1.URINE ANALYSIS

2. Collection of specimen Clean, dry, wide mouth container METHODS- Collection of entire voided sample Catheterization Subrapubic aspiration 3. PreservativesSpecimens left at room temperature Presence of bacteriaDecomposition 4. Urea splitting bacteria Ammonium pH Decomposition of castCasts dissolve in alkaline urine 5. BacteriaUse glucose in urine as source of energyFalse negative test for glycosuria 6. Preservatives Toluene Formalin Thymol Chloroform 7. TIMING Random sample- sufficient. 1st specimen voided in morning is moreconcentrated- preferred 24 sample24 hours urine sample- quantitativeestimation of proteins, sugars, electrolytes, and hormones. 2-3 hours after eating- Glycosuria Afternoon- For urobilinogen 8. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF URINE VOLUME COLOR ODOUR APPEARANCE SPECIFIC GRAVITY 9. VOLUME Normal - 1.2-2 L /day Polyuria >2000ml / day. Oliguria