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MDCT’s role in precardiovascular procedure planning Stephen CW Cheung Radiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong

Thorax cardio pre procedure ct s cheung

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Page 1: Thorax cardio pre procedure ct s cheung

 MDCT’s  role  in  pre-­‐cardiovascular  

procedure  planning  

Stephen  CW  Cheung  Radiology,  Queen  Mary  Hospital,  Hong  Kong  

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Use  of  MDCT  before  procedures

•  MDCT  has  expanding  and  increasing  important  role  in  the  planning  of  various  endovascular  procedures.      – PCI,  especially  complicated  lesions  and  CTO  – TAVI  – LAA  closure  – Cardiac  re-­‐synchronisaLon  

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Other  procedures

•  Re-­‐do  cardiac  surgery  •  Closure  of  para-­‐prostheLc  heart  valve  leakage  •  Mitral  valve  indirect  annuloplasty.    

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Re-­‐do  procedures

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Re-­‐do  cardiovascular  procedures:  CABG-­‐Valve

•  ReoperaLon  for  cardiac  condiLons  are  geQng  more  prevalent    – >10%  of  all  MVR  in  US  – CABG  seems  to  be  declining  (6%  in  2000,  3.4%  in  2009)  

– associated  with  increased  morbidity  and  mortality.      •  progression  of  disease  condiLons  •  advanced  paLent  age  •  risks  introduced  by  previous  surgery  which  can  potenLally  be  well  evaluated  by  preoperaLve  imaging  using  MDCT.

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Risk  of  redo  MVR

•  Mortality  quoted:  6-­‐18%  •  Injury  to  cardiac  structure:  5-­‐10%

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High  risk  findings  on  MDCT  include:

•  Bypass  grac  crossing  the  midline  <1cm  from  posterior  surface  of  sternum  or  fixed  to  sternum  

•  Close  proximity  of  the  RV  or  adjacent  pericardium  to  the  chest  wall,  <1cm.  

•  Ascending  aorta  <1cm  to  the  inner  edge  of  chest  wall  or  sternum.  

•  Excessive  length  of  the  LIMA  grac  or  one  not  adequately  mobilised.  

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RV  dilataLon,  VSD,RCA  close  to  sternum

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LIMA  relaLon  to  sternum/chest  wall

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AddiLonal  factors  to  consider:

•  1.  SVG  disease  where  manipulaLon  can  cause  distal  embolisaLon.  

•  2.  Incidental  lung  or  mediasLnal  mass,  incidence  ~10%  in  this  paLent  group.  

•  3.      Evidence  of  previous  mediasLniLs  or  dense  adhesions.  

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ImplicaLon  on  operaLon •  A  retrospecLve  study  conducted  by  Kamdar  et  al  in  2008  

shows  one  or  more  of  these  features  are  observed  in  49%  of  paLents,  cohort  size=  167.    The  most  common  finding  is  finding  1,  noted  in  38%  of  paLents.      

•  These  CT  findings  have  impact  on  surgical  approach,  with  7  paLents  had  the  surgery  cancelled.      

•  In  88  paLents  (55%  of  the  remaining  160  paLents)  the  surgeons  adopted  some  form  of  prevenLve  measures    –  non-­‐midline  incision  eg.  R  thoracotomy  (n=14)    –  deep  hypothermic  circulatory  arrest  (n=7)    –  peripheral  cardiopulmonary  bypass  before  incision  (n=18)    –  peripheral  arterial  and  venous  dissecLon  before  incision  (n=  83).    

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ImplicaLon  on  operaLon

•  Another  study  looking  for  similar  CT  features  find  that  MDCT  before  the  operaLon  is  associated  with    – shorter  perfusion  and  cross  clamp  Lme    – shorter  ICU  stay      –  less  frequent  perioperaLve  MI      •  (Maluenda  et  al  2010)

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USG  to  measure  CFA/CFV

•  Ensure  the  vessels  are  of  adequate  size  for  cannulaLon  in  peripheral  cardiopulmonary  bypass  

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Ann  Thorac  Surg  2013;96:1358-­‐66

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Ann  Thorac  Surg  2013;96:1358-­‐66  

Re-­‐do  MVR  has  low  mortality,  morbidity  and  intraopera7ve  injury  with  careful  planning

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Para-­‐prostheLc  Heart  Valve  Leak

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Assessment  of  para-­‐prostheLc  valvular  leak  

•  Paravalvular  leak  is  esLmated  to  occur  in  3-­‐12.5%  of  prosthesis  within  a  few  years  of  operaLon.      

•  With  the  large  number  of  procedures  done  every  year,  the  number  of  leaks  requiring  treatment  is  increasing.      

•  With  the  advent  of  percutaneous  closure  instead  of  re-­‐operaLon,  high  quality  imaging  is  needed.      

•  2D/3D  TEE  is  usually  the  main  state  of  imaging  while  CT  is  also  gaining  greater  importance-­‐  crescent  shaped

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CT  of  para-­‐prostheLc  valvular  leak  

•  In  a  small  study  consisted  of  20  paLents,  MDCT  has  been  used  to  evaluate  para-­‐prostheLc  aorLc  valve  leak  and  regurgitaLon.    Excellent  correlaLon  was  found  between  MDCT  determined  regurgitaLon  orifice  area  and  echocardiogram/surgical  findings.  

•  However  beam  hardening  artefacts  are  significant  and  depend  on  type  of  prosthesis,  rendering  12  of  these  subjects  non-­‐evaluable.  –  SJM  standard    √  –  SJM  HP,  SJM  Regent    ×

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CT  of  para-­‐prostheLc  valvular  leak  

•  MDCT  detecLon  of  paravalvular  leak    –  Clock-­‐face  view  –  Surgical  

•  used  as  a  guidance  during  fluoroscopy  for  passing  guidewire  and  deployment  of  vascular  plugs

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Paravalvular  leak

MV AV

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Recent  Case

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Paravalvular  Leak

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Paravalvular  leak  locaLon

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Paravalvular  Leak  locaLon

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Carlos  Ruiz,  JACC  2011  (21)

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Para-­‐valvular  pseudoaneurysm  Just  caudal  to  AV  annulus

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Percutaneous  MV  Repair

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Development  of  veins

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Greater  and  Lesser  cardiac  venous  systems •  Lesser  CVS  –  Thebesian  veins,  common  at  ventricular  apex  and  base  of  papillary  muscles  

–  Drain  most  of  RV,  LA,  RA  –  Can  be  dilated  acer  MI  –  Not  septal  defects

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•  Greater  CVS    – CS  and  non-­‐CS  tributaries  – Drain  LV,  part  of  RV  

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Veins  of  LA  Wall •  Septal  veins  of  LA  drain  into  RA  through  the  septum  

•  Most  common  is  antero-­‐superior  septum  

•  They  are  not  septal  defects  or  fistulas

PFO

Anterosuperior  veins

Posteroinferior  veins

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Veins  of  LA  Wall  

Interatrial  muscle  connecLon

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CS  System

AIV=  anterior  interventricular  vein  MCV=IIV  (inferior  interventricular  vein)  Between  AIV  and  IIV:  several  lateral  and  posterior  branches

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GCV

Usually  pass  over  the  LAD  and    LCX  but  can  be  under

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Assessment  for  percutaneous  mitral  valve  repair  Indirect  Annuloplasty

•  Percutaneous  repair  of  MV  can  be  performed  by  placing  device  inside  the  great  cardiac  vein  and  coronary  sinus  aiming  at  providing  inward  pressure  on  the  mitral  annulus  to  achieve  beser  leaflet  apposiLon.  – Reduce  septal  lateral  dimension  

Page 38: Thorax cardio pre procedure ct s cheung

Monarc  system

• Coronary  artery  compression  • 30%  • MI

Viacor

CARILLON

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Assessment  for  percutaneous  mitral  valve  repair

•  The  course  of  the  lec  circumflex  artery  and  OM  branches  are  of  potenLal  importance  since  excessive  pressure  on  these  arteries  can  result  in  ischemia.      – GCV  and  OM  

•  There  is  significant  anatomical  variaLon  in  the  cardiac  venous  anatomy  and  relaLon  of  the  coronary  sinus  to  the  mitral  annulus.  – PTOLEMY  Trial:  9/29  subjects  excluded  

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Heart  2011:97

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Assessment  for  percutaneous  mitral  valve  repair

Annulus  calcificaLon  Annulus  size  CondiLons  of  the  leaflets

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Cardiac  ResynchronizaLon  Therapy

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Semitransparent  volume  Include  bony  landmarks  Angle  similar  to  that  used  in  fluoroscopy

AP  view

RAO  view

LAO  view PACE  2009;32:323-­‐329

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Detailed  mapping  with  CT

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Avoid  placement  in  infarct  zone

Absence  of  a  vein  can  be  due  to  infarct  in  the  same  region

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Measurements  Angle  of  entrance  to  CS  and  size  of  osLum

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Vein  of  Marshall  (Oblique  vein  of  LA)

•  Persistent  LSVC  •  Define  the  boundary  of  GCV  and  CS  •  Seen  in  35-­‐40%  of  CT  •  Increased  risk  of  perforaLon  if  entered  during  CRT

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Venous  valves •  Can  hinder  advancement  of  guidewires/leads  •  May  not  be  well  seen  on  CTA  •  Seen  as  a  depression  on  the  outer  surface  –  Thebesian  valve  at  CS  origin  – Valve  of  Vieussens  at  CS/GCV  juncLon

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Thank  you