Overview on water

ALL INDIA INSTITUTE OF LOCAL SELF

GOVERNMENT

DELHI

“Water and health ”

An- Overview for Paramedical

DR.P.P.SINGH

By

Dr. P.P.SINGH

Faculty AIILSGD

Ex Medical Superintendent Cum Consultant pathologist HRH Delhi

Ex. Director India Population Project 8 Delhi..

Source from the book of AIILSG. & WHO publications.

INTRODUCTION

All living have

essential 5

element .

AIR

WATER

EARTH

AGANI

AKASH

DR.P.P.SINGH

AIR

SPACE

EARTHWATER

FIRE

“ H” THEORY

HUMAN

HOMOSEPNIS.

HAPPINESS.

HELP

HAND

HEALTH

HOUSE TO HOUSE.

Hepatitis / HIV

H2O

HOLESTIC APPROCH.

DR.P.P.SINGH

HEALTH

W HO has defined as

“ Physical ,Mental ,Social & Spiritual Wellbeing of human not merely absence of illness”

Environmental Health as

“ The control of all those factors in man’s physical environment which exercise or may exercise a deleterious effect on his physical development, health or survival.

DR.P.P.SINGH

DR.P.P.SINGH

DR.P.P.SINGH

DISEASES

• Communicable

DOSE X

Virulence

•= --------------------------

-

IMMUNITY

•Non

communicable

. Environment.

. Life Style

. Genetics

DR.P.P.SINGH

• HEALTH

• NUTRITION

•SANITATIONPERSONNEL

HYEIGEN

ENIVIRONMENTAL

ENVIRONMENT

“ The Sum total of all external conditions and

influences that effect the life and

development of an organism”

1. Physical Environment.

2. Biological Environment.

3.Social Environment.

4.Economic Environment.

DR.P.P.SINGH

WHAT IS ECOLOGY?

Also known as bionomics

Relationship between organisms and their

environment

DR.P.P.SINGH

WATERBORNE DISEASES IN RELATION TO

ECOLOGY

Example: CryptosporidiumMay become infected after eating ice made from contaminated water

Can be spread through person to person contactChanging diapers

Touching any body part which feces can be present

Primary Source –cattleOther animal and humans can be infected

DR.P.P.SINGH

H2ODI HYDROGEN MONOXIDE

DR.P.P.SINGH

LIFE Without

AIR – 3 Minutes

Water – 3 Days.

Food -- 3 weeks

DR.P.P.SINGH

DR.P.P.SINGH

WHAT IS A WATERBORNE DISEASE?

Waterborne

transported and supported by water

Disease

an abnormal or harmful condition

MODIFIED BRADLEY CLASSIFICATION

Feco-Oral Diseases

Water Borne Diseases

Water washed Diseases

Water Based Diseases

Water Related Diseases

Water Dispersed Diseases

Contaminated water sources

Poorly functioning water treatment systems

Prevention methods

-water chlorination

-drinking bottle water (trips to foreign countries)

HOW ARE THEY TRANSMITTED?

SYMPTOMS

Diarrhea (can be bloody)

Abdominal pains

Typhoid fever

Intestinal bleeding

Headache

Coughing

WATER RELATED DISEASES

BRADLEY CLASSIFICATION (1977)

A water related disease is one which in some way is related to water or to impurities within water

A. Biological/Specific (water borne-Diseases)

B. Non-Infectious/Non Specific water related Diseases

WATER-BORNE DISEASES

Also called Biological/Specific Diseases

Further classified into

A. Caused by the presence of an Infective

agent

B. Due to the presence of an Aquatic host

CAUSED BY INFECTIVE AGENTS

VIRAL1. Viral Hepatitis A &E2. Poliomyelitis3. Rotavirus Diarrhea BACTERIAL1. Typhoid & Paratyphoid Fevers2. Bacillary Dysentery3. E.Coli Diarrhea 4. Cholera

CONTND.---------

PROTZOAL

• Amebiasis

• Giardiasis

HELMINTHIC

• Roundworm

• Threadworm

• Hydatid Disease

LEPTOSPIRAL

• Weils Disease

DUE TO THE PRESENCE OF AN AQUATIC HOST

SNAIL

• Schistosomiasis

CYCLOPS

• Guineaworm

• Fish tapworm

NON-SPECIFIC/NON-INFECTIOUS WATER

RELATED DISEASES

These diseases are due to either excess or deficiency of certain chemicals in the water(Chemical Hazards)

1. Lead Poisoning

2. Endemic Goiter

3. Dental Caries/Dental Decay

4. Fluorosis

5. Infantile Methaemoglobinaemia

BASIC ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INTERVENTIONS

1. Provision of Safe WATER supply.

2. Safe disposal of WASTE.

3. FOOD Sanitation .

4. Safe HOUSING.

5. VECTOR control

6. Control of COMMUNICABLE &

ZOONOTIC diseases.

7. Control of POLLUTION In AIR ,WATER

& SOIL

8. Control of OCCUPATIONAL hazards.

HISTORIAL ASPECT AND CURRENT STATUS

.Since Ancient time – emphasis is on Safe Food, Water

,Clothing , Housing & Waste Disposal .

.Sewerage and drainage System were developed --

MOHENJO-DARO near Indus.

4th century B.C Emperor Chandragupta Mourya developed

a good system of Disease reporting.

Kauttilya’s “ARTHASHASTRA “ described details of Town

Planning, Garbage disposal prevention of nuisance 7

Disposal of Dead.

The Edicts of Emperor ASHOKA mentioned details of

Sanitation – Patliputra, ( Bihar) Hampi (Vijaynagar)

Contd--

PURIFICATION OF WATER

A. NATURAL METHODS

Evaporation & Condensation

Storage

Sedimentation

Oxidation

Percolation & Filtration through soil

CONTND.---------

B. ARTIFICIAL METHODS

1. PHYSICAL METHODS

Distillation

Boiling

2. CHEMICAL METHODS

Precipitation

Removal of Hardness & Softening

Germicides

Adsorbents

CONTND.--------

3. FILTRATION METHODS

ON SMALL SCALE

• Pasteur Chamberland Filter

• Berkefeld Filter

• Meta & Stellar Filter

ON LARGE SCALE

• Slow Sand Filtration

• Rapid Sand Filtration

• Desalination

CONTND.--------


ON SMALL SCALE




ON LARGE SCALE



• Desalination

CONTND.--------


ON SMALL SCALE




ON LARGE SCALE



• Desalination

Contd—

.Unfortunately in many developing Counties current status is

“ VERY POOR”

India BHORE COMMITTEE (1946) suggested plan for 90%

population for potable water for 40 year in phase manner.

-1980 U N launched “ INTERNATIONAL DRINKING WATER

SUPPLY AND SANITATION to all by 1990. ( PHC)

-21st Century the Global concerns is in Environment

Sanitation .

• Safe Water Supply

• Sanitation

• Conservation of Ecosystem

• Sustainable Development.

• Global warming ( Green House Effect )

• Acid Rains

SAFE & WHOLESOME WATER

Free from Pathogens.

Free from Harmful chemical substances.

Free from colour . odour and pleasant to

taste.

Usable for domestic purpose.

Otherwise = (Pollutant or contaminated )

USES OF WATER

1. Physiological – Drinking, Bathing etc.

2.Domestic – Cooking, washing, flushing toilets, gardening etc.

3.Recreational- garden ,fountains, swimming pools, boating etc.

4.Public use – fire fighting, street cleaning, medium of transport.

5.Industrial use – processing and cooling

6.Agriculture - -irrigation

7.Power Generation -- Hydroelectric & Thermal power

8.Waste disposal

WATER REQUIRMENT Estimated per day /per person requirement are

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------

USE Water Requirement Per day ( Liters)

URBAN RURAL

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------

1. Drinking 2.50 2.50

2. Bathing & Washing 50. 0 . 20. 0.

3. Cooking 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0

4. Toilets(Sewerage) 4 0 . 0 4 0 . 0

5. Miscellaneous 7 . 5 7 . 5

6. Industrial 40 . 0

7. Public use 25 . 0

8. Fire demand 15 . 0

9. Losses 50 .0

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------

TOTAL 1 3 0 . 0 / 130 . 0 5 0 . 0

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SOURCES OF WATER

A, RAIN WATER

B, SURFACE WATER

Upland water and impounding reservoirs.

Tanks, Ponds and Lakes

Rivers and Streams.

SEA Water

C, GROUND OR SUB-SOIL WATER

Springs

Wells ( Shallow /Deep/Infiltration / Artesian).

Tube Well.

WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

1. Open Conduits or Open Sections (for Short

Distance)

Canals

Ducts

Channels

2. Closed Conduits or Closed Sections

Pipes

o Steel Pipes

o Galvanized iron Pipes.

o Cast Iron Pipes

o R C C pipes.

o Asbestos Cement Pipes.

o Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC) Pipes

Over ground Pipes.

Under ground Pipes

Dual Supply of Water.

Intermittent water Supply

STORAGE.

Dams ( Earthen Dams or Masonry Dames)

Intake Well

Tanks and Ponds.

BIOLOGICAL IMPURITIES & THEIR EFFECTS

SUSPENDED Virus, Bacteria. Protozoa Causing Water Borne Diseases.

Algae, Fungus Odour, Colour Turbidity

Silt, Sand clay Turbidity.

DISSOLVED Calcium & Mg Salts Hardness

Iron & Mn Compounds Colour, Taste

Sodium Compounds salts Taste , affect on teeth enamel.

Lead , Arsenic Toxic.

Gases Oxygen (O2) Corrosion

Carbon di oxide (CO2) corrosion , acidity.

Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) odour, acidity , Corrosion

WATER QUALITY STANDARDS

Water Quality Requirement Limit

______________________________________________________________

_______

PHYSICAL•Turbidity , NTU mg / litre 5

•Colour ,hagen units mg/litre 5

•Odour Un objetionable

• Total solids mgle mg/litre 500

CHEMICAL• Lead mgl. Mg/litre 0.05

•Arsenic mgl, mg/litre 0.05

•Iron mgl, mg/litre 0.3

•Manganese mgl, mg/litre 0.1

•Hardness mgl, mg/litre 300

•pH 6.5 to 8.5

BIOLOGICAL• E- coli count in 100 ml Zero

•MPN of E- Coli 1 No. per 100 ml.

•B.O.D 1 ppm

WATER TREATMENT1.Aeration

2 Sedimentation.

3.Filteration

A. Gravity Filtration

i) Slow sand filters

ii) Rapid sand filters

B. Pressure Filters

4. Coagulation

5 softening of Water

6. Disinfection of Water

Chlorination ( Horrocks’ Apparatus (test)

Boiling.

Bleaching powder.

Tincture Iodine

Potassium per manganate (2 ppm)

Silver.

Ozone (o3)

Ultraviolet Rays

Domestic Candle Filters

GROUND WATER QUALITY

S.No. Parameters Maximum Acceptable Limits

1. Arsenic 0.02mg/litres

2. Cadmium 0.01mg/litres

3. Chromium 0.02mg/litres

4. Fluoride 1.5mg/litres

5. Lead 0.05mg/litres

6. Mercury 0.001mg/litres

7. Nitrate 10.0mg/litres

8. pH 6.5 to 8.5

9. Conductivity 100 – 200 u mhos/ Cm

10.Total dissolved Solids 500mg/litres

11.Chloride 250 mg/litres

12.Sulphates 1000 mg/litres

13.Colour 5 Hazon units

14.Bio Chemical oxygen demand 30mg/litres

15.Chemical Oxygen Demand 50mg/litres

POINTS TO CONSIDER.

1. SOURCES.

2. STORAGEs

3. DITRIBUTIONS

4. Leakages

5. PURIFICATION Methods

6. Sources of Contamination

7. Quality Monitoring

8. SWATER SURVEILLANCE

INTERVENTIONS

The important role of sanitation and safe water in maintaining health has been recognised for centuries

1980s – International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade

Reviews of the effectiveness of various levels of water supply and sanitation published

INTRODUCTION

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15

20

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0 10 20 30 40 50

Water & Sanitation

Sanitation

Water Quality & Quantity

Water Quality

Water Quantity

Hygiene

% reduction in diarrhoeal illness

INTERVENTION CLASSIFICATION (1)

Hygiene – includes hygiene and health

education and the encouragement of

specific behaviours (such as

handwashing)

Sanitation – those interventions that

provided some means of excreta

disposal, usually the provision of latrines

(at public or private level)


Water supply – included the provision of a

new water source and/or improved

distribution (such as installation of a

handpump or a household connection)

Water quality – these were related to the

provision of water treatment, either at

source or household level


Multiple – those which introduced water,

sanitation and hygiene (or health

education) elements to the study

population

META-ANALYSIS (3)

Developing

Countries

Multiple

(i.e. water, sanitation

and hygiene [or health]

education)

Sanitatio

n

Hygiene

Handwashin

g

Education

Source Pt-of-use

Water

quality

Community

improvement

s

Household

connection

Water

supply

OVERVIEW OF WHO WATER QUALITY

GUIDELINES, SUPPORTING STRUCTURES AND

INSTRUMENTS FOR IMPLEMENTATION

TUCSON WATER SUPPLY & DELIVERY

SYSTEM

Mtns.Avra Valley Aquifer Tucson Basin Aquifer

Tucson

Basin

Wellfield

s

Wastewater

Treatment PlantAvra

Valley

Wellfield

CRW

CRWRecharge

Water

Treatment

Plant

Reclaimed Water

Production Facilities

Recharge and

Recovery Recharge and

Recovery

.

Groundwater

HYGIENE

WATER SUPPLY

MULTIPLE

CONCLUSIONS

If we do it right we can save

lives – we can make a

difference

BUT……….

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3

5

47

6

8

THANK YOU VERY MUCH

Health & Medicine

Overview on water