Tales from the Sewer: The Story of Collection, Disinfection, Storage and Distribution of Water Supply in the Philippines

TALES FROM THE SEWER: The Story of Collection, Disinfection, Storage – and Distribution of Water Supply in the Philippines

Francisco Arellano

Francisco Arellano May 27,2016

WSP for Hospitals

WSP for Hospitals

Water – A Fundamental Element

• Most widespread mineral substance on the Earth’s surface

• Most important compound (2nd to air) • Life form began with the creation of the water

compound • Water constitutes 70% of the Earth’s surface

• Water regulates the temperature of the Earth

97.4%

2.0% 0.6%

Water Sources

Oceans, Seas

Ice

ContinentalFresh Water

• Water is life itself

• It is vital to the functioning of each and every single cell

• It comprises the major organ systems of our body

• 60-70% of the human body is water

• 83% of human blood is water, 25% for human bones, 90% for the lungs and 70% for the brain.

• On the average, a person uses 2 – 2.5 liters of water per day to maintain health (includes drinking and cooking food)

• A person can live without food for a month, but only one week without water

• You get your immunity and vitamins from water


• To produce a car, 146 m3 of water is used

• For one can of processed fruit, 40 liters of water is used For an orange fruit, 30 liters of water is used For a watermelon, 378 liters of water is used For an egg, 454 liters of water is used For a quarter pounder of hamburger, 3.78 liters is used

• 95% of tomato is water 80% in the ear corn 93% in the watermelon 70% in the elephant 75% in the chicken 60-70% in the human body


• Water is the source of life and a destroyer of life

• It is the major conveyance of diseases (cholera, typhoid, infectious hepatitis and amoebiasis)

• It can also be the source of water related diseases resulting from poor supply (parasitic diseases)

• It causes destruction of property from floods, typhoons and other natural disasters

Water Cycle

Natural Drinking Water Sources

Groundwater Surface Water Seawater

The Philippines is endowed with abundant water resources. However, the resource differs spatially (space)

and temporally (time)

Land area : 300,000 km2

Rivers and lakes occupy 1,830 km2

Bays and Coastal Waters cover an

area of 266,000 km2

Annual Average rainfall : 2,400 mm

12 Water Resources Regions based on

hydrological boundaries

XI: Southeastern

Mindanao

IV: Southern Tagalog

I: Ilocos

III: Central Luzon

II: Cagayan Valley

V: Bicol

VII: Central

Visayas

VI: Western

Visayas

VIII: Eastern

Visayas

IX: Southwestern

Mindanao

XII: Southern

Mindanao

X: Northern

Mindanao

Water Source

Health Impact (Global)

• 1.8 M people die from diarrheal diseases

• 1.5 M deaths in the 0 – 5 y.o. age group

every year or 5,000 child deaths/day

• 88% attributed to unsafe water,

• Inadequate sanitation and hygiene

• 1.1 billion lack of access to an improved

drinking water supply

Health Impact (Philippines)

Diarrhea is the 2nd leading cause of morbidity affecting all ages (2007 DOH-Field Health Service Information

System)

Acute watery diarrhea affects about 640/100,000 population (2007 FHSIS)

Diarrhea is the 3rd leading cause of child mortality ages 1-4

years old with 804 deaths or 9.33/100,000 population

Causes of death in children

Source: CHERG estimates of under-five deaths, 2000-03

Under- nutrition

53%

The Philippines is one of the 42 countries that account for 90% of global record under five mortalities

Total Area of Coverage 540 sq. km.

Total No. of Customers Residential Commercial/Industrial

630,000 580,000

50,000

Service Population 9,200,000

WEST ZONE Metro Manila: Valenzuela Caloocan Malabon Navotas Parts of Quezon City Manila

Pasay Parts of Makati Las Piñas Parañaque Muntinlupa

Cavite Province: Cavite City Rosario Imus Noveleta Bacoor Kawit

Basic Information on Maynilad

Operations Snapshot

Assets Water System Wastewater

System Service Area 540 square kilometers

Produced/Treated per

Year (in Million Cubic Meters)

526 42

Treatment Facilities 3 19

Combined treatment

capacity

2,500

Million Liters/Day

541,000

Cubic Meters/Day

Pipelines (in Km) 7,571 527

Pumping Stations 23 62 (lift stations)

Reservoirs 22 n/a

Our Water Sources

97% of our raw water supply come from Angat Dam in Norzagaray, Bulacan.

The rest come from Laguna Lake and deepwells.

How we deliver potable water

Service Expansion

From 4,576 km in 2006, our water distribution line has increased by 65% to 7,571 km by the end of December 2015.

318

685

441

456

375

234

221

152

113

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

Pipes Laid per Year (in km)

Water Losses

38-percentage point reduction since re-privatization

67 60

57 51

42 41 35 33 29.3

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Non Revenue Water (NRW) (in %)

Wastewater Management

Sewerage 2007 2011 2015

Population served 530,228 664,063

1,286,799

Volume of wastewater treated, million liters, cumulative since 2007

45,967 216,422 428,568

Septic tanks cleaned, cumulative since 2007

42,686 241,595 403,941

Service Improvements

2007 2011 2015

Coverage (%) 80.5 84.9 93.6

24-hour service

(%) 46 84 99.8

Average 7 psi

pressure (%) 53 96 100

Number of

Connections in

'000

704 1,005 1,266

Population

Served (million) 6.5 7.9 9.2

BTP 1BTP 1BTP 2BTP 2

LMTP 1

LMTP 2

UMIRAY – ANGAT

TUNNEL

ANGAT RESERVOIR

(NPC)

IPO DAM (MWSS)

UMIRAY DIVERSION

DAM (MWSS)

LA MESA

RESERVOIR

NOVALICHES

DIVERSION WEIR

ALAT DAM (MWCI)


LMTP 1

LMTP 2

UMIRAY – ANGAT

TUNNEL

ANGAT RESERVOIR

(NPC)

IPO DAM (MWSS)

UMIRAY DIVERSION

DAM (MWSS)

LA MESA

RESERVOIR

NOVALICHES

DIVERSION WEIR

ALAT DAM (MWCI)

The WATER SYSTEM


LMTP 1

LMTP 2

UMIRAY – ANGAT

TUNNEL

ANGAT RESERVOIR

(NPC)

IPO DAM (MWSS)

UMIRAY DIVERSION

DAM (MWSS)

LA MESA

RESERVOIR

NOVALICHES

DIVERSION WEIR

ALAT DAM (MWCI)


LMTP 1

LMTP 2

UMIRAY – ANGAT

TUNNEL

ANGAT RESERVOIR

(NPC)

IPO DAM (MWSS)

UMIRAY DIVERSION

DAM (MWSS)

LA MESA

RESERVOIR

NOVALICHES

DIVERSION WEIR

ALAT DAM (MWCI)

The WATER SYSTEM


LMTP 1

LMTP 2

UMIRAY – ANGAT

TUNNEL

ANGAT RESERVOIR

(NPC)

IPO DAM (MWSS)

UMIRAY DIVERSION

DAM (MWSS)

LA MESA

RESERVOIR

NOVALICHES

DIVERSION WEIR

ALAT DAM (MWCI)


LMTP 1

LMTP 2

UMIRAY – ANGAT

TUNNEL

ANGAT RESERVOIR

(NPC)

IPO DAM (MWSS)

UMIRAY DIVERSION

DAM (MWSS)

LA MESA

RESERVOIR

NOVALICHES

DIVERSION WEIR

ALAT DAM (MWCI)

The WATER SYSTEM


LMTP 1

LMTP 2

UMIRAY – ANGAT

TUNNEL

ANGAT RESERVOIR

(NPC)

IPO DAM (MWSS)

UMIRAY DIVERSION

DAM (MWSS)

LA MESA

RESERVOIR

NOVALICHES

DIVERSION WEIR

ALAT DAM (MWCI)


LMTP 1

LMTP 2

UMIRAY – ANGAT

TUNNEL

ANGAT RESERVOIR

(NPC)

IPO DAM (MWSS)

UMIRAY DIVERSION

DAM (MWSS)

LA MESA

RESERVOIR

NOVALICHES

DIVERSION WEIR

ALAT DAM (MWCI)

The WATER SYSTEM

Our La Mesa Water Treatment Plants 1 & 2 are ISO 9001 Certified

LA MESA TREATMENT PLANT No. 1

WATER TREATMENT PROCESS

Junction

Box

Structure

Coagulation Sedimentation

Filtration

Recovery

Lagoon

Raw water

from LP-1

Open canal

(Portal)

Caustic

Soda

Potassium

Permanganate

Aluminum

Sulfate Pre-chlorination

Polymer

Losses due to leakages of

24 Butterfly valves

(3.3 mld or 137 cu.m./hr.)

Intermediate Chlorination

Post Chlorination

To Bagbag

Reservoir

Losses due to:

a. Backwashing (2340 cu.m./bed/12 min.)

b. Filter Drain Sluice Gate leakage (negligible)

c. Unfiltered Water (900cu.m./basin) - to be drained

before backwash

Flocculation Screening

PRIMARY PIPES

LEGEND :

BC BOUNDARY

MUNICIPAL BOUNDARY

CALOOCAN

NORTH

NOVALICHES

QUIRINO

VALENZUELA

MALABON/

NAVOTAS

CALOOCAN

SOUTH

ROOSEVELT

SAMPALOC

STA CRUZ

TONDO

SOUTH

MANILA

PASAY/

MAKATI

PARANAQUE/

MUNTINLUPA

CAVITE/ LAS

PINAS

COMMONWEALTH

La Mesa PS &

Reservoir

Bagbag

Sacred Heart Reservoir

Algeciras

PS & Res

Ermita PS

& Res

Espiritu

PS & Res

Pasay PS &

Res

D. Tuazon PS

& Res

Novaliches Booster

& Res

Binuksuk Res

Caloocan PS & Res

Tondo PS & Res

19 ML

19 ML

NoveletA PS

& Res

9 ML

19 ML

50 ML

19 ML

19 ML

19 ML

7 ML 30 ML

10 ML

38 ML

200 ML

Reservoir

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF PRIMARY DISTRIBUTION NETWORK

Trunk line

Primary line

Major Gauging Point

DGP 181 SBGP 45

SBGP 66

SBGP 48

DGP 391

DGP 145

GP Kaybiga

Villamor PS

Operational PS

Non- operational PS

Training on the Development of Water Safety Plans for Water Utilities Serving Health Care Facilities in Tourism Areas

Managing drinking-water quality from catchment to consumer

WATER SAFETY PLAN ORIENTATION SEMINAR

RATIONALE : In its 2004 (3rd) Edition of the GDWQ, the WHO emphasized the use of a comprehensive risk assessment and risk management approach as the most effective means of consistently ensuring the safety of a drinking water supply. These approaches were altogether referred to as WSP and encompass all processes involved in the provision of drinking water supply from the catchment to the consumer. This WSP is emphasized in the 2007 PNSDW.

A new approach: Water Safety Plan

- a management tool

- uses a comprehensive risk assessment and risk management approach encompassing all steps in water supply

- from water source to consumer.

• Prevent the risks caused by environmental hazards

• Remove or eliminate the risks

• Reduce the risks

Objectives of Water Safety Plan

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WSP - 11 Steps

Assemble the team to prepare the

water safety plan

Describe the water supply system

Assess the existing proposed system ( including a

description of the system and a flow diagram)

Undertake a hazard assessment and risk

assessment to identify and understand how

hazards can enter into the water supply

Determine and validate control measures,

reassess and prioritize the risks

Develop, implement and maintain an

improvement / upgrade plan

Define monitoring of control measures - what

limits define acceptable performance and how

these are monitored

Establish procedures to verify that the water

safety plan is working effectively and will meet the

health-based targets

Prepare management procedures documenting

actions to be taken when the system is operating

under normal conditions (SOPs) and incident

situations (corrective actions)

Develop supporting programmes (e.g., training,

hygiene practices, research and

development, calibration of equipment, preventive

maintenance, etc.)

Plan and carry out periodic review of the WSP

Revise the WSP following an incident

Pre

par

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Syst

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Ass

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Up

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Op

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Mo

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Man

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Fee

db

ack

OBJECTIVES

To provide sufficient information to identify where the system is vulnerable to hazardous events and various types of hazards

Description should result in : • Flow diagram to conceptually understand the

water supply system • Understanding of water quality issues • Knowledge of users and uses

Multiple Barriers

• Relevant water quality standards • Current version of National Guidelines or Standards • Law, Policy, Regulations

• The source of water including the runoff and/of recharge processes;

• source: spring, surface water, ground water, bulk water • runoff: agricultural, industries, landfill operation, etc • recharge: septic tanks, landfill operation, etc

•

Information/Data Required

Spring

Surface Water

Garbage Landfill

• Known or suspected changes in source water quality relating to weather or other conditions;

• Turbidity, Mn, Fe, As, etc.

• Historical data on water quality and disease outbreaks


• Any interconnectivity of sources and conditions

• multiple sources feeding a treatment works • distribution area receiving water from more than one treatment works


• • Details of the land use in the catchment

• intensive agriculture • urban development • landfill operation • industrial

• The abstraction point • location, urban. Rural, geological characteristics of the soil


Urban area

Agricultural

Volcanic area

Industrial

Forested area

Information relating to the storage of water

underground, overhead reservoir, covered reservoir steel, concrete

Information relating to the treatment of water

Filtration, ozonation, chlorination,


Hi-rate permanent filtration system

Gas chlorinator

Concrete storage tank

Timber storage tank

Details of how water is distributed Piped and pumped reticulated distribution

Description of the materials in contact with water

coagulants; gas, liquid or powder chlorine lime


Polyaluminium Chloride

Chlorine Gas

Identification of users and uses of the water

residential, commercial, industrial etc. domestic, commercial, industrial, irrigation, etc.

Availability of trained staff number of trained staff

How well existing procedures are documented

ISO system, electronic, manual


Laboratory analyst

Industrial

Commercial

Some points to bear in mind in this step:

1. Control measures may also be called barriers or mitigation

2. The aim of these steps is to create an envelope around the entire water supply system to prevent contamination

3. An envelope may require multiple barriers 4. The final improvement plan should ensure that

control measures are design to address the hazards identified so as to create the envelope of safety – otherwise there may be gaps in the protection

Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment

Understanding Hazards, Hazardous Events and Risk

Hazards Physical, biological or chemical agents that can cause harm to public health.

Hazardous events Event that introduce hazards to, or fails to remove them from, the water supply.

Risk The likelihood of identified hazards causing harm in exposed populations in a specified timeframe, including the magnitude of that harm and/or the consequences.

Potential Hazard Identification

Hazardous Events


Hazard Types:

Biological/Microbial

Chemical

Physical

Radiological


Biological /Microbial Hazards

Opportunistic pathogens such as • bacteria • viruses • protozoan; and • helminths


Physical Hazards

By posing a direct risk to health (e.g., choking)

Reducing the effectiveness of treatment (in particular, residual disinfectant)

Consumers find the water unacceptable and alternative more contaminated water sources

Together with particulates, can also include pipe materials, pipe liner materials, sloughed biofilms, or iron and manganese

Suspended or resuspended sediments can contain toxic substances or pathogens attached and can co-transport other hazards


Chemical Hazards

Radiological

Watershed/ Catchment

Storage Treatment Process Distribution

Nitrate Algal toxins Flocculants Copper

Arsenic Cleaners pH adjusters Lead

Fluoride Liner chemicals Disinfection by-products

Cleaners

Pesticides Lubricants Impurities in treatment chemicals

Petroleum products

Other heavy metals

Pesticides Liner chemicals

Organic toxicants

Herbicides


Radiological Hazards

Occurs as a result of contamination by man-made sources of radiation

Contamination can arise from: • Naturally occurring radioactive species in drinking-

water sources • Contamination of water from mining industry • Radionuclides from the medical or industrial use of

radioactive materials

Risk Assessment

Approach to rule (and/or rule out) hazardous events

Quantitative or semi-quantitative

Mechanism to decide whether any hazardous event present a significant risk and need to be elevated for action

Basis for prioritization of hazardous events

Risk Prioritization

Ranking of hazards to establish priorities

Water Quality

Polluted?

Unsafe?

Dirty? Clean?

Safe?

Pure?

57

Guidelines for Selecting the

Location of Sampling Points

• Piped water supply zoning

- coverage area per source

- service reservoir supplies specific area,

- an area of distribution systems of different

water pressures and elevations,

- area where leakage or reliability is

different

• Point source – hand pump or spring outlet

58



• Selection of sampling sites – fixed or random

- key fixed points for considerations

a. water leaving treatment works

b. the inlets and outlets of service

reservoirs

c. critical points in the distribution

system

- regular sampling points - taps in high-

density areas

59

To Quote:

“With true friends… even WATER drunk together is sweet enough.”

a Chinese Proverb

Scenarios.pptx

60

The 2007 Philippine National

Standards for Drinking

Water

DOH ADMINISTRATIVEORDER NO. 2007 – 0012

61

OBJECTIVE

To protect public health, safety and welfare by ensuring quality standards of drinking

water

62

MICROBIOLOGICAL

INDICATORS

• Fecal indicator organisms

• Coliform bacteria

- total coliform

- thermotolerant fecal coliform or

E. coli

- Heterotrophic Plate Count

(HPC)

63

Minimum Frequency of Sampling

for Microbiological Examination Sources and mode of

Supply

Population Served Minimum Frequency

of Sampling

a. Level I 90 – 150 1 sample/quarter

b. Level II 600 Once in 2 months

c. Level III Less than 5,000

5,000 – 100,000

More than 100,000

1 sample monthly

1 sample per 5,000

population monthly

20 samples and

additional 1sample per

10,000 population

monthly

d. Emergency supplies of

drinking water

Before delivery to users

e. Water refilling stations 1 sample monthly

f. Water vending machines 1 sample monthly

64

Minimum Frequency of Sampling

for Microbiological Examination Sources and mode of

Supply

Population Served Minimum Frequency

of Sampling

a. Level I 90 – 150 1 sample/quarter

b. Level II 600 Once in 2 months

c. Level III Less than 5,000

5,000 – 100,000

More than 100,000

1 sample monthly

1 sample per 5,000

population monthly

20 samples and

additional 1sample per

10,000 population

monthly


drinking water

Before delivery to users

e. Water refilling stations 1 sample monthly

f. Water vending machines 1 sample monthly

65

Standard Methods of Detection and

values for Microbiological Quality

Compliance to Total Coliform

a) For water systems analyzing

at least 40 samples per

month, no more than 5% of

the monthly sample maybe

positive for total coliform

b) For water samples analyzing

fewer than 40 samples per month, no more than one (1) sample per month may

be positive for total coliform

Point of Compliance

Consumer’s

taps

66



Compliance to Total Coliform

At least 95% of standard samples

taken in each year from

each reservoir are total

coliform negative

No standard samples taken

each month should exceed

maximum allowable value

specified in the above

Point of

Compliance

• service

reservoirs

•Water treatment

works

•Refilling stations

•Water haulers

•Water vending

machines

67



Parameter Method of detection

Value Units of Measurement

Point of Compliance

Fecal

Coliform

Multiple

Fermentation

Technique

Chromogenic

substrate test

Membrane Filter Technique

<1.1

<1.1

<1

MPN/100 Ml

MPN/100 Ml

Fecal

coliform colonies/100

mL

•Service reservoir

•Water

treatment works

•Consumer’s

taps

•Point sources


•Water haulers

•Water vending

machines

68



Parameter Method of detection

Value Units of Measurement

Point of Compliance

Heterotrophic Plate Count

•pour plate

•Spread

plate

•Membrane

filter

technique

<500

CFU/mL

•Service reservoir

•Water

treatment works

•Consumer’s

taps


•Water haulers

•Water vending

machines

69

Standard Values for Inorganic

Chemical Constituents with Health

Significance

Constituents Maximum

Level (mg/L)

Method of Analysis

Antimony 0.02 FAAS,EAAS,ICP/MS

Arsenic 0.05 ICP/MS, hydride

generation AAS, Silver

Diethyldithiocarbamate

method, EAAS

Barium 0.70 ICP/MS,FAAS,EAAS,ICP

Boron 0.50 ICP/MS,ICP/AES

Cadmium 0.003 ICP/MS,FAAS

Chromium (Total) 0.05 FAAS,EAAS,ICP,ICP/MS

70

Standard Values for Inorganic

Chemical Constituents with Health

Significance Constituents Maximum

Level (mg/L)

Method of Analysis

Cyanide (total) 0.07 Titrimetric, Colorimetric,

CN Selective Electrode

Fluoride 1.0 Ion chromatography,

ion selective

electrodes, SPADNS

colorimetric,

complexone method

Lead 0.01 FAAS, EAAS, ICP/MS,

Anodic Stripping

Voltammetry Dithizone

Mercury (total) 0.001 Cold vapor AAS,

ICP/MS

71

Organic Chemical Constituents from

Industrial Pollution (with health

significance)

Constituent Maximum

Level (mg/L)

Method of Analysis

Benzene 0.01 GC/PID.GC/MS

Carbon Tetrachloride 0.004 GC/PID,GC/ELCD,GC/MS

1,2 –

Dichlorobenzene

1.0 GC/PID,GC/ELCD,GC/MS

1,4 - Dichlorobenzene 0.30 GC/PID,GC/ELCD,GC/MS

1,2 – Dichloroethane 0.03 GC/PID,GC/ELCD,GC/MS

1,1 – Dichloroethene 0.03 GC/PID,GC/ELCD,GC/MS

72

Standard Value for Organic Chemical (Pesticides)

Constituent Maximum

Level (mg/L)

Method of Analysis

Aldrin and Dieldrin

(combined)

0.03 GC with ECD

Atrazine 2.0 GC/MS

Carbofuran 7.0 GC with nitrogen

phosphorous detector,

reverse[phase HPLC with

fluorescence detector

Chlordane 0.2 GC/ECD, GC/MS

DDT 1.0 GC/ECD, GC/MS

1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane

(DBCP)

1.0 GC/ECD, GC/MS

73

Standard Values for Physical and

Chemical Quality for Acceptability

Aspects

Constituent Maximum Level

(mg/L)

Method of

Analysis

Taste No objectionable

taste

Sensory Evaluation

Technique

Odor No objectionable

odor

Sensory Evaluation

Technique

Color Apparent

True

10 color units

5 color units

Visual Comparison

Colorimetric

Turbidity 5 NTU Turbidimetry

Aluminum 0.2 FAAS, EAAS, ICP,

Colorimetry

Method

74



Aspects


(mg/L)

Method of

Analysis

Taste No objectionable

taste

Sensory Evaluation

Technique

Odor No objectionable

odor

Sensory Evaluation

Technique

Color Apparent

True

10 color units

5 color units

Visual Comparison

Colorimetric

Turbidity 5 NTU Turbidimetry

Aluminum 0.2 FAAS, EAAS, ICP,

Colorimetry

Method

75



Aspects


(mg/L)

Method of

Analysis

Chloride 250 Argentometric

Method, IC

Copper 1.0 FASS, EAAS, ICP,

Neocuproine Method,

Bathocuproine

Method

Hardness 300 as CaCO3 FAAS, EAAS, ICP,

Colorimetry Method

Hydrogen sulfide 0.05 Methylene Blue

Method, Todometric

Method

76



Aspects


(mg/L)

Method of

Analysis

Iron 1.0 Phenanthroline, AAS,

ICP, Colorimetric Method

Manganese 0.4 Persulfate Method,

AAS, ICP, ICP/MS

pH 6.5 – 8.5

5 – 7 for product

water that

undergone reverse

osmosis or

distillation process

Electrometric

method

77



Aspects Constituent Maximum Level (mg/L) Method of

Analysis

Sodium 200 AAS (Flame

absorption mode),

ICP/MS, Flame

photometry

Sulfate 250 Turbidimetric method,

Ion Chromatography,

Gravimetric method

Total Dissolved

Solids

500

<10 for product water that

undergone reverse osmosis or distillation process

Gravimetric, dried at

1800C

Zinc 5.0 FAAS, ICP,ICP/MS

78

Standard Values for Chemicals Used in Treatment

and Disinfection and Disinfection by-products


(mg/L)

Method of Analysis

A. Contaminants from

Treatment Chemicals

Acrylamide

Epichlorohydrin

0.0005

0.0004

GC/ELCD, HPLC with

UV Detection

GC/ECD, GC/MS,

GC.FID

B. Disinfection Chemicals

Chlorine Residual

- farthest point of the

distribution system

- at any point in the

distribution system

0.3 minimum

1.5 maximum

Iodometric,

Amperometric,

Titration, DPD, Colometric Method

Iodine – not

for

Recommended

Long term

79




(mg/L)

Method of Analysis

C. Disinfection by-

products

Bromate 0.01 IC

Chlorite

Chlorate

0.7

0.7

IC with suppressed conductivity

detection for

chlorine

Chloral hydrate

(trichloroacetaldehyde

0.01 GC/ECD.GC/MS

Dibromoacetonitrile 0.07 GC/ECD

Dichloroacetic acid 0.06 GC/ECD, GC/MS

80




(mg/L)

Method of Analysis

C. Disinfection by-

products

Dichloroacetonitrite 0.02 GC/ECD

Formaldehyde 0.9 GC/ECD

Monochloroacetate 0.02 GC/ECD, GC/MS

Trichloroacetate 0.20 GC/ECD, GC/MS

2,4,6- trichlorophenol

Trihalomethane

Bromoform

Dibromochloromethane

Bromodichloromethane

Chloroform

0.2

0.1

0.1

0.06

0.2

GC/ECD, GC/MS

GC/ECD, GC/MS

81

Minimum Frequency of Sampling for

Physical-Chemical Examination

Source and Mode of Supply

Minimum

Frequency of

Sampling

a. Level 1

b. Level II

c. Level III


drinking water

Once a year

e. Water refilling stations

f. Water Vending machines

Twice a year

82

RADIOLOGICAL QUALITY

83

Sampling Frequency

Requirements Type Frequency Condition

Initial Four consecutive

quarters for one

year

Routine One sample

every 3 years

If running average from

four consecutive

quarterly samples is >50%

of MCL

Reduced One sample

every 5 years

If initial average is 50% of

MCL

84

Guidelines in identifying priority drinking

water quality parameter for monitoring

• List of Priority parameters

microbiological arsenic

cadmium lead

nitrate benzene

color turbidity

iron pH

manganese chloride

sulfate TDS

85

Guidelines in identifying priority drinking

water quality parameter for monitoring

• Other considerations

- naturally occurring chemicals

- chemicals used in agriculture

- chemicals used in industries

- chemical disinfection-by-products

- chemicals leaching from plumbing system

materials

- hardness if undesirable taste and odor is

present

• The list may change based on the results of previous water examinations. Parameters that are less likely to occur may be tested less frequent

86

Water Safety Plans

• The application of a comprehensive risk assessment and risk management approach that encompasses all steps in water supply system from sources, production, storage and conveyance to consumers to ensure safety of drinking water.

87

Water Safety Plans

• Follows the concepts of multiple-barrier approach and HACCP (food industry)

• Proposed to be available for all water systems

88

Water Safety Plans

• Three key components • System assessment

– Determines whether water supply chain meets health-based targets

– Assesses design criteria

• Operational monitoring – Identifies measures to control identified risks

– Detects any deviation from required performance

• Management plans – Describes actions to be taken during normal operation or

incident conditions

89



• Piped water supply zoning

- coverage area per source

- service reservoir supplies specific area,

- an area of distribution systems of different

water pressures and elevations,

- area where leakage or reliability is

different

• Point source – hand pump or spring outlet

90



• Selection of sampling sites – fixed or random

- key fixed points for considerations

a. water leaving treatment works

b. the inlets and outlets of service

reservoirs

c. critical points in the distribution

system

- regular sampling points - taps in high-

density areas

Water Quality Objectives Regulatory Compliance

• Chapter I, Section 4, Code of

Sanitation of the Philippines

• Philippine National Standards for

Drinking Water, (PNSDW) 2007

Water Quality Monitoring

and Analysis

1. Raw Water

2. Before Water Treatment

3. After Water Treatment

4. Distribution Lines

Key Performance Indicators KPI

1. Water Quality and Plant Outlet

• Bacteriological requirements 728 determinations 100% passing

• 37 physical chemical analysis 100% passing

2. Water Quality and Distribution

• 700 monitoring points 7409 determinations 95% satisfactory in 12

mos.

• Physical chemical analysis

MWSS Regulatory Office Requirements

CONTROL POINTS AND MONITORING Distribution System – Consumers’ taps

- 1 sample per 10, 000 population + 10 samples

- number of sampling points 700, 645 for

surface water and 55 sampling points for ground

water supply

- Bacteriological quality 7649 samples a year 638

samples a month

- Physical and chemical quality 700 samples a year or

56 to 60 samples a month

- These KPI’s for bacteriological quality and physical

chemical quality must satisfy 95% passing rate for 12

months

Sampling Locations in Water Distribution Network

Imus-Bacoor

Upper Caloocan Novaliches

Pasay-Makati

Roosevelt

Malabon-Navotas

Tondo

Sampaloc

Lower Caloocan

WD-11 C VC

WD-1 0 C VC

WD-0 4 C VC

WD-0 7 C VCWD-0 6 C VC

WD-0 5 C VC

WD-0 3 C VC

WD-0 2 C VC

WD-0 1 C VC

WD-0 1 KWT

WD-0 2 KWT

WD-0 3 KWT

WD-0 4 KWT

WD-0 5 KWT

WD-0 6 KWT

WD-0 3 N O.M X.

WD-0 2 N O.M X.

WD-0 1 N O.M X.

WD-1 0a ROS

WD-1 0b ROSWD-0 9b ROS

WD-0 9a ROS

WD-0 5 IMS

WD-0 1b IM S

WD-0 1a IM S

WD-0 1c IMSWD-02a IM S

WD-0 2b IM S

WS-00 6 BA

WS-00 2 BAWS-00 9 BA


WS-01 0 BA


WS-00 1 BA

WS-01 1 BA

WS-01 3 BA

WS-00 3 BA

WS-00 8 BA

WS-01 7 BA

WS-01 4 BA


WS-00 4 BA

WS-00 3 BA

WD-0 1 ML

WD-1 4 ML

WD-0 2 ML

WD-1 3 MLWD-0 3 ML

WD-1 2 ML

WD-0 9 ML

WD-0 8 ML

WD-0 6 ML

WD-0 7 ML

WD-0 4 ML

WD-11 ML

WD-0 5 ML

WD-1 0 ML

WS-00 1 C C

WS-00 2 C C WS-00 3 C C

WS-00 4 C C

WS-00 5 C C

WS-00 6 C C

WS-00 7 C C

WS-00 8 C CWS-00 9 C C

WS-01 0 C C

WS-01 1 C C

WS-01 2 C C

WS-01 3 C C

WS-01 4 C C

WS-01 5 C C

WS-01 6 C C

WS-01 7 C C

WS-01 8 C C

WS-01 9 C C

WS-02 0 C C

WS-02 1 C C

WS-02 2 C C

WS-02 3 C C

WS-02 4 C C

WS-02 5 C C

WS-02 6 C C

WS-02 7 C C

WS-02 8 C C

WS-02 9 C C

WS-03 0 C C

WS-03 1 C C

WS-03 2 C C

WS-03 3 C CWS-03 4 C C

WS-03 5 C C

WS-03 6 C C

WS-03 7 C C

WS-03 8 C C

WS-03 9 C C

WS-04 0 C C

WS-04 1 C C

WS-04 2 C CWS-04 3 C C

WS-04 4 C C

WS-04 5 C C

WS-04 6 C C

WS-04 7 C C

WS-04 8 C C

WS-04 9 C C

WS-05 0 C C

WS-05 1 C C

WS-05 2 C C

WS-05 3 C C

WS-05 4 C C

WS-05 5 C C

WS-05 6 C C

WS-05 7 C C

WS-05 8 C C

WS-05 9 C C

WS-06 0 C C WS-06 1 C C

WS-06 2 C C

WS-06 3 C C

WS-06 4 C C

WS-06 5 C C

WS-06 6 C C

WS-06 7 C C

WS-06 8 C C

WS-06 9 C C

WS-07 0 C C

WS-07 1 C C

WS-07 2 C C

WS-07 3 C C

WS-07 4 C C

WS-07 5 C C

WS-07 6 C C

WS-07 7 C CWS-07 8 C C

WS-07 9 C C

WS-08 0 C C

WS-08 1 C C

WS-08 2 C C

WD-0 93 CC

WS-08 3 C C

WS-08 4 C C

WS-08 5 C CWS-08 6 C C

WS-08 7 C C

WD-0 97 CC

WS-08 8 C C

WS-08 9 C C

WS-00 1 C M

WS-00 2 C M

WS-00 3 C M

WS-00 4 C M

WS-00 5 C M

WS-00 6 C M

WS-007 C M

WS-00 8 C M

WS-00 9 C M

WS-01 0 C M

WS-01 1 C M

WS-01 2 C M

WS-01 3 C M

WS-01 4 C M

WS-01 5 C M

WS-01 6 C M

WS-01 7 C M

WS-01 8 C M

WS-01 9 C M

WS-02 0 C M

WS-02 1 C M

WS-02 2 C M

WS-02 3 C M

WS-02 4 C M

WS-02 5 C M

WS-02 6 C M

WS-02 7 C M

WS-02 8 C M

WS-02 9 C M

WS-03 0 C M

WS-03 1 C M

WS-03 2 C M

WS-03 3 C M

WS-03 4 C M

WS-03 5 C M

WS-03 6 C M

WS-03 7 C M

WS-03 8 C M

WS-03 9 C M

WS-04 0 C M

WS-04 1 C M

WS-04 2 C M

WS-04 3 C M

WS-04 4 C M

WS-04 5 C M

WS-04 6 C M

WS-04 7 C M

WS-04 8 C M

WS-04 9 C M

WS-05 0 C M

WS-05 1 C M

WS-05 2 C M

WS-05 3 C M

WS-05 4 C M WS-05 5 C M

WS-05 6 C M

WS-05 7 C MWS-05 8 C M

WS-05 9 C M

WS-06 0 C M

WS-06 1 C M

WS-06 2 C M

WS-06 3 C M

WS-06 4 C M

WS-06 5 C M

WS-06 6 C M

WS-06 7 C M

WS-06 8 C M

WS-06 9 C M

WS-07 0 C M

WS-07 1 C M

WS-07 2 C M

WS-07 3 C M

WS-07 4 C M

WS-07 5 C M

WS-07 6 C M

WS-07 7 C M

WS-07 8 C M

WS-07 9 C M

WS-08 0 C M

WS-08 1 C M

WS-08 2 C M

WS-08 3 C M

WS-08 4 C M

WS-08 5 C M

WS-08 6 C M

WS-08 7 C M

WS-08 8 C M

WS-08 9 C M

WS-09 0 C M

WS-09 1 C M

WS-09 2 C M WS-09 3 C M

WS-09 4 C M

WS-09 5 C M

WS-09 6 C M

WS-09 7 C M

WS-09 8 C M

WS-099 C M

WS-10 0 C M

WS-10 1 C M

WS-10 2 C M

WS-10 3 C M WS-10 4 C M

WS-10 5 C M WS-10 6 C M

WS-10 7 C M

WS-10 8 C M

WS-10 9 C M

WS-11 0 C M

WS-11 1 C M

WS-11 2 C M

WS-113 C M

WS-11 4 C M

WS-11 5 C M

WS-11 6 C M

WS-11 7 C M

WS-11 8 C M

WS-11 9 C M

WS-12 0 C M

WS-12 1 C M

WS-12 2 C M

WS-12 3 C M

WS-12 4 C M

WS-12 5 C M

WS-12 6 C M

WS-12 7 C M

WS-12 8 C M

WS-12 9 C M

WS-13 0 C M

WS-13 1 C M

WS-13 2 C M

WS-13 3 C M

WS-13 4 C M

WS-13 5 C M

WS-13 6 C M

WS-13 7 C M

WS-13 8 C M

WS-13 9 C M

WS-14 0 C M

WS-00 1 L P

WS-00 2 L PWS-00 3 L P

WS-00 4 L P

WS-00 5 L P

WS-00 6 L P

WS-00 7 L P

WS-00 8 L P

WS-00 9 L P

WS-01 0 L P

WS-01 1 L PWS-01 2 L P

WS-01 3 L P

WS-01 4 L P

WS-01 5 L P

WS-01 6 L P

WS-01 7 L P

WS-01 8 L PWS-01 9 L P

WS-02 0 L P

WS-02 1 L P

WS-00 1 MB

WS-00 2 MB

WS-00 3 MB

WS-00 4 MBWS-00 5 MB

WS-00 6 MB

WS-00 7 MB

WS-00 8 MB

WS-00 9 MB

WS-01 0 MB

WS-01 1 MB

WS-01 2 MB

WS-01 3 MB

WS-01 4 MB

WS-01 5 MB

WS-01 6 MB

WS-01 7 MB

WS-01 8 MB

WS-01 9 MB

WS-02 0 MB

WS-02 1 MB

WS-02 2 MB

WS-02 3 MB

WS-02 4 MB

WS-025 MB

WS-02 6 MB

WS-02 7 MB

WS-02 8 MB

WS-02 9 MB

WS-03 0 MB

WS-03 1 MB

WS-03 2 MBWS-03 3 MB

WS-001 MK

WS-00 2 MK

WS-00 3 MK

WS-00 4 MK

WS-00 5 MK

WS-00 6 MK

WS-00 7 MK

WS-00 1 N V

WS-00 2 N V

WS-00 3 N V

WS-00 4 N VWS-00 5 N V

WS-00 6 N V

WS-00 7 N V

WS-00 8 N V

WS-00 9 N VWS-01 0 N V

WS-01 1 N V

WS-01 2 N V

WS-01 3 N V

WS-01 4 N V

WS-01 5 N V

WS-01 6 N V

WS-01 7 N V

WS-01 8 N V

WS-01 9 N V

WS-02 0 N V

WS-02 1 N V

WS-00 1 PC

WS-00 2 PC

WS-00 3 PC

WS-004 PC

WS-00 5 PC

WS-00 6 PC

WS-00 7 PC

WS-00 8 PC

WS-00 9 PC

WS-01 0 PC

WS-01 1 PC

WS-01 2 PC

WS-01 3 PC

WS-01 4 PC

WS-01 5 PC

WS-01 6 PC

WS-01 7 PC

WS-01 8 PC

WS-01 9 PC

WS-02 0 PC

WS-02 1 PC

WS-02 2 PC

WS-02 3 PC

WS-02 4 PC

WS-02 5 PC

WS-02 6 PC

WS-02 7 PC

WS-02 8 PC

WS-02 9 PC

WS-03 0 PC

WS-03 1 PC

WS-03 2 PC

WS-03 3 PCWS-00 1 PQ

WS-00 2 PQ

WS-00 3 PQ

WS-00 4 PQ

WS-00 5 PQ

WS-006 PQ

WS-00 7 PQ

WS-00 8 PQ

WS-00 9 PQ

WS-01 0 PQ

WS-01 1 PQ

WS-012 PQ

WS-01 3 PQ

WS-01 4 PQ

WS-01 5 PQ

WS-01 6 PQ

WS-01 7 PQ

WS-01 8 PQ

WS-01 9 PQ

WS-02 0 PQ

WS-02 1 PQ

WS-02 2 PQ

WS-02 3 PQ

WS-02 4 PQ

WS-02 5 PQ

WS-00 1 VZ

WS-00 2 VZ

WS-00 3 VZ

WS-00 4 VZ

WS-00 5 VZ

WS-00 6 VZ

WS-00 7 VZ

WS-00 8 VZ

WS-00 9 VZ

WS-01 0 VZ

WS-01 1 VZ

WS-01 2 VZWS-01 3 VZ

WS-01 4 VZ

WS-01 5 VZ

WS-01 6 VZ

WS-01 7 VZ

WS-01 8 VZ

WS-01 9 VZ

WS-02 0 VZ

WS-02 1 VZ

WS-02 2 VZ

WS-02 3 VZ

WS-02 4 VZ

WS-02 5 VZ

WS-02 6 VZ

WS-02 7 VZ

WS-02 8 VZ

WS-02 9 VZ

WS-03 0 VZ

WS-03 1 VZ

WS-03 2 VZ

WS-03 3 VZ

WS-03 4 VZ

WS-03 5 VZ

WS-03 6 VZ

WS-03 7 VZ

WS-03 8 VZ

WS-03 9 VZWS-04 0 VZ

WS-04 1 VZ

WS-04 2 VZ

WS-11 7 QC

WS-10 6 QC

WS-04 6 QC

WS-07 6 QC

WS-04 5 QC

WS-01 3 QC

WS-06 5 QCWS-00 5 QC

WS-08 9 QC

WS-06 4 QC

WS-13 6 QC

WS-12 7 QC


WS-09 5 QC

WS-11 2 QC

WS-09 0 QC

WS-07 4 QC

WS-01 0 QCWS-05 2 QC WS-014 QC

WS-11 4 QC

WS-09 6 QC

WS-06 3 QC


WS-073 QC

WS-06 6 QC

WS-02 1 QC

WS-03 2 QC

WS-05 6 QC


WS-03 3 QC

WS-00 4 QC

WS-10 7 QC

WS-05 1 QC


WS-05 9 QC

WS-09 3 QC

WS-08 2 QC

WS-12 8 QC

WS-02 2 QC

WS-13 4 QC


WS-126 QC

WS-03 0 QC

WS-03 1 QC

WS-12 3 QC

WS-04 4 QC

WS-01 8 QC


WS-13 5 QC

WS-11 1 QC

WS-09 1 QC

WS-13 2 QC

WS-12 1 QC

WS-05 7 QC

WS-02 9 QC

WS-01 1 QC

WS-00 1 QC

WS-00 8 QC

WS-00 3 QC

WS-00 6 QC

WS-00 7 QC

WS-00 9 QC

WS-01 2 QC

WS-01 5 QC

WS-01 6 QC


WS-02 0 QC

WS-02 4 QC

WS-02 5 QC

WS-02 6 QC

WS-02 7 QC

WS-02 8 QC

WS-03 4 QC

WS-03 5 QC

WS-03 6 QC

WS-03 7 QC

WS-03 8 QC

WS-03 9 QC

WS-04 0 QC

WS-04 1 QC

WS-04 7 QC

WS-04 8 QC

WS-05 0 QC

WS-05 4 QC

WS-05 5 QC

WD-0 60 QC

WS-06 1 QC

WS-06 7 QC

WS-06 8 QC

WS-06 9 QC

WS-07 2 QC

WS-07 5 QC

WS-07 7 QC

WS-07 8 QC

WS-08 3 QC

WS-08 4 QC

WS-08 5 QC

WS-08 6 QC

WS-08 7 QC

WS-08 8 QC

WS-09 7 QC

WS-09 8 QC

WS-09 9 QC

WS-10 2 QC

WS-10 3 QC

WS-10 4 QC

WS-10 5 QC

WS-10 9 QC

WS-11 3 QC

WS-11 6 QC

WS-11 8 QC

WS-11 9 QC

WS-12 0 QC

WS-12 2 QC

WS-12 4 QC

WS-12 5 QC

WD-1 47 QC

WS-13 7 QC

WS-13 9 QC

WS-14 0 QC

WS-12 04 QC

WD-0 49 QC

WD-0 58 QC

WD-0 70 QC

WD-0 71 QC

WD-0 79 QC

WD-0 81 QC

WD-0 92 QC

WD-1 00 QC

WD-1 10 QC

WD-1 15 QC

WD-1 29 QC

WD-1 33 QC

WD-0 92 CCWD-0 90 CC

WD-0 91 CC

WD-0 98 CC

WD-0 96 CC

WD-0 94 CC

WD-0 95 CC

WD-1 49 QC

WS-13 0 QC

WD-1 46 QC

WD-1 48 QC

WD-1 42 QC

WS-14 1 QC

WD-1 43 QC

WD-1 45 QC

WD-1 44 QC

WS-14 9 C M

WD-0 89 PQ

WD-0 30 PQ

WD-0 26 PQ

WD-0 31 PQ

WD-0 28 PQ

WD-0 27 PQ

WD-0 15 ML

WD-0 16 ML

Metro Manila Drinking Water Quality Committee MMDWQC an external regulatory audit tool to verify and assess water quality.

• To undertake regular collection and water analysis of drinking water samples from within the distribution system of the Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System and their concessionaires and other drinking water sources in the Metro Manila Area.

• To evaluate laboratory water analysis results and their compliance with the PNSDW • To conduct immediate ocular analysis inspection and sanitary survey for suspected

contaminated water sources • To recommend applications of appropriate measure to control deficiency in water

supply and to resolve water quality problems • To issue bulletins and conduct information dissemination on water quality

WHO-DOH PWWA Maynilad Project on Water Safety Plan for Hospitals and WD • Maynilad has also assisted Philippine Waterworks

Association (PWWA) in finalizing WSP for 11 Water Districts and developing WSP for 11 Hospitals.

• Luzon (5) – Metro Vigan WD, Ilocos Norte WD, Tagaytay City WD, Metro Lipa WD and Puerto Princesa WD

• Visayas (4) – Bacolod City WD, Metro Iloilo WD, Metro Kalibo WD and Boracay Water

• Mindanao (2) – General Santos WD and Metro Kidapawan WD.

98

To Quote:

“With true friends… even WATER drunk together is sweet enough.”

a Chinese Proverb

Scenarios.pptx

Health & Medicine

Tales from the Sewer: The Story of Collection, Disinfection, Storage and Distribution of Water Supply in the Philippines