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PREVENTION PRACTICE FOR MUSCULOSKELETAL

CONDITIONS

QURATULAIN MUGHALBATCH IVDOCTOR OF PHYSICAL THERAPYISRA UNIVERSITY

CONTENTS

MUSCULOSKELETAL CHANGES WITH:a) ADOLESCENCEb) AGING

COMMON PROBLEMS IN: a) ADOLESCENCE

b) AGING PREVENTION IN: a) ADOLESCENCE

b) AGING2

ADOLESCENCE

From Latin adolescere, meaning "to grow up“ Is a transitional stage of physical and

psychological human development that generally occurs during the period from puberty to legal adulthood (age of majority).

The period of adolescence is most closely associated with the teenage years, though its physical, psychological and cultural expressions may begin earlier and end later.

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WHO IDENTIFIES ADOLESCENCE

“The period in human growth and development that occurs after childhood and before adulthood, from ages 10 to19.”

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BIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

1. Puberty in general2. Growth spurt3. Reproduction-related changes4. Changes in the brain

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1. PUBERTY IN GENERAL

A period of several years in which rapid physical growth and psychological changes occur, culminating in sexual maturity.

The average onset of puberty is at 10 or 11 for girls and age 11 or 12 for boys.

Every person's individual timetable for puberty is influenced primarily by heredity, although environmental factors, such as diet and exercise, also exert some influences.

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MOST SIGNIFICANT PARTS OF PUBERTAL DEVELOPMENT

Involve distinctive physiological changes in individuals:HeightWeightBody compositionCirculatory and Respiratory systems(These changes are largely influenced by hormonal activity)

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2. GROWTH SPURT

Males experience their growth spurt about two years later, on average, than females.

Teenage and early adult males may continue to gain natural muscle growth even after puberty.

The first places to grow are the extremities—the head, hands and feet—followed by the arms and legs, then the torso and shoulders.

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3. REPRODUCTION-RELATED CHANGES

Primary sex characteristics are those directly related to the sex organs.

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4. CHANGES IN THE BRAIN

Between the ages of 10 and 25, the brain undergoes changes that have important implications for behavior.

The brain reaches 90% of its adult size by the time a person is six years of age.

Thus, the brain does not grow in size much during adolescence.

The biggest changes in the folds of the brain during this time occur in the parts of the cortex that process cognitive and emotional information

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NEUROTRANSMITTERS

Three neurotransmitters that play important roles in adolescent brain development are:

1. Glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter.2. Dopamine is associated with pleasure and

attuning(aware) to the environment during decision-making.

3. Serotonin is a neuromodulator involved in regulation of mood and behavior.

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COMMON COLLECTED PROBLEMS IN ADOLESCENCE

1. Behavioral Problems in Adolescents2. Obesity in Adolescents 3. Overview of Psychosocial Problems in

Adolescents4. Physical Problems in Adolescents5. School Problems in Adolescents6. Substance Use and Abuse in Adolescents

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OBESITY IN ADOLESCENTS

Obesity is defined as: “A body mass index (BMI) equal to or greater than the 95th percentile for age and gender”.

CAUSES: Hormonal disorders, such as an underactive thyroid

gland (hypothyroidism). Overactive adrenal glands. Genetics factors Lack of physical activity and overeating.

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TREATMENT

Healthy eating Exercise habits Losing a specific amount of weight

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PSYCHOSOCIAL PROBLEMS IN ADOLESCENTS

1. Anxiety or depression may have physical symptoms such as fatigue or chronic fatigue, dizziness, headache, and abdominal or chest pain.

2. Depression is common among adolescents and can lead to suicidal ideation.

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PHYSICAL PROBLEMS IN ADOLESCENTS

Acne is extremely common and should be addressed to minimize its impact on self-esteem.

COMMON INJURIES AMONG ADOLESCENTS:

1. Sports-related2. Motor vehicle injuries or crashes

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MOST COMMON SPORTS-RELATED INJURIES

Sprains(anterior cruciate ligament) Strains Growth Plate Injuries Repetitive Motion Injuries (such as stress

fractures :a hairline fracture of the bone that has been subjected to repeated stress)

Heat-Related Illnesses Bruises

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SCHOOL PROBLEMS IN ADOLESCENTS

Ergonomics:1. In class2. Home3. Playground

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Treatment Team:

Psychiatrist Clinical Therapist Registered Nurse Behavioral Health Support Staff Treat Injuries with “RICE”

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PREVENTION Early diagnosis Screening Management Control Education and support Medication Management Case Management Therapy Ergonomics Aftercare planning

AGING

“The process of becoming older and the proportion of people aged over 60 years”

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PREVENTION FOR AGING MUSCULOSKELETAL PROBLEMS

Have regular check-ups with your healthcare professional. Get screening tests that are recommended for older adults. Eat a healthy diet. Exercise regularly. Quit smoking. Drink alcohol in moderation. Make sure your healthcare provider is aware of every medication you

take, including prescription drugs, over-the-counter medicines, and herbal remedies.

Take part in social activities often, and keep in touch with family and friends.

Get vaccinations recommended for older adults. 

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REFERENCES

WIKIPEDIA Prevention Practice: A Physical

Therapist's Guide to Health, Fitness, and Wellness

By Catherine R. Thompson, Catherine Thompson, Catherine Rush Thompson

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