TUBERCULOSIS

PROJECT MADE BY – GIREESHA SHARMA

TuberculosisTuberculosis is a potentially fatal

contagious disease that can affect almost any part of the body but is mainly an infection of The lung .

It is caused by a bacterial microorganism “mycobacterium tuberculosis “.

Chest x- ray of a tuberculosis infected person -

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• TB has affected humans for millennia

• Historically known by a variety of names, including:– Consumption– Wasting disease– White plague– TB was a death

sentence for many

History of TB

• Until mid-1800s, many believed TB was hereditary

• 1865 Jean Antoine-Villemin proved TB was contagious

• 1882 Robert Koch discovered M. tuberculosis, the bacterium that causes TB

Module 1 – Transmission and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis 7

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Statistical data of TB

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Characteristics

• Gram positive • Obligate aerobe• No spore forming, non motile rod• Mesophile• Lipid rich cell wall contains mycolic acid• Slow generation time 15 – 20 hours.

Causes and symptomsTransmission.Tuberculosis spreads by droplet infection. This type of transmission means that when a TB patient exhales tiny droplets of fluid containing tubercle bacilli are released into air. Actual tissue damage is not caused directly by the tubercle bacillus, but by the reaction of the person's tissues to its presence.

Tuberculosis: key figures in 2013

Remaining challenges: TB & NTM

• TB prevention: IPT, TB vaccine • TB control: New molecular tools, incl.

better detection of drug resist.

• TB treatment: New regimen • Shortened duration • Less drug-drug interactions • MDR-TB, XDR-TB

• NTM: which regimen for which patient? Colonization vs. disease? Treatment outcomes? Need to reduce drug toxicity!

Over view of causes of TB

Symptoms • They are – • Fever, fatigue,

weakness, night sweats, weight loss. • Coughing,

sneezing, blood in the sputum of the infected person.

Diagnosis • The diagnosis of TB is made on the basis of l

aboratory test results.• Body fluids other than sputum can be used f

or culture. If TB has invaded the brain or spinal cord, culturing a sample of spinal fluid will make the diagnosis .

Over view of modern diagnostics

TB Pathogenesis • Pathogenesis is defined as how an infection

or disease develops in the body• Every infected person has a potential to

infect 20 or 25 people in a day .• Coughing, sneezing and talking each of these

act spread more than 3000 infective bacteria in the air.

• Inhalation of these particles causes this disease.

TB PATHOGENESIS LATENT TB INFECTION (LTIB)

• Occurs when tubercle bacilli are in the body, but the immune system is keeping them under control

• Detected by the Mantoux tuberculin skin test (TST) or by blood tests such as interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) which include:

–QuantiFERON®-TB Gold test (QFT-G)–QuantiFERON®-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT-GIT)–T-Spot®.TB test (T-SPOT)

• People with LTBI are NOT infectious

LTBI vs. TB DISEASELatent TB Infection (LTBI) TB Disease (in the lungs)

Inactive, contained tubercle bacilli in the body

Active, multiplying tubercle bacilli in the body

TST or blood test results usually positive

TST or blood test results usually positive

Chest x-ray usually normal Chest x-ray usually abnormal

Sputum smears and cultures negative

Sputum smears and cultures may be positive

No Symptoms Symptoms Such As Cough, Fever, Weight Loss

Not infectious Often infectious before treatment

Not a case of TB A case of TB

Transmission of tuberculosis

• It is a contagious disease which spread through the air .

• When infectious person cough, sneeze, talk or spit they propel germs known as bacilli, into the air.

• A person only needs to inhale a small number of these germs to get infected.

TB Transmission Types of Micro bacteria

• M. tuberculosis causes most TB cases in U.S.

• Mycobacterium that cause TB:– M. tuberculosis – M. bovis– M. africanum– M. microti– M. canetti

• Mycobacteria that do not cause TB– e.g., M. avium complex

• It is the image of bacilli germs under the microscopic vision of the sputum of an infected person.

CULTURED MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS

Treatment DRUG THERAPY. Most patients with TB can

recover if given appropriate medication for a sufficient length of time .

Three modern drug treatments of TB :

Lower the number of bacilli as quickly as possible .

Preventing the development of drug resistance

Long term treatment to prevent relapse.

Drugs usage –

• First line drugs - Isoniazid , Rifampicin , pyrazinamide , ethambutol .

• Second line drugs ( more toxic and less effective) – Kanamycin , Ethionamide , Ofloxacin , Cycloserin.

• Noncompliance ( failure to complete the course) – Directly observed therapy (DOT), Health care workers observe medication.

Tuberculosis prevention methods• The most important steps are –• First, early detection of patients who may have tuberculosis.• Stay home. Don't go to work or school or sleep in a room with other

people during the first few weeks of treatment for active tuberculosis.

• Ventilate the room. Tuberculosis germs spread more easily in small closed spaces where air doesn't move. If it's not too cold outdoors, open the windows and use a fan to blow indoor air outside.

• Cover your mouth. Use a tissue to cover your mouth anytime you laugh, sneeze or cough. Put the dirty tissue in a bag, seal it and throw it away.

• Wear a mask. Wearing a surgical mask when you're around other people during the first three weeks of treatment may help lessen the risk of transmission.

Graphic data

Posters for tb

THANKS FOR YOUR

ATTENTION !