A Review of the Cognitive Concepts Surrounding Traumatic

Brain Injury and Memory

Basso, Melissa Nunez, Yvonne

Reece, Adrian Smith, Laketa

School of Professional Studies

One of the most common cognitive impairments associated with

TBI (traumatic brain injury) is loss of memory. (MB)

The type of memory affected typically depends on the type of

injury sustained. (MB)

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(Source: Barrow Neurological Institute)

Discuss the basics of the research, try not to include specifics about the research just yet- that comes later (background information).

Loss of LTM (long term memory) or the functions of LTM can be detrimental to ones overall well being and social, emotional and cognitive health.

The type of LTM damage can make a profound difference in cognitive functioning and determining the level of success in livelihood in those suffering with TBI.

Explicit Memory: Often labeled “declarative” or “conscious” memory. Based on facts and experiences.

Implicit Memory: Often called “non-declarative” or “unconscious” memory.

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A study produced by David Shum et. al. (1999) revealed that like adults, children and adolescence who have suffered TBI have limited issues with implicit memory, but display deficits in explicit memory. The study focused on priming, a form of implicit memory in which unconscious recognition is applied to previously experienced concepts, unknowingly (Goldstein, 2011, p. 156). Children were studied on the basis of visual stimuli, to rule out reading comprehension (Shum et. al., 1999, p. 151). Priming was used to observe implicit memory, while cued recall was used to observe explicit memory during the assessments.

Neuroscience supports this evidence; An article by Reber et. al. (2003), discusses results of functional resonance images (fMRI) during categorization tests. Activation is seen in different areas of the brain depending on whether the task presented was relative to that which was implicitly learned or explicitly learned. The following photo was presented as evidence of the dissociation between Explicit and Implicit memory

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An fMRI reveals activity in the brain during a categorization test. Implicitly learned

categorization is apparently linked with less occipital activity. Explicit acquisition to the

categories showed increase activity in the occipital temporal cortex as well as the medial

parietal cortex. (Reber et. al., 2003, p. 577).

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Autobiographical memory is the mental ability to place ones self into a moment in time. It entails both semantic and episodic memory (explicit memory).

In study carried out by Pascale Piolino et. al. (2007), the impairment of autobiographical memory was assessed in patients who suffered TBI at least a year prior to observation. The results included amnesia of the sense of self as well as a significant relationship between autonoetic consciousness (mental time travel) and executive functioning (carrying out other cognitive processes). Autobiographical memory often presented itself with a lack of spatial and temporal details (semantic).

Neuroscience: Brian Levine and coworkers(2004) conducted a study in which participants were asked to listen to self recorded diary entries containing episodic and semantic situations on an audio recording device. Upon brain imaging, there were notable areas distinguishing between both types of explicit memory (Goldstein, 2011, p.159).

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MRI Photo of Dissociation in Action:

(Goldstein, 2011, p. 159)

Yellow areas: Episodic

memory

Blue areas: Semantic

Memory

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Episodic and Semantic Memories

Keep font concise with 20pt. (times new roman) Summarize articles

reviewed. The tests, results and findings should be included in summary.

Add photos if you like, charts and/or tables. Please cite and reference your

work in APA format.

(Authors last name, year, page. If more than two authors, use first authors

last name, followed by; et. al., year and page #).

Keep font concise with 20pt., and times new roman. Summarize articles

reviewed. The tests, results and findings should be included in summary.

Add photos if you like, charts and/or tables. Please cite and reference your

work in APA format.

(Authors last name, year, page. If more than two authors, use first authors

last name, followed by; et. al., year and page #).

Implicit & Explicit

Memory Impairment

An explicit memory deficit is probably the image most people think of when they consider memory loss.

A good example of explicit memory loss is if I am told that my money was placed in a separate bank account. However, a few days later I forget where the money is and even lose the memory of being told where it is.

Implicit memory loss, comparatively, would be forgetting to do something such as tying my shoes or reading.

K.C. is a man who suffered brain injury to his hippocampus and surrounding areas within the brain. He retains the ability to discuss various events that took place during his life (semantic) but lacks the ability to “relive” the situations. (Goldstein, 2011, p. 158).K.C. lacks an episodic memory and is unable to feel emotions felt during past events or even a sense of “self” during those times.

One who lacks memories for factual events in the past but recalls the feelings and emotions involved at a certain time, can be said to lack an semantic memory.

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Semantic & Episodic

Memory Impairment

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few words

Provide real life examples of the direction you are discussing.

Provide real life examples of the direction you are discussing.

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few words

Goldstein, E. B. (2011). Cognitive psychology: Connecting mind, research and everyday experience. (3rd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

Piolino, P., Desgranges, B., Manning, L., North, P., Jokie, C., & Eustache, F. (2007). Autobiographical memory, the sense of recollection and executive functions after severe traumatic brain injury. Cortex, 43, 176-195.

Reber, P. J., Gitelman, D. R., & Parrish, T. B. (2003). Dissociating explicit and implicit category knowledge with fMRI. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 15:4, 574-583.

Shum, D., Jamieson, E., Bahr, M., & Wallace, G. (1999). Implicit and explicit memory in children with traumatic brain injury. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 21:2, 149-158.

Traumatic Brain Injury Image. Retrieved April 21st, 2013 from: http://www.thebarrow.org/Neurological_Services/Neurotrauma/204508

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