur in developing countries
• Most newborn deaths occur at home • 47% of mothers and newborns do not
receive skilled care during delivery (and those who do are sent home early)
• 72% of all babies born outside health facilities do not receive any postnatal care
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Direct causes of 3.72 million neonatal deaths - almost all are due to preventable conditions
Source: Lawn JE, Cousens SN, Zupan J Lancet 2005.
60 to 90% of neonatal deaths are in low birth weight babies, mostly preterm
Rationale 4: What causes newborn deaths?
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Evidence of Home Visits for Newborn Care
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Recommendations: underlying principles
Core principle - continuum of care covering both lifecycle and home-to-hospital (and “back again”)
dimensions
Home visit is a complementary strategy to facility-based postnatal care …. to improve newborn
survival
• Facility births: assess health of mother and baby before discharge and give specific return date
• Non-facility births: Seek postnatal care from a skilled provider (in most places at facility) as soon as possible
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Recommendation: Home Visits
• At least two home visits for all home births:– First visit - within 24hrs of birth– Second visit - day 3– Third visit - day 7 (if possible)
• At least two home visits for all babies born in a health facility:– First visit - soon as possible
when mother returns home– Second visit - day 3– Third visit - day 7 (if possible)NB: At least one home visit during
antenatal period will be required
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Recommendation: content of home visits
• Ensure basic newborn care (or essential newborn care):– Early & exclusive breastfeeding– Maintenance of warmth– Hygienic cord and skin care– Caretaker’s hand washing– Assess for danger signs and refer – Counsel on danger signs and prompt
care seeking – Identification and support for newborns
with conditions that require additional care (e.g. LBW or sick baby, mother is HIV+)
• Mother:– Ask and counsel about danger signs
and prompt care seeking– Counsel on birth spacing and nutrition
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Recommendation: Who should make visits?
Ideally - should be skilled health workers but….
Realistically it is:Existing community health workers (paid
and/or volunteers)
Malawi - Health Surveillance Assistants(HSAs)Indonesia - Community midwives India - Anganwadis and ASHAs Nepal - Female community health volunteersEthiopia - Health Extension Workers (HEWs)Rwanda - Female health worker (ASM)
• Create new CHWs (paid and/or unpaid)
IT IS ESSENTIAL THAT CHWs HAVE KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS TO
ACCOMPLISH WELL DEFINED TASKS
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Program implementation guidance
• National PNC service delivery situation analysis• Policy dialogue and adoption
– Potential policy changes for CHWs to:• Assess newborns• Coach mothers and families to practice KMC • Provide oral and/or injectable antibiotics• Manage asphyxia with resuscitation equipment
• Adoption of PNC home care delivery strategy where appropriate• Recruit and/or train health workers or CHWs• Ensure continued professional development and motivation• Strengthen health system (logistics, supervision and referral
linkages) to support PNC• Ensure community awareness and engagement in PNC services• Document the process and results especially community-based
management of neonatal sepsis, LBW babies and asphyxia.
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Health system requirements
• Health workers are from and/or live within communities
• Functional linkage of community health workers and facilities (e.g., referral, transport, supervision & monitoring, quality assurance)
• Integration of services delivered by health worker and first-level facility across the continuum– Pregnancy surveillance, antenatal visits & ANC, care
at delivery, early postnatal care, community case management, immunization & nutrition
• Integration with existing programs (eg, Safe Motherhood, IMCI, PMTCT)
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Steps to implement Joint Statement
• Countries should analyze policies, practices, and delivery platforms to identify potential of postnatal home visits to improve newborn survival.
• Prioritize home visits where access to facility-based care is limited, including after discharge for facility births.
• Utilize existing delivery platforms of community health workers and volunteers, ensure linkage of CHWs to health system and quality of referral care,
• Monitor early PNC coverage and quality, key newborn care practices, and health outcome indicators.
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Bangladesh
GoB and BRAC community health workers
ANCC, PNC visits
Pakistan GoP Lady Health Workers
CM, ANCC, PNC; attendance home births (resus, LBW extra care, identify infection and begin antibiotics
Nepal National Neonatal Health Strategy
Female community health volunteers (FCHV)
Indonesia GoI Community Midwives (Bidan di desa)
Bidan di desas (community midwives)
Malawi MOH policy; OR demonstrating “how”
Health Surveillance Assistants
Ethiopia National MOH standards Health Extension Workers
LAC Regional Neonatal Health Strategy; OR demonstrating “how”
Various cadres (CHWs, ANMs)
Saving Newborn Lives: Home Visits Within National Delivery Platforms
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Country Experience
Background:
• Population of ~14 million
• Low resource country (GDP per capita - US$ 290)
• HIV prevalence 12%
• Inadequate numbers of health service providers/skilled birth attendants/low physician density
MALAWI:
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Country Experience
Background cont:
• Maternal mortality ratio - 807/100,000 live births (MICS 2006)
• Neonatal mortality rate - 33 per 1,000 live births (MICS 2006)
• Over 17,000 newborn deaths each year
MALAWI:
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Infection, 30%
Diarrhoea, 2%
Asphyxia, 22%
Congenital, 7%
Preterm, 30%
Other, 6%
Tetanus, 3%
Causes of neonatal death (estimated for 2005)
Source: Lawn JE et al. 2006
Three causes
account for ~84% of neonatal deaths in
Malawi
MALAWI:
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54% 18% 86%0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Antenatal care (at least one visit, 4+
visits)
Skilled attendant during childbirth
Postnatal care within 2 days
(births in facility and at home)
Immunisation (DPT3)
Lowest Highest
92%
Coverage of key packages along the continuum of care
Source: MICS 2006
Gap in coverage between poorest and least poor
MALAWI:
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Focus:• Increasing community knowledge and practice of key
maternal and newborn health behaviours and demand for care.
• Improving access, availability and quality of existing facility-based maternal and newborn care services along the household-to-hospital continuum of care, including training (IMNCI) and provision of equipment and supplies.
• Evaluating results of community-based maternal & newborn
care in terms of program cost, feasibility and changes in behaviours and coverage of care.
Community Based Maternal & Newborn Care (CBMNC) Program
MALAWI:
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CBMNC Program
Program is implemented in partnership with: MOH-RHU, CHAM, Save the Children, UNICEF, MCHIP, WHO, Norwegian Church Aid and UNFPA• Started in 2007 - 3 year demonstration
implemented in 3 districts to evaluate the feasibility, cost and outcomes of a CBMNC package
• Scale-up of program interventions underway district-wide and in 4 other districts (7 total)
• In the pipeline - 5 additional districts (12 of 28)
MALAWI:
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CBMNC Program - Milestones
• 2006 - MOH representatives made a learning visit to SEARCH in India (Dr. Abhay Bang). Success of this CBMNH program in Asia influenced and motivated Malawi policy makers
• February 2007 - program design workshop held
• 2008-ongoing - training of HSAs in CBMNC & CM
• 2010 – Malawi government has mandated all partners interested in CMNH to use the CBMNC package
MALAWI:
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CBMNC: Role of Health Surveillance Assistants (HSAs)
• MNH services are promoted through community mobilization and structured home visits by HSAs
• HSAs are trained to: – Facilitate community mobilization – Counsel pregnant and recently delivered
women on importance of attending ANC, birth preparedness, clean delivery, delivery by skilled attendant, ENC, identify mothers and newborns with danger signs and refer
– Make 3 home visits to pregnant women, then to women and newborns within 24 hours, at day 3 and day 8 post-delivery
MALAWI:
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CBMNC - HSA Training
• HSAs undergo a 10-day CBMNC training and 8-day CM training.
• Trainings to date– CBMNC 60 trainers; 1079 HSAs trained– Community Mobilization 66 trainers;
913 HSAs– Other related trainings held on
Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC)
MALAWI:
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CBMNC: Moving to Scale
• MOH-RHU has taken a leadership role– Feb. 2010 mandated all partners implementing
CBMNC to use the integrated national package– July 2010 national dissemination of integrated CBMNC
package to facilitate scale up
• UNICEF contributed to the production of CBMNC training manuals for national use and procured equipment and supplies
• DHO/district and health center teams responsible for supervision
• Media products developed to facilitate dissemination
MALAWI:
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CBMNC: Challenges
Resource constraints• Training pace slower than anticipated • CBMNC scale-up to other districts delayed• Some partners resistant
Logistics• Many HSAs reside outside their catchment areas• No transportation available to facilitate home
visits and supervision• Work overload for HSAs heavily tasked with
community and facility duties
MALAWI:
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CBMNC: Challenges cont
M&E and Supervision• Poor data flow at all levels• Delays in flow of data from peripheral to central level• Some newborn indicators not integrated with the HMIS• No transportation available to facilitate HSA supervision
Health facility services• Overwhelming demand for labour and delivery services at health
facilities• Work overload for midwives and constrained resources at health
facilities• How to maintain quality of services while moving to scale
Cultural issues • Women hide their pregnancies in first trimester for fear of witchcraft,
hence late ANC attendance
MALAWI:
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CBMNC: Lessons Learned
• Need to improve data flow, data use and integration with HMIS
• District Health Offices (DHOs) to aggressively pursue strategies to ensure HSAs reside in their catchment areas
• Successes in implementing CBMNC creates challenges at H/F level leading to congestion accompanying severe understaffing
MALAWI:
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CBMNC: Lessons Learned cont.
• To promote institutionalization of CBMNC– Involvement of government and key partners is
crucial from the start
– Implementation within prevailing structures and staffing structures of the MOH reduces perception of CBMNC as a parallel program
– Key involvement of DHMTs and Zonal Offices in planning, implementation and M&E processes, strengthens ownership and facilitates scale up
MALAWI:
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CBMNC: Conclusions
• Mid-term evaluation of the 3 demonstration districts showed that it is feasible to equip HSAs with knowledge and skills to provide key MNH interventions related to structured home visits. – LQAS showed HSA coverage of home visits: ANC 70%, PNC 60%
• Home visits by CHW have led to improved MNH household care-seeking practices
• Structured CHWs home visits can be adopted and scaled-up to improve MNH services
• CBMNC can move to scale within integrated packages and effective partnerships with efforts directed towards the following: a dedicated CBMNC taskforce; appropriate program design; CHW training; availability of community materials and supplies; implementation support; evaluation of interventions; and costing
MALAWI:
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What Next? Although home visits are underway in several countries, several challenges still exist and work is not completed yet
So……….
What can PVOs, Partners and Programs do to reach the unreached?
Service Delivery & Program Implications
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What Next: Considerations
How can PVOs/Programs help improve/ensure the following?
Training of CHWs Length of trainings and integration into other related basic CHW
training Quality of trainings in the context of district wide/country wide scale
up CHW quality service delivery
• Ensure CHWs focus on community services/home visits • Strengthen supervision and performance reviews of HSAs• Referral and health facility system overload
MNH data - community to district/central levels Data collection, data flow and data use within programs and
integration within HMIS Use of new technology e.g. cell phone
Logistics management and support Supplies and equipment Transportation
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Thank you!
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Group Discussion Session• GRP 1: Discuss and share information regarding current
models for effectively reaching mothers and newborns during pregnancy and postnatal period through home visits. Highlight successes, challenges and gaps
• GRP 2: How can PNC/PPC be incorporated and/or strengthened within current or upcoming programs? Provide program and country examples if possible
• GRP 3: In countries where MNCH national programs exist, what critical role or contributions can PVO and partners make towards scale-up of such PNC/PPC interventions? – Consider needs related to funding, technical
assistance and other support as would be needed