Health Promotion And Health Education

DR NATASHA K (MBBS, MPH, PHD FELLOW)ASST PROF BUHSDRNATASHA1976@GMAIL.COM

Lecture 10COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT

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Syllabus

Concept, Philosophy, Principles, Scope of Community Organization and Community Development

Community Empowerment & its relation with Economic & Social structures

Models of Community Organization Process

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DefinitionsCommunity: a “group of people with a common characteristic or interest living together within a larger society” or a “body of persons or nations having a common history or common social, economic, and political interests”

Community Organization : it is the process of organizing community for the development of its members. Community organization can be also said as an institution or as the organization of people joined together for a common cause, directed by the feeling of together for development and is governed by an elected body of governance by themselves.

Community development: it is a process whereby the efforts of Government are united with those of the people to improve the social, cultural, and economic conditions in communities

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Basic Concept The origin of community can be traced back to the times when humans

started to live together in groups. These small groups later expanded to larger communities and to societies which later acted as the foundation stones in the development of cultures and civilizations. Community organization is that process by which the people...organize themselves to take charge of their situation and thus develop a sense of being a community together. It is a particularly effective tool for the poor and powerless as they determine for themselves the actions they will take to deal with the essential forces that are destroying their community and consequently causing them to be powerless.-Reverend Robert Linthicum,

"Community Development is a process designed to create conditions of economic and social progress for the whole community with its active participation and fullest possible reliance upon the community's initiative." (quoted in Head, 1979:101)

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Community Organizing

“ a process through which communities are helped to identify common problems or goals, mobilize resources, and in other ways develop and implement strategies for reaching their goals they have collectively set.”

Minkler, 1997

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Historic PerspectiveIts roots can be traced to the social reform movement in Britain and North America in the latter half of the 18thcentury. Community development principles were formulated and applied in third world development efforts following decolonization.

In the 50's and 60's CD or community organization, as it came to be called, was used in deprived or underdeveloped urban and rural settings in North America (Smith, 1979: 52). CD was a response to the perceived disintegration of society due to rapid technological change, economic dislocations, disruption in traditional family and community structures and the extension of government and commercial services into personal and family life, with negative impacts on personal effectiveness and community ties (Carey, 1979:20). CD is eclectic, integrating specialized knowledge from education, public health, economic development and politics. (Head, 1979:101) However, it is also a discipline unto itself, with a body of theory, standards of practice and professional associations. Masters and doctoral programs in community development are usually associated with either a school of social work or rural development.

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Historic Perspective

l concentrated on jobs, resources, and infrastructure;l were in response to crises;l showed a rejection of community “power brokers”;

andl form the background of recent efforts of the

citizenry to control its own future.

Early efforts toward community development:

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Concept

Integrating economic, social and environmental objectives, CDC, utilizes state of the art techniques and best practices to effect successful and measurable outcomes that enhance opportunities for community revitalization and enterprises that are financially sustainable.

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Philosophy of Community Development The philosophies on which the community development programme

should be based are as follows:1) Work based on felt needs The programme should help the community to solve some of the problems which it feels are existent.

2) Work based on assumption that people want to be free form poverty and pain. It is assumed that the members of the community want a standard of living that allows them to be free from pain caused by lack of sufficient social side it is assumed that the people have four basis wishes a) security b) recognition c) response, d) new experience.

3) It is assumed that people wish to have freedom in controlling their own lines and deciding the forms of economic, religious, education and political institutions, under which they will live..

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Philosophy of Community Development 4) People’s values given due consideration

It is presumed that co-operation, group decision-making, self initiative, social responsibility, leadership, trustworthiness and ability to work are included in the programme.5) Self-HelpThe people actually plan and work on the solution of their problems themselves. If the problems of the community are entirely ameliorated through the efforts of some outside agency, then the development of such things as group decision-making, self-initiative, self-reliance, leadership etc. will not be forthcoming and it cannot be said that the community is developing.6) People are the greatest resource It is by getting the participation of the people in improvement activities that they become developed.7) The programme involves a change in attitude, habits, ways of thinking relationship among people in the level of knowledge and intellectual advancement of people, changes in their skills, i.e. practices of agriculture health etc

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Characterstics It is always purposive Its purpose is always positive It exists in the efforts of people and

not necessarily in goal achievement. Trying is enough to qualify as community development

It is structure-oriented

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Principles1. Community development is a process. 2. Community development is a holistic approach for

addressing the community’s needs.3. Empowerment results from influence,

participation, and community education.4. Development ensures environmental stewardship.5. Development is tied to sustainability.6. Partnerships provide access to resources.

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Scopes

1) Agricultural and allied fields: 2) Co operatives:3) Education: 4) Employment: 5) Health services: 6) Communication: 7) Vocational training: 8) Other welfare activities:

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EMPOWERMENT

Defined as the process by which individuals, communities and organizations gain mastery over their lives. Empowerment allows communities to transform their lives and environment.

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Two Operational levels of Community Empowerment

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Level One Individuals involved in community organization efforts

experience increased social supports, which increases their sense of control.

This sense of control, in turn may have positive health effects.

Level Two This second level effects the community and has been

operationalized partially as community competence. Empowerment of communities had a positive effect on health and social indicators and may be reflected in lower community rates of alcoholism, divorce and other social problems.

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Development “In” vs. “Of” the Community

Development in the community is principally concerned with building the economic or physical infrastructure of a community.

Development of the community is focused on building the human capacity to address local issues and concerns. As such, it affects the structure of the community.

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Social Developmentl means people are of primary importance; l includes the “building of secure, just, free and

harmonious societies”;l offers opportunities and humane standards of

living for all; andl focuses on citizens’ rights to:

be nourishedbe housedbe securehave work.

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Cultural Development

l proliferation of artists gaining international recognition and of poets, authors, and musicians

l development of theater, festivals, and films l development of archaeological and historical

sites

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Economic Development

l is citizen-led;l is dedicated to improving lifestyles through:

wealth distribution poverty reduction job creation

provides infrastructure in support of business development.

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Business Development

the practice of a commercial activity associated with the production, supply,or distribution of commodities for profit

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Definition of participation Participation refers to the need of the

community members to be active rather than passive in the learning process. According to Dewey (1946) and Linderman (1928) it is the process of enlarging the understanding of people by making them active and helping them make and implement decisions for themselves.

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Recruiting CD participants

STEP ONE: Decide Who To Recruit  STEP TWO: Develop a List of People Who

Can Help You Reach Out  STEP THREE: Invite People Personally  STEP FOUR: Tell People Why They Need to

Come to a Community Conversation

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Community participants’ Characterstics

1. Commitment 2. Self other awareness3. Articulateness4. Communication5. Conflict containment

and accommodation 6. Participation

7. Management of relations with larger society

8. Machinery to facilitate participation interaction and decision making

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Three Ways To Increase Community Participation In Community Health Projects

Bracht 1990

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Contd…..a) Establishing work groups or tasks forces to

work with specific components of the project.

b) Involving target group members in selection of interventions strategies.

c) Providing start to carry out duties and to other technical assistant and consultation as needed to community members.

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METHODOLOGY AND STEPS IN COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

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Methodology

Following is a description of the methods that are most commonly used for Community Development.

The Basic Conversation or Evaluation method (principles of group discussions and exchange of knowledge)

The Workshop Method, the basis of team decisions

Community Action Planning Stakeholder analysis/ Venn diagram: Mapping

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Approaches

Three Approaches to Community Development

1. Technical Assistance

2. Conflict Approach

3. Self-Help Approach

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Technical Assistance Approach Usually involves the delivery of programs of services

to a local area by some agency or organization It is often a “top-down” approach that involves the

use of experts The focus is mainly on the task to be performed Assumes that answers to community problems can

be arrived at scientifically If residents wish to participate, they must study and

understand a great deal of complex information Local citizens are defined as consumers of such

development - not participants in it The most frequent employers of the technical

assistance model is government

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Conflict Approach Primary focus is upon the deliberate use or creation of

confrontation by professional organizers The goal is to redistribute power A major organizing tool is to confront those forces seen as

blocking efforts to solve problems In this approach, there is a deep suspicion of those who

have formal community power This perspective assumes that power is never given

away, that it has to be taken. Goal is to build a people’s organization to allow those

without power to gain it through direct action. Their strength is in numbers -- people working collectively.

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Self-Help Approach Project is community controlled Local needs are clearly defined and action is initiated by the community Effective leadership and skills are present; effective use of volunteers Good efforts to secure financial resources Significant cooperation and integration of people and organizations in the effort Access to outside support, as needed Self-sustaining enterprises that can spur other community improvement efforts Emphasis is on process -- people within the community working together to arrive at group

decisions and taking actions to improve their community Based on the principle that people can collaborate in a community to provide important

needs and services The process is more important than any particular task or goal

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10 Steps of Community Development

1. Learn about community2. Listen to community members3. Bring people together to develop a shared vision 4. Assess community assets and resources, needs and issues 5. Help community members to recognize and articulate

areas of concern and their causes.6. create a "vehicle for change" for an organizational change7. Develop an action plan 8. Implement action plan 9. Evaluate results of actions 10. Reflect and regroup

11.

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The role of public health professionals is:

Preventing the disease, Promoting the health Prolonging the life of the people

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Components for CD program

InclusionHelp people figure out their motivation and strategy OwnershipChange people to take responsibility Relationship buildingDevelop new relations out of old one Leadership developmentIdentify, recruit and develop leaders Reflection and celebrationReward and punishment ActionStart activities according to plan

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Stages

Assess the community Develop an action plan Create an action team Mobilize to action Implement Evaluate

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We use the following models in CO Practice.Rothmans Model

Social ActionSocial PlanningLocality or Community Development

TransformativeGeneralFeministMulticultural

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Basic assumptions of Rothman’s Model : three basic models

Practice Model

Change Goal Staff Role Constituents Target of Change

Change Strategy

Locality or Community development

Increase community capacity and integration

CoordinatorEnablerCatalyst

CitizensParticipants

Programs or services

Develop a consensus among groups

Social Action Change resources & powerdynamics

AdvocateNegotiatorActivist

Victims of oppressionConstituentsEmployers

The power structure

Mobilize people to take action against powerful

SocialPlanning

Problem-solving

ExpertData analyst;Problem Solver

Consumers of Service

Community Systems

Collect data; choose the best plan

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Basic Assumptions of Transformative ModelsPractice Model Change

GoalStaff Role Constituents Target of

ChangeChange Strategy

General Personal & Social Change

Expert;Teacher;Equal partner;Learner

Experts on own lives;Change Agents;Learners

Individuals;Society

Teaching;GroupConsensus;Confront powerful

Feminist More power for women

Equal partner;Facilitator;Activist

Partners;Change agents;Decision-makers

Individuals;Change services to meet needs;Patriarchy

Group consensus;Confrontpower structure

Multicultural Social changeBring cultures together

Equal partnerFacilitatorLearner

Learners;Decision-makers;Partners

Individual & Group Attitudes;Social Change

Dialogue;Group consensus;Confront powerful

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THANK YOU

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