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Lloyd Dean
The Nervous and Endocrine System
AimsBy the end of the lesson you should be able to:
Explain the role of the nervous system
Describe the two parts of the nervous system
State how regular activity can enhance neuromuscular connections and improve motor fitness
List the endocrine glands and hormones involved in exercise preparation and performance
The Role of The Nervous System
Question:
What happens when someone shines a bright light in your eye?
What do you do if you place your hand on something hot, for example an hob on an oven?
This is the role of the nervous system; your brain registers the event after it has happened. When a doctor taps your knee they are testing the involuntary response of the brain!
Actions throughout the body need to be coordinated in an effective and productive way
The nervous system communicates with the body to help this
The nervous system and endocrine systems are the communication super powers!
The Nervous SystemNervous system can be broken down into
Central Nervous System (CNS)Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Central Nervous System (CNS)The CNS is the main “switchboard” of the
communication
Brain and spinal cord
Controls the movements of the body by working with the PNS
Interprets stimuli
The Nervous SystemPeripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Consists of all the other neurones outside of the CNS
Communicates and works with, the CNS
Receives the stimuli via senses (Touching hot iron)
Further subdivided into:Sensory Neurones – Transmit impulses from a receptor
to CNSMotor Neurones – Transmit impulses from CNS to
effectors (Muscle or Gland). Further subdivided into:Somatic Nervous System – Involves voluntary movement of
skeletal musclesAutonomic Nervous System – Carries nerve impulses from
CNS to organs.
Autonomic Nervous SystemThis means “self adjusting” and is
involuntary
Is further broken down into:Sympathetic Nervous System – Arouses
the body “Fight or Flight” (Increase HR, vasodilatation)
Parasympathetic Nervous System – Relaxes the body (Decrease HR, vasoconstriction)
What Does Pinky Keep On Saying?!
Enhancing Neuromuscular Connections
The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is the communication point between the brain and the muscles
Anaerobic training, usually 7 weeks required, can increase the communication and improve motor fitness - HOW?!
Increasing the overall area of NMJ
More dispersed synapse
Increase of acetylcholine receptors
Improving Motor FitnessIncreasing the overall area of NMJ
When the overall area of the NMJ increase more muscle fibres can become recruited, thus increasing strength over a period of time
Training in first 4 weeks
More dispersed synapseA synapses if where two neurones meetThey control the messages sent from the nervous systemThey allow one neurone to stimulate several other
neuronesAn increase can result in more activation of the muscle
Increase of acetylcholine receptorsUsed for skeletal muscle contractionMore of this hormone results in more recruitment of
muscle fibres
Endocrine Glands and Hormones
Understanding endocrine glands and hormones is vital when planning training
Different types of training methods can impact hormonal release and adaptations
Hormones are chemical messengers that are released into the body by endocrine glands
These are released via neural stimulation
Hormones will put body in a anabolic (insulin, testosterone, hgh) or a catabolic state (cortisol, progesterone)
Etherton, (2006)
Endocrine System
Pancreas Adrenal Glands Large, pale coloured gland found
behind stomach
Produces insulin and glucagon
Controls blood glucose levels
Failure to regulate insulin is know as “diabetes mellitus” Mellitus is Latin for honey
Blood glucose mechanisms cannot work properly Type 1 – Unable to produce insulin Type 2 – Cannot produce sufficient
insulin
Sits at the top of the kidneys
Produce adrenaline which is used for fight or flight response
Adrenaline increases the sensitivity of the nervous system
How Can Athletes Manipulate The Endocrine System With Resistance Training (Baechle & Earle, 2008)
General Concepts The more muscle fibres recruited for an exercise, the greater the extent of
potential remodelling process in the whole muscle
To Increase Growth Hormone Levels Use workouts with higher lactate concentrations High intensity (10RM with 3 sets of each exercise and short rest periods) Supplement diet with carbohydrate and protein before and after
workloads
To Increase Testosterone Concentrations Large muscle group exercises (Deadlift, Power Clean, Squats) Heavy Resistance (85 – 95% of 1RM) Short rest intervals (30 – 60 seconds)
To Optimise Responses To Adrenal Hormones Use high volume, large muscle groups and short rest periods but vary the
training protocol and the rest period length and volume to allow the adrenal gland to engage in recovery processes and to prevent a catabolic effect. This will ensure that the stress of training will not result in overtraining or overuse injuries.
AimsYou should now be able to:
Explain the role of the nervous system
Describe the two parts of the nervous system
State how regular activity can enhance neuromuscular connections and improve motor fitness
List the endocrine glands and hormones involved in exercise preparation and performance