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BY CRYO -SAVE INDIA
Use of Stem Cells
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Topics Covered
What are stem cells?What makes them unique?Use of stem cellsTypes of transplantsStem cell banking
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Stem Cells
Stem Cells are those special cells or master cells with the remarkable potential to develop into many different types of cells in the body. These cells are the building blocks of body and all the different parts of the body like blood, skin, bones etc. are formed out of stem cells.
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Uniqueness of Stem Cells
Thus, they have two key properties:
Self-renewal - The ability to divide to create copies of themselves.
Differentiation - The ability to give rise to specialised cells like heart, skin, or red blood cells.
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The 3R’s of Stem Cells
The 3 R’s of Stem Cell has impacted and redefined medical treatments and therapies.
Regenerate: Ability to Multiply Stem cells are multi-talented: They can transform into numerous cells
including fat, cartilage, muscles, bone and nerve tissue owing to their potency.
Replace: Replaces worn out or damaged cells with new healthy cells. Dominating and Powerful: They exhibit anti-inflammatory and immune
suppressant characteristics, an important application in inflammatory stages of various diseases.
Repair: Heal injured cells Intelligent: They home in on site of injury and assist in repair when injected
intravenously (within vein) and hence used in treatments and therapies.
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Use of Stem Cells
There are 3 possible sources of stem cells that can be used for treatment:
Embryonic Stem Cell (ESC): They generate from a 3-5 days old early-stage embryo.
Umbilical Cord of the newborn: It is a rich source of two main types of stem cells: cord blood stem cells and cord tissue stem cells. It is also the largest source of stem cells.
Adult Stem Cell: Found in various tissues in human body (including brain, bone marrow, peripheral blood, blood vessels, skeletal muscle, skin, teeth, heart, gut, liver, ovarian epithelium, and testis). The autologous (donor and recipient are the same person) adult stem cells are specifically available in:
Bone marrow - Stem cells are harvested by drilling into specific sites of stem cell sources in human bones like the femur.
Adipose tissue - Liposuction is used to extract stem cells. Blood - Collected blood is passed through apheresis machine that extracts the stem cells.
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Use of Stem Cells
Because of their pluripotency i.e. ability to differentiate into different specialised cells, Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs) have broad applications in basic research, drug discovery and cell therapy.
Recently, human ESCs that meet the strict quality requirements for use in patients have been produced. These ‘clinical grade’ human ESCs have been approved for use in a very small number of early clinical trials. One example is a clinical trial carried out by The London Project to Cure Blindness, using ESCs to produce a particular type of eye cell for treatment of patients with age-related macular degeneration.
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Use of Stem Cells
Umbilical Cord of the newborn is a rich source of two main types of stem cells i.e. cord blood stem cells and cord tissue stem cells.
Cord blood (also referred to as umbilical cord blood or placental blood) is the extra/ residual blood that remains in the umbilical cord after the cord has been cut at the time of delivery. Cord blood, a well-accepted and rich source of stem cells, has already been used for more than 30,000 transplants.
Cord blood stem cells have the potential to rebuild and repair bone cartilage, muscle cells, red blood cells, white blood cells, nerve cells and more.
Current Treatments: Leukemias, Lymphomas, Myelodysplastic Syndromes, Metabolic Disorders, Immunodeficiency, Solid Tumours, Non-malignant Blood Disorders and others.
Emerging Treatments: Autism, Cerebral Palsy, Hearing Loss, Spinal Cord Injury, Diabetes Type-1, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Cardiac Repair and others.
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Use of Stem Cells
Umbilical Cord of the newborn is a rich source of two main types of stem cells i.e. cord blood stem cells and cord tissue stem cells.
Cord tissue fills up the umbilical cord. It does not include the cord blood.
Research indicates that stem cells from cord tissue will play an extremely important role in treatments in future. Over the last decade more than 43 studies using mesenchymal stem cells from cord tissue have been documented.
Emerging Treatments: Alzheimer’s Disease, Spinal Cord Injury, Graft-versus-Host Disease, Multiple Sclerosis, Cerebral Palsy, Liver Cirrhosis, Autism, Cardiomyopathy, Traumatic Brain Injury and others. It is expected that co-transplanting the stem cells from cord tissue along with cord blood may improve engraftment 6 folds. It may also be extremely useful in case of low cord blood volume.
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Use of Stem Cells
Mesenchymalstem cells (MSCs), also called bone marrow stromal cells, are multipotent stem cells that differentiate into a variety of cell types, including:
Osteoblasts (bone cells) Chondrocytes (cartilage cells) Adipocytes (fat cells)
Human MSCs are of interest in clinical applications due to:
Capacity for homing and engraftment Wide-range differentiation potential Immunosuppressive attributes
Potential MSC Therapies: Graft versus Host Disease Crohn’sDisease Bone Defects/ Genetic Disease HSC Transplantation Cardiac repair Trachea repair
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Use of Stem Cells
Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are multipotentstem cells that give rise to all the blood cell types from the: Myeloid lineage (monocytesand
macrophages, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, erythrocytes, megakaryocytes/platelets, dendriticcells)
Lymphoid lineage (T-cells, B-cells, NK-cells).
HSCs are the building blocks of the body’s blood and immune systems. They are commonly found in bone marrow as well as cord blood.
HSC transplants are now routinely used to treat patients with cancers and other disorders of the blood and immune system.
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Types of transplantsThere are two options when it
comes to transplantation of stem cells:
Allogenic Transplant – When patient receive cells that have been donated by someone else. They must be tested for compatibility before use and sometimes additional treatments are needed to avoid rejection by the body. Even then a perfect match is no guarantee.
Autologous Transplant – When patients receive cells from their own body. This type of transplant is 100% compatible with the owner and, depending on the disease, can be the preferred option for tranplants.
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Stem Cell Banking
The collection and preservation of stem cells for use in research, drug discovery or therapy.
Umbilical Cord Stem Cell banking - The Haemopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs) and the Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) are the two most commonly researched stem cells. These cells can be found in their best shape in the umbilical cord blood and cord tissue respectively. Knowing the many benefits these stem cells have, it would be prudent to preserve them for future use in medical therapy.
These stem cells are: Easily found – In the umbilical cord, which is usually discarded as bio-medical waste
at the time of birth. Easily collected – Umbilical cord tissue and blood are collected within ten minutes of
birth. The collection is easy and completely harmless and painless for both the mother and baby.
Easily stored - Once the umbilical cord tissue and blood is processed to extract stem cells, they are cryo-preserved until retrieval. Scientists believe that stem cells can be preserved indefinitely. It has been confirmed that samples recovered after 23.5 years were comparable to fresh samples.
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Stem Cell Banking
Advantages of umbilical cord stem cell banking:
Better and quicker at dividing and differentiating
Free from infections No perfect match required
for transplants (using own stem cells - autologous)
Less likely to cause transplant-related complications
Immediate availability and easy shipment
More than 80 diseases can be treated demonstrating immense potential
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“Stem cells are a ray of hope. They will provide answers to many untreatable diseases in the future” – Dr. Anant E Bagul, MS Orthopaedics, Specialist in stem cell transplant
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