The Digestive The Digestive Apparatus Apparatus Lectured by Bien Nillos, MD Lectured by Bien Nillos, MD Anatomy Class Anatomy Class BS Biology BS Biology Reference: Gray’s Anatomy Reference: Gray’s Anatomy
slit-like space, bounded externally by the lips and cheeks;
internally by the gums and teeth
receives the secretion from theparotid salivary glands
the mouth cavity proper-an inner, larger part
bounded laterally and in front by the alveolar arches with
their contained teeth; behind, it communicates with the pharynx by
a constricted aperture termed the isthmus faucium.
roofed in by the hard and soft palates,
while the greater part of the floor is formed by the
tongue
receives the secretion from thesubmaxillary and sublingual
salivary glands.
6.
The Lips ( labia oris ) are formed externally of integument and
internally of mucous membrane, between which are found
theOrbicularis oris muscle , the labial vessels, some nerves,
areolar tissue, and fat, and numerous small labial glands.
The Cheeks ( bucc ) form the sides of the face, and are
continuous in front with the lips. They are composed externally of
integument; internally of mucous membrane; and between the two of a
muscular stratum, besides a large quantity of fat, areolar tissue,
vessels, nerves, and buccal glands.
7.
The Gums are composed of dense fibrous tissue, closely
connected to the periosteum of the alveolar processes, and
surrounding the necks of the teeth. They are covered by smooth and
vascular mucous membrane, which is remarkable for its limited
sensibility.
8. Palate
The Hard Palate is bounded in front and at the sides by the
alveolar arches and gums; behind, it is continuous with the soft
palate. It is covered by a dense structure, formed by the
periosteum and mucous membrane of the mouth, which are intimately
adherent.
The Soft Palate is a movable fold, suspended from the posterior
border of the hard palate, and forming an incomplete septum between
the mouth and pharynx. It consists of a fold of mucous membrane
enclosing muscular fibers, an aponeurosis, vessels, nerves, adenoid
tissue, and mucous glands.
9. 10. Soft Palate
Its upper border is attached to the posterior margin of the
hard palate, and its sides are blended with the pharynx.
Its lower border isfree . Its lower portion, whichhangs like a
curtainbetween the mouth and pharynx is termed thepalatine velum
.
Hanging from the middle of its lower border is a small,
conical,pendulousprocess, thepalatine uvula
11. The Teeth (dentes)
Deciduous vs. Permanent set
The deciduous teeth are twenty in number: 4 incisors, 2
canines, and 4 molars, in each jaw.
The permanent teeth are thirty-two in number: 4 incisors, 2
canines, 4 premolars, and 6 molars, in each jaw.
12.
Each tooth consists of three portions: the crown, projecting
above the gum; the root, imbedded in the alveolus; and the neck,
the constricted portion between the crown and root.
13.
the pulp cavity, and contains the dental pulp, a loose
connective tissue richly supplied with vessels and nerves, which
enter the cavity through the small aperture at the point of each
root.
14.
The solid portion of the tooth consists of:
the ivory or dentin, which forms the bulk of the tooth
the enamel, which covers the exposed part of the crown;
a thin layer of bone, the cement or crusta petrosa, which is
disposed on the surface of the root.
15. The Tongue
The tongue is the principal organ of the sense of taste, and an
important organ of speech; it also assists in the mastication and
deglutition of the food. It is situated in the floor of the mouth,
within the curve of the body of the mandible.
16.
Its Root is directed backward, and connected with the hyoid
bone by the Hyoglossi and Genioglossi muscles and the hyoglossal
membrane
Its Apex,thin and narrow, is directed forward against the
lingual surfaces of the lower incisor teeth.
17.
The Papill of the Tongue are projections of the corium. They
are thickly distributed over the anterior two-thirds of its dorsum,
giving to this surface its characteristic roughness.
Blood Supply : lingual branch of the external carotid
Venous Drainage : internal jugular vein
Motor Nerve Supply : Hypoglossal Nerve
Sensory Nerve Supply : lingual branch of the Mandibular Nerve,
chorda tympani branch of the Facial Nerve, lingual branch of the
Glossopharyngeal Nerve, superior laryngeal nerve
20. Salivary Glands
Parotid largest of the three
lies upon the side of the face, immediately below and in front
of the external ear
Stensens Duct: opens upon the oral surface of the cheek by a
small orifice, opposite the second upper molar tooth
Submaxillary - about the size of a walnut
situated in the submaxillary triangle
Whartons Duct: opens by a narrow orifice on the summit of a
small papilla, at the side of the frenulum lingu
Sublingual - the smallest of the three glands
situated beneath the mucous membrane of the floor of the mouth,
at the side of the frenulum lingu
excretory ducts are from eight to twenty in number. (Duct of
Rivinus, duct of Bartholin)
21. 22. The Pharynx
placed behind the nasal cavities, mouth, and larynx.
It is a musculomembranous tube, somewhat conical in form
greatest breadth is immediately below the base of the skull,
where it projects on either side, behind the pharyngeal ostium of
the auditory tube, as the pharyngeal recess ( fossa of Rosenmller
)
23. 24. The Esophagus
a muscular canal, about 23 to 25 cm. long, extending from the
pharynx to the stomach.
It begins in the neck at the lower border of the cricoid
cartilage, opposite the sixth cervical vertebra
descends along the front of the vertebral column, through the
superior and posterior mediastina
passes through the diaphragm
ends at the cardiacorifice of the stomach, opposite the
eleventh thoracic vertebra
25.
The esophagus has four coats:
an external or fibrous,
Muscular
Asubmucous or areolar
an internal or mucous coat.
26.
Blood Supply : inferior thyroid branch of the thyrocervical
trunk, from the descending thoracic aorta, from the left gastric
branch of the celiac artery, and from the left inferior phrenic of
the abdominal aorta
Nerve supply : Vagus nerves, sympathetic trunks
27. The Stomach
themost dilated partof the digestive tube,
situated between the end of the esophagus and the beginning of
the small intestine.
It lies in theepigastric, umbilical, and left
hypochondriacregions of the abdomen
occupies a recess bounded by the upper abdominal viscera and
completed in front and on the left side by the anterior abdominal
wall and the diaphragm.
28. 29. Rule of 2s
2 openings: cardiac orifice vs. pyloric orifice
2 borders/curvatures: lesser vs. greater
2 surfaces: Antero-superior vs. Postero-inferior
30. Component Parts of the Stomach 31. Walls of the Stomach
Serous tunica serosa
Derived from the peritoneum
Muscular tunica muscularis
Longitudinal, circular and oblique muscle fibers
Areolar tela submucosa
Loose areolar tissue
Mucous tunica mucosa
During the contracted state of the organ it is thrown into
numerous plaits orrugae
32. 33. Glands of the Stomach
( a ) pyloric
( b ) cardiac
( c ) fundus or oxyntic glands
34.
Blood Supply: the left gastric, the right gastric and right
gastroepiploic branches of thehepatic artery , and the left
gastroepiploic and short gastric branches of thesplenic artery
Nerve supply:Vagusnerves
35. The Small Intestines
a convoluted tube, extending from the pylorus to the colic
valve, where it ends in the large intestine.
It is about 7 meters long and gradually diminishes in size from
its commencement to its termination
three portions: theduodenum , the jejunum , and the ileum
.
36. 37. Duodenum
the shortest, the widest, and the most fixed part of the small
intestine, and has no mesentery, being only partially covered by
peritoneum
Its course presents a remarkable curve, somewhat of the shape
of an imperfect circle, so that its termination is not far removed
from its starting-point.
38.
may be divided into four portions: superior, descending,
horizontal, and ascending.
39.
Blood Supply: right gastric and superior pancreaticoduodenal
branches of thehepatic artery , and the inferior
pancreaticoduodenal branch of thesuperior mesenteric artery
40. Jejunum and Ileum
The Jejunum is wider, its diameter being about 4 cm., and is
thicker, more vascular, and of a deeper color than the ileum, so
that a given length weighs more
The aggregated lymph nodules are almost absent in the upper
part of the jejunum, and in the lower part are less frequently
found than in the ileum, and are smaller and tend to assume a
circular form
41.
The Ileum is narrow, its diameter being 3.75 cm., and its coats
thinner and less vascular than those of the jejunum.
It possesses but few circular folds, and they are small and
disappear entirely toward its lower end, but aggregated lymph
nodules ( Peyers patches ) are larger and more numerous.
42. The Wall of the Small Intestine
four coats:
Serous coat tunica serosa
derived from the peritoneum
Muscular coat tunica muscularis
two layers of unstriped fibers: an external, longitudinal, and
an internal, circular layer.
Areolar coat tela submucosa
containing bloodvessels, lymphatics, and nerves.
It is the strongest layer of the intestine
Mucous coat tunica mucosa
thick and highly vascular at the upper part of the small
intestine, but somewhat paler and thinner below
43. Glands
crypts of Lieberkhn found in considerable numbers over every
part of the mucous membrane of the small intestine
Brunners glands limited to the duodenumand are found in the
submucous areolar tissue
Solitary glands- are found scattered throughout the mucous
membrane of the small intestine, but are most numerous in the lower
part of the ileum
44.
Blood supply of Jejunum and Ileum:superior mesenteric
artery
Nerve supply:
myenteric plexus ( Auerbachs plexus )of nerves and ganglia
situatedbetween the circular and longitudinal muscularfibers from
which the nervous branches are distributed to the muscular coats of
the intestine.
From this a secondary plexus, the plexus of the submucosa (
Meissners plexus ) is derived, and is formed by branches which
haveperforated the circular muscular fibers .
45. The Large Intestine
extends from the end of the ileum to the anus. It is about 1.5
meters long, being one-fifth of the whole extent of the intestinal
canal. Its caliber is largest at its commencement at the cecum, and
gradually diminishes as far as the rectum, where there is a
dilatation of considerable size just above the anal canal.
46. 47. 48. End of Part One of Digestive Tract A hungry stomach
cannot hear. Jean de La Fontaine 49. FINAL (MAJOR MAJOR)
PROJECT
CLASS VIDEO
Of any genre: music video, telenovela, commercial, talk show,
game show, reality show, indie-filmetc.
Must feature and mention the keywords for each featured
Organ/Organ system
Length of video must not exceed 7 minutes
Language used must be English and/or Filipino only
No lewdness, use of foul language, etc.
To be graded according to the ff. criteria:
50.
Accuracy and Ability to incorporate keywords into the
presentation 30%
GROUP TWO: PANCREAS keywords: head, tail, uncinate, neck, duct
of Wirsung, duct of Santorini, islet of Langerhans,
52.
GROUP THREE KIDNEYS: keywords: nephron, juxtaglomerular
apparatus, Loop of Henle, collecting ducts, renal artery, Gerotas
fascia, adrenal glands
GROUP FOUR URINARY BLADDER: keywords: ureters, urethra,
trigone, fundus, detrusor, sphincter, distended bladder
53.
GROUP FIVE SPLEEN: keywords: ductless gland,phrenicolienal
ligament , splenic pulp, splenic artery, Malpighian
bodies,gastrolienal ligament ,accessory spleen
54.
DEADLINE: OCTOBER 1, 2010
To be submitted in MPEG formatin a CD.
JUDGES: teachers, doctors, etc.
Average scores will be the scores for the project.
Should the First Place exceed 95% average score, First Place
may be exempted from taking the FINAL EXAM.
REMINDER: project need not be costly. Imagination and
resourcefulness is the key. Remember: imagination is more important
than knowledge (Siling ni Einstein)
