The cell and its evolution. Camila Duncan

THE CELL AND ITS EVOLUTION

Camila Duncan M

Medicine Student

Third Semester

INTRODUCTION Cells from cow knee jointsused to grow knew cartilagetissue in laboratory.

Role model stem cells: How immune cells can self-renew

When the cell was formed, many years ago,

It started like a simple organism, named

Prokaryote, while the time was passing the cell

evolutionated into a more complex cell named

Eucaytes.

There are notoroiues differences

between them, the Prokaryotes have free

DNA in the citoplasm kept in one

circular chain, and the Eucaryotes have

the DNA kept in the nucleus and

organized in chromosomes with linear

DNA.

Actually, the human being has more than

200 kind of cells, all of them Eukaryotes,

but specialized in different functions in

the organism.

However, both cells

remained, and started

developing as two

different cells.

The animal cells grew

succesfully in the

laboratory, and the next

step is to aply it for

tissue regeneration,

specially in the

Osteoarthritis, because

there is not any current

treatment for this

illness

In an effort to develop a

method for cartilage tissue

engineering, researchers at

Umea University in Sweden

successfully used cartilage

cells from cow knee joints.

Since the human cartilage is

hardly replaced by itself

beacuse it is not suplied

with any blood vessels, the

study looked for the

creation of neotissues

based of animal cells.

STUDENTS OBSERVATION:

This study is important for medicine, because of

the different illness asociated with cartilage

degeneration that could find a better treatment or

cure, in the near future.

When our organs age, their

renewal usually depends on a

few stem cells in the tissue,

because the vast majority of

differentiated cells have lost

their ability to divide and

generate new cells.

A study made by the Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-

Luminy in Marseilleand Max Delbrück Center for Molecular

Medicine (MDC) in Berlin has shown that the Macrophages, a

very important immune cells, have the ability of control

renewal. This cause by the turn off of two genes named: Maf-

B and c-Maf, which are probably turn on in the majority of

cells. Also the transplantation studies they have made with

macrophages might be useful in the near future, for

regeneration.


This study about the macrophages, play and important

role for tissue regeneration and cell renewal. Because

of the knowing of the turned off genes, other cells

could become potencial renewal cells and might be

used for different and innovative treatments in

medicine

MEDICAL UTILITY BIBLIOGRAPHY THE CELL AND ITS EVOLUTION

Umea university of Sweeden(2016

January 21) Cells from cow knee joints

used to grow knew cartilage tissue in

laboratory. EurekAlert!. (Taken from

http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/

2016-01/uu-cfc011816.php in January 22,

2016)

Max Delbrück Center for Molecular

Medicine (MDC) in Berlin, The Centre

d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy

(CIML) in Marseille (January 21,2016)

Role model stem cells: How immune cells

can self-renew. Phys-Org (Taken from

http://phys.org/news/2016-01-role-

stem-cells-immune-self-renew.html in

January 22, 2016)

MartinezSanchez, Lina Maria.

Biologiamolecular.8.ed.Medellin: UPB.

Fac.Medicina.

By Camila Duncan Murillo

Teacher Lina Martínez

Molecular Biology

Both researches, independient of their

principal subject, talk about cellregeneration and about future advances inmedicine treatments. These kind ofstudies are helpful for the development ofthe science, biology and medicine, that allthe time are working togueter for theimprovement of the world and humanbeing life. Medicine of regeneration is anstep forward.

Introduction

The cell evolutioned through the

years in two types of cells:

PROKARYOTES

EUKARYOTES

They have free DNA in the

citoplasm kept in one circular

chain

The DNA is kept in

the nucleus and

organized in

chromosomes with

linear DNA

The human being has

more tan 200 kind of cell,

all of them Eukaryotes,

but specialized in different

functions in the organism

The cell is the

functional and

structural unit of

every living

organism.

Introduction

Cells from cow knee joints used to grow knewcartilage tissue in laboratory.

The human cartilage is hardly

replaced by itself because it is

none suply with any blood

vessels.

Neotissues made from chondrocytes

from cow knee joints might be

helpful because…

A study that was made in the Umea

University has successfully shown how

from:

Cow knee joints, can grow

neotissues in the laboratory.

Cells from cow knee joints used to growknew cartilage tissue in laboratory.

There is not any

current treatment

for this illness

Aply it for tissue

regeneration, specially

in…

The animal cells grew

succesfully in the laboratory,

and after the growing of

chondrocytes the next step is

to:

The Osteoarthritis

Cells from cow knee joints used to growknew cartilage tissue in laboratory.


This study is important for medicine because it could be a tool for the treatment

or cure of the different illnesses asociated with cartilage degeneration.

This discovery could be an step for the future reparation of cartilage,

specialy for osteoarthrtis. It also gives the possibility for the new

developement of differents tissues in medicine.

Our body is constantly changing:

new cells continually replace specialized cells to

maintain the organism in optimal conditions.

“Recently researchers have discovered some

exceptions:


Some types of immune cells

which have already differentiated

possess a capacity for self-

renewal”.


When our organs age the

renewal usually depends on a few

stem cells in the tissue.

The vast majority of

differentiated cells have

lost their ability to divide

and generate new cells.


MACROPHAGES“A team led by German

immunologist and stem cell

researcher Michael Sieweke at the

French CIML showed that under

certain conditions they can divide

without losing features they have

acquired while specializing

into immune cells”They can also control

renew and tissue

regeneration

They play an

important role in

immune defenses.

In their genoma, they have turned off

some genes:

Maf-B and c-Maf

Role model stem cells: How immune cells can

self-renew

Something that is similar in the stem cells.

These genes are probably turned on in the

majority of differentiated cells.

Role model stem cells: How immune cells can

self-renew

Genetic manipulations turned

off two transcription factors

in the macrophages

Maf- B

c-Maf

This caused what

appeared to be a self-

renewal program in

the cells.


This study about the macrophages, play and important role for tissue

regeneration and cell renewal, because of the knowing of the turned off genes,

other cells could become potencial renewal cells and might be used for different

and innovative treatments.


Also, the trasplantation of theses potencial cells, could be a

possibilty of treatment for other illnesses.

Medical Utility

The first study open the eyes to the

possibility of human tissues reparation

based of the growing of animal cells of

a determined tissue, in this case, the

cartilage, which is necessary for the

treatment of osteoarthritis

Medical Utility

The researches of both news are

important to improve the life of human

beings, because they are focus on

medicine regeneration.

Medical Utility

In both studies is mentioned the fact thatwith each research, the medicine of

regeneration is advancing in a good way. In the near future, these discoveriesmight be used and applied in human

medicine.

Medical Utility

The aplication of these new methods could help

a lot of people that have illnesses asociated with

tissue degeneration.

The studies give the possibility to transplant cells that

have the potencial to divide after maturation, and to

create neotissues in laboratory.

Bibliography

• Umea university of Sweeden(2016 January 21) Cells from cow knee joints used to grow knewcartilage tissue in laboratory. EurekAlert!. (Taken fromhttp://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-01/uu-cfc011816.php in January 22, 2016)

• MartinezSanchez, Lina Maria. Biologiamolecular.8.ed.Medellin: UPB. Fac.Medicina.

• Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in Berlin, The Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML) in Marseille (January 21,2016) Role model stem cells: How immune cells can self-renew. Phys-Org (Taken from http://phys.org/news/2016-01-role-stem-cells-immune-self-renew.html in January 22, 2016)

I hope life never get rid of

dreams and love, friends and

family.

Live to feel intensely.

Never stop sorprising of the

stories that are written in a

good book.

That the grace of books

always is with me.

Health & Medicine

The cell and its evolution. Camila Duncan