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Nephroti c Syndrome Evi dence Based Approach

Nephrotic Syndrome

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Page 1: Nephrotic Syndrome

N e p h r o t i c

S y n d r o m e

E v i d e n c e B a s e d

A p p r o a c h

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H i s t o r y

• I n c i d e n c e o f 2-7c a s e s

p e r 100 000 c h i l d r e n

• P r e v a l e n c e o f 16

c a s e s p e r 100 000

• 70% o f M C N S p a t i e n t s

a r e y o u n g e r t h a n

5y e a r s

• A r o u n d 60% o f

s t e r o i d -r e s p o n s i v e

• 6 x m o r e c o m m o n i n

A s i a n s

Page 3: Nephrotic Syndrome

• 60–80% o f s t e r o i d -r e s p o n s i v e n e p h r o t i c c h i l d r e n w i l l r e l a p s e a n d

• A b o u t 60% o f t h o s e w i l l h a v e f i v e o r m o r e r e l a p s e s .

• A g e o l d e r t h a n 4 y e a r s a t p r e s e n t a t i o n

• R e m i s s i o n w i t h i n 7–9 d a y s o f t h e s t a r t o f

Page 4: Nephrotic Syndrome

p a t h o p h y s i o l o g y

o f i d i o p a t h i c

n e p h r o t i c

s y n d r o m e• M u t a t i o n s i n

s e v e r a l p o d o c y t e

p r o t e i n s

• A p l a s m a f a c t o r m a y

a l t e r g l o m e r u l a r

p e r m e a b i l i t y

• A l t e r e d T -l y m p h o c y t e

r e s p o n s e s

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M e c h a n i s m o f

E d e m a

F o r m a t i o n

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‘u n d e r f i l l ’

h y p o t h e s i so n c o t i c p r e s s u r e

e x c e s s f i l t r a t i o n

h y p o v o l e m i a

h y p o p e r f u s i o n

R A A S

s o d i u m

r e t e n t i

o n

Page 9: Nephrotic Syndrome

‘o v e r f i l l ’

h y p o t h e s i s

p r i m a r y r e n a l s o d i u m r e t e n t i o n

l e a d i n g t o e d e m a

Page 10: Nephrotic Syndrome

• J v i s t h e n e t f l u i d m o v e m e n t b e t w e e n c o m p a r t m e n t s

• [P c -P i ]: C a p i l l a r y -i n t e r s t i t i a l h y d r o s t a t i c p r e s s u r e

• σ : r e f l e c t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t t o p r o t e i n s

• [πc - πi ]: o n c o t i c p r e s s u r e

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D e f i n i t i o n

• F R N S

• S D N S

• S R N S

• R e l a p s e

• R e m i s s i o n

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Page 15: Nephrotic Syndrome

ISKDC

Page 16: Nephrotic Syndrome
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Prediction of steroid-sparing agent usePediatr Nephrol (2013) 28:631–638

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Frequent relapse-free ratio stratified by times for initial remission and first relapse.

Nakanishi K et al. CJASN 2013;8:756-762

©2013 by American Society of Nephrology

Page 20: Nephrotic Syndrome

D r u g s (S S N S )

• S t e r o i d s V s

C y c l o p h o s p h a m i d e

• c h l o r a m b u c i l a n d

c y c l o p h o s p h a m i d e

• i n t r a v e n o u s a n d

o r a l

c y c l o p h o s p h a m i d e

• L e v a m i s o l e V s

S t e r o i d s

• C y c l o s p o r i n e V s

C y c l o p h o s p h a m i d e

Page 21: Nephrotic Syndrome

C y c l o p h o s p h a mi d e

v e r s u s p r e d n i s o n e ,

O u t c o me R e l a p s e a t

6-12 mo n t h s

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C y c l o p h o s p h a mi d e

v e r s u s p r e d n i s o n e ,

O u t c o me R e l a p s e a t

12-24 mo n t h s

Page 23: Nephrotic Syndrome

C h l o r a mb u c i l v e r s u s

p r e d n i s o n e /p l a c e b o ,

O u t c o me R e l a p s e a t 6

mo n t h s

Page 24: Nephrotic Syndrome

C o mp a r i s o n C h l o r a mb u c i l

v e r s u s p r e d n i s o n e /

p l a c e b o O u t c o me R e l a p s e

a t 12 mo n t h s

Page 25: Nephrotic Syndrome

A l k y l a t i n g a g e n t s

v e r s u s p r e d n i s o n e /

p l a c e b o O u t c o me

R e l a p s e a t 6-12 mo n t h s

Page 26: Nephrotic Syndrome

I n t r a v e n o u s v e r s u s

o r a l

c y c l o p h o s p h a mi d e ,

O u t c o me R e l a p s e a t 6

mo n t h s

Page 27: Nephrotic Syndrome

I n t r a v e n o u s v e r s u s

o r a l

c y c l o p h o s p h a mi d e

O u t c o me R e l a p s e a t

e n d o f s t u d y

Page 28: Nephrotic Syndrome

I n t r a v e n o u s v e r s u s

o r a l

c y c l o p h o s p h a mi d e ,

O u t c o me A d v e r s e

e v e n t s

Page 29: Nephrotic Syndrome

p l a c e b o , l o w d o s e

p r e d n i s o n e o r n o s p e c i f i c

t r e a t me n t , O u t c o me

R e l a p s e d u r i n g t r e a t me n t

(4-12 mo n t h s )

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L e v a mi s o l e v e r s u s

p l a c e b o l o w d o s e

p r e d n i s o n e o r n o

s p e c i f i c t r e a t me n t

O u t c o me R e l a p s e a t 6-12 mo

Page 31: Nephrotic Syndrome

C y c l o s p o r i n v e r s u s

p l a c e b o /n o t r e a t me n t

O u t c o me C o mp l e t e

r e mi s s i o n

Page 32: Nephrotic Syndrome

C y c l o s p o r i n v e r s u s

p l a c e b o /n o t r e a t me n t ,

O u t c o me C o mp l e t e o r

p a r t i a l r e mi s s i o n

Page 33: Nephrotic Syndrome

O r a l

c y c l o p h o s p h a mi d e

v e r s u s p r e d n i s o n e /

p l a c e b o O u t c o me

C o mp l e t e r e mi s s i o n

Page 34: Nephrotic Syndrome

c y c l o p h o s p h a mi d

e , O u t c o me

C o mp l e t e

r e mi s s i o n

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p r e d n i s o n e v e r s u s

p r e d n i s o n e a l o n e

O u t c o me

P r o t e i n u r i a

Page 36: Nephrotic Syndrome

I V

c y c l o p h o s p h a mi d e

O u t c o me C o mp l e t e

o r p a r t i a l

r e mi s s i o n a t 12

w e e k s

Page 37: Nephrotic Syndrome

I V C P V s T a c i n

S R N S

Kidney International (2012) 82, 1130–1135

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T a c r o l i mu s v e r s u s

c y c l o s p o r i n , O u t c o me

T r e a t me n t r e s p o n s e

a t 6 & 12 mo n t h s

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v e r s u s

c y c l o s p o r i n ,

O u t c o me A d v e r s e

e v e n t s

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v e r s u s

c y c l o s p o r i n ,

O u t c o me A d v e r s e

e v e n t s

Page 42: Nephrotic Syndrome

v e r s u s I V d e x a me t h a s o n e

a n d o r a l

c y c l o p h o s p h a mi d e ,

O u t c o me T r e a t me n t

r e s p o n s e a t 6 mo n t h s

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R C T s c o m p a r i n g

c o r t i c o s t e r o i d -

s p a r i n g a g e n t s i n

F R a n d S D S S N S

Page 44: Nephrotic Syndrome

J Am Soc Nephrol 24: ,June 27 2013S R N

S

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D a i l y C o r t i c o s t e r o i d s

R e d u c e I n f e c t i o n -

a s s o c i a t e d R e l a p s e s i n

F r e q u e n t l y R e l a p s i n g

N e p h r o t i c S y n d r o me

Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 6: 63–69, 2011.

Page 46: Nephrotic Syndrome

L e v a m i s o l e

• L e v a m i s o l e i s a n

a n t h e l m i n t i c d r u g

w i t h

• i m m u n o s t i m u l a t o r y

p r o p e r t i e s .

L e v a m i s o l e (2‚5 m g /k g

o n a l t e r n a t e d a y s )

Page 47: Nephrotic Syndrome

C y c l o s p o r i n e &

T a c r o l i m u s• T r e a t s t e r o i d -

r e s p o n s i v e n e p h r o t i c s y n d r o m e , r e m i s s i o n c a n b e a c h i e v e d i n 85% o f p a t i e n t s

• D o s e s o f 5–6 m g /k g d a i l y

• T r o u g h c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f 50–125 n g /m L

• 20–30% o f p a e d i a t r i c F S G S p a t i e n t s a r e c i c l o s p o r i n

Page 48: Nephrotic Syndrome

• C i c l o s p o r i n

p r e v e n t s T -c e l l

a c t i v a t i o n t h r o u g h

i n h i b i t i o n o f

c a l c i n e u r i n -i n d u c e d

I L 2 g e n e e x p r e s s i o n —a c r u c i a l e a r l y e v e n t i n T -c e l l

a c t i v a t i o n .

• C i c l o s p o r i n a l s o s t a b i l i z e s t h e

Page 49: Nephrotic Syndrome

R i t u x i m a b

•c h i m e r i c h u m a n -

m u r i n e m o n o c l o n a l

a n t i b o d y

•b i n d s

s p e c i f i c a l l y t o

t h e C D 20 a n t i g e n

o n p r e -B a n d

m a t u r e B

l y m p h o c y t e s ,

m e d i a t i n g B -c e l l

l y s i s

Page 50: Nephrotic Syndrome

R i t u x i m a b

• G i v e i n r e m i s s i o n

• >75% g o o d i n i t i a l r e s p o n s e

• S i d e e f f e c t s – a c u t e

r e a c t i o n s

• ~ 75% r e l a p s e w i t h B -c e l l

r e p o p u l a t i o n

• R e s p o n s i v e t o r e p e a t

R i t u x i m a b t r e a t m e n t

• R e -t r e a t a t f i r s t r e l a p s e

• F u r t h e r t r e a t m e n t o n B c e l l

r e -p o p u l a t i o n

• P o s s i b l e M M F r o l e i n

m a i n t a i n i n g r e m i s s i o n o n B

c e l l r e p o p u l a t i o n

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Rituximab is a safe and effective long-termtreatment for children with steroid and calcineurin

inhibitor–dependent idiopathic nephrotic syndrome

Kidney International advance online publication, 5 June 2013;

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F i g u r e 1 T o t a l r i t u x i m a b d o s e d o e s

n o t s e e m t o c o r r e l a t e w i t h

i n i t i a l c l i n i c a l r e s p o n s e

G r e e n b a u m , L . A . e t a l . (2012) C h i l d h o o d n e p h r o t i c

s y n d r o m e —c u r r e n t a n d f u t u r e t h e r a p i e s

N a t . R e v . N e p h r o l . d o i :10.1038/n r n e p h .2012.115

Permission obtained from Springer ©Prytula, A. et al. Pediatr. Nephrol. 25, 461–468 (2010)

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T a b l e 1 T i m i n g o f c l i n i c a l r e s p o n s e

f o l l o w i n g t r e a t m e n t o f

S R N S w i t h r i t u x i m a b

G r e e n b a u m , L . A . e t a l . (2012) C h i l d h o o d n e p h r o t i c

s y n d r o m e —c u r r e n t a n d f u t u r e t h e r a p i e s

N a t . R e v . N e p h r o l . d o i :10.1038/n r n e p h .2012.115

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T a b l e 2 T i m i n g o f r e l a p s e f o l l o w i n g

t r e a t m e n t o f S R N S w i t h r i t u x i m a b

G r e e n b a u m , L . A . e t a l . (2012) C h i l d h o o d n e p h r o t i c

s y n d r o m e —c u r r e n t a n d f u t u r e t h e r a p i e s

N a t . R e v . N e p h r o l . d o i :10.1038/n r n e p h .2012.115

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S u m m a r

y

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I d i o p a t h i c N S

S p e c t r u m : f r o m M C D

t o F S G S

80-90 % MCD

~90 % Steroid Sensitive - PROGNOSTIC

Multiple aetiologies

Non Infrequently Frequently Steroid SteroidRelapsing Relapsing Relapsing Dependent Resistant

Page 60: Nephrotic Syndrome

P r o g r e s s o f I N S

i n c h i l d h o o d• ~ 80% m i n i m a l

c h a n g e d i s e a s e

• >90% s t e r o i d r e s p o n s i v e

• >70% r e l a p s i n g c o u r s e

• 80% l o n g t e r m r e m i s s i o n d u r i n g c h i l d h o o d

• m o r t a l i t y r a t e s

• P u b l i s h e d s e r i e s 1-7.2%

Page 61: Nephrotic Syndrome

C h i l d h o o d

N e p h r o t i c S y n d r o m e

– B i o p s y

I n d i c a t i o n s

• S y s t e m i c d i s e a s e

• E x t r e m e s o f a g e– U n d e r 1 y e a r

– O l d e r c h i l d

• L o w c o m p l e m e n t

• G r o s s h a e m a t u r i a

• P e r s i s t e n t h y p e r t e n s i o n

• I m p a i r e d r e n a l f u n c t i o n

• S t e r o i d u n r e s p o n s i v e a t 4-8 w e e k s

Page 62: Nephrotic Syndrome

E V A L U A T I O N O F

C H I L D R E N WI T H

N E P H R O T I C

S Y N D R O M EU r i n a l y s i s ;f i r s t m o r n i n g U p /c ;

s e r u m e l e c t r o l y t e s ,

s e r u m u r e a n i t r o g e n , c r e a t i n i n e , a n d g l u c o s e , c h o l e s t e r o l l e v e l ;

s e r u m a l b u m i n l e v e l ;

c o m p l e m e n t 3 l e v e l ;

a n t i n u c l e a r a n t i b o d y l e v e l (f o r

c h i l d r e n a g e d 10 y e a r s o r w i t h a n y o t h e r s i g n s o f s y s t e m i c l u p u s e r y t h e m a t o s u s ) h e p a t i t i s B , h e p a t i t i s C , a n d H I V s e r o l o g y i n h i g h -r i s k p o p u l a t i o n s ;

p u r i f i e d p r o t e i n d e r i v a t i v e l e v e l ; a n d

Page 63: Nephrotic Syndrome

I n i t i a l T h e r a p y

f o r C h i l d h o o d

N e p h r o t i c

S y n d r o me• P r e d n i s o n e 2 m g /k g

p e r d a y f o r 6 w e e k s

(m a x i m u m : 60 m g );

t h e n p r e d n i s o n e 1.5

m g /k g o n a l t e r n a t e

d a y s f o r 6 w e e k s

(m a x i m u m : 40 m g );

• N o s t e r o i d t a p e r i s

r e q u i r e d a t t h e

c o n c l u s i o n o f t h i s

i n i t i a l t h e r a p y

Page 64: Nephrotic Syndrome

I n f r e q u e n t -

R e l a p s e

T h e r a p y• P r e d n i s o n e 2 m g /k g

p e r d a y u n t i l u r i n e

p r o t e i n t e s t

r e s u l t s a r e

n e g a t i v e o r t r a c e

f o r 3 c o n s e c u t i v e

d a y s ;t h e n p r e d n i s o n e

1.5 m g /k g o n a l t e r n a t e

d a y s f o r 4 w e e k s

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R e l a p s i n g

N e p h r o t i c

S y n d r o me T h e r a p y

O p t i o n s• P r e d n i s o n e 2 m g /k g

p e r d a y u n t i l

p r o t e i n u r i a

n o r m a l i z e s f o r 3

d a y s ,1.5 m g /k g o n

a l t e r n a t e d a y s f o r 4

w e e k s , a n d t h e n t a p e r

o v e r 2 m o n t h s b y 0.5

m g /k g o n a l t e r n a t e

d a y s (t o t a l : 3– 4

m o n t h s ) --L T A D

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• O r a l

c y c l o p h o s p h a m i d e

2m g /k g p e r d a y f o r 12

w e e k s (c u m u l a t i v e

d o s e :168 m g /k g )

• M y c o p h e n o l a t e

m o f e t i l 25 t o 36 m g /k g

p e r d a y (m a x i m u m : 2

g /d a y ) d i v i d e d t w i c e

d a i l y (B I D ) f o r 1 t o 2

y e a r s w i t h a t a p e r i n g

d o s e o f p r e d n i s o n e

Page 67: Nephrotic Syndrome

S t e r o i d -

D e p e n d e n t

N e p h r o t i c

S y n d r o me T h e r a p y• G l u c o c o r t i c o i d s a r e p r e f e r r e d i n t h e a b s e n c e o f s i g n i f i c a n t s t e r o i d t o x i c i t y

• S e c o n d a r y a l t e r n a t i v e s s h o u l d b e c h o s e n o n t h e b a s i s o f r i s k /b e n e f i t r a t i o

• C y c l o s p o r i n e A 3 t o 5 m g /k g p e r d a y d i v i d e d B I D

• T a c r o l i m u s 0.05 t o 0.1 m g /k g p e r d a y d i v i d e d

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• F o r p a t i e n t s w h o

h a v e f a m i l i a l f o r m s

o f n e p h r o t i c

• s y n d r o m e ,

i m m u n o s u p p r e s s i v e

t r e a t m e n t i s

i n e f f e c t i v e ;

• d e f i n i t i v e

t r e a t m e n t r e q u i r e s

r e n a l

t r a n s p l a n t a t i o n .

Page 69: Nephrotic Syndrome

s u g g e s t i n g a

d i a g n o s i s o t h e r

t h a n i d i o p a t h i c

M C N S• A g e <1 y e a r

• P o s i t i v e f a m i l y

h i s t o r y

• E x t r a r e n a l d i s e a s e

(a r t h r i t i s , r a s h ,

a n e m i a )

• C h r o n i c d i s e a s e

• S y m p t o m s d u e t o

i n t r a v a s c u l a r v o l u m e

e x p a n s i o n

(h y p e r t e n s i o n ,

Page 70: Nephrotic Syndrome

Cochrane review conclusions

• Effective second line therapy• Alkylating agents

• Levamisole

• Cyclosporin

– No data to support one agent over another

• Ineffective therapies• Azathioprine

• Mizoribine