SUBMITTED TO: DR. fiaz

SUBMITTED BY :

11-Arid-963 ( MUZAMMIL TARIQ) 11-Arid-971 ( SIDRA IKRAM)

11-Arid-978 ( ZEESHAN AHMAD AWAN) 11-Arid-979 ( VICTOR TABASSUM)

BUFFALO

OUT LINE

1. Scope and importance of buffalo production in Pakistan

1.1. Introduction

1.2. Holy Quran

1.3. Pakistan and Livestock

2. Breed of the world 2.1. Characteristics of local breeds

2.1.1 KUNDI

2.1.2 Nili-ravi

2.1.3 Aza-kheli

2.2. Buffalo breeds of the world

2.2.1 Murrah

2.2.2 Anatolian: (also known as turkish)

2.2.3 Azeri (also known as caucassion)

2.2.4 Bangladesi

2.2.5 Bhadawari

2.2.6 Bulgarian murrah

2.2.7 Egyptian:

2.2.8 Jafarabadi:

2.2.9 jerangi:

2.2.10 Kuhzestani: (or iraqi buffalo)

2.2.11 Manda:

2.2.12 Meshana:

2.2.13 Nagpuri:

2.2.14 Toda:

3. Management of dairy animals:

3.1. Management of Dairy Bull:

3.2. Management of newly burn calves:

3.3. Clostrum / milk feeding schedule:

3.4. Management of Milk feeding

3.5. Management of replacement heifer

3.6. Effect of management on buffalo milk yield and reproduction

4. Calendar of activities for day-to-day operations

4.1. Birth 4.2. Week 1-2 4.3. Week 3-4 4.4. Week 5-2 months 4.5. 2-3 months 4.6. 4th-6th month 4.7. 7th-12th month

5. Diseases related to bovine animals and ther5.e control. 5.1. Bacterial diseases 5.2. Viral Diseases:

5.3. Parasitic diseases:

5.4. Blood in Milk: 5.5. Seasonal management of diseases:

5.5.1 Winter:

5.5.2 Summer:

5.6. Major diseases and their control: 5.7. Summary of common ailments of buffalo calves: 5.8. Deworming:

6. Role of Nutrition in Health Management 7. Objective of dairy housing:

7.1. Planning the farm construction:

7.2. Type of housing:

7.3. communal Housing:

7.4. Roof:

7.5. Building requirement:

8. Factor affecting the lactation length and total lactation milk yield:

9. Transportation of animals:

9.1. Guideline:

1.1. Means of transportation:

Vaccination schedule

1. Scope and importance of buffalo production in Pakistan

1.1. Introduction

The Asian buffalo or the Water buffalo is classified in the genus Bubalus, species bubalis. Asian buffalo

includes two subspecies named also types: the River and the Swamp, the morphology and the purposes of

which are different as well as the genetics. The River buffalo has 50 chromosomes of which 5 pairs are

submetacentric, while 20 acrocentric. The Swamp buffalo has 48 chromosomes, of which 19 pairs are

metacentric. The two subspecies are inter-fertile and give progeny with 49 chromosomes. Male crossbred

progeny has sometimes showed fertility problems while female progeny has showed longer calving

intervals only in case of further backcross. Morphology of the two types differs considerably. Swamp

buffaloes are less heavy, the adult male weight ranging between 325 and 450 kg, while River type weighs

between 450 and 1000 kg. While the Swamp buffalo is reared mainly for draught purposes, although it

also gives valuable milk production of up to 600 kg milk per year, the importance of the River buffalo

depends on the high quality and quantity of the milk that it produces. Each subspecies shows a lot of

breeds. Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) population in the world is actually about 172 million head: 168 million

are in Asia (97%);

1.2. Holy Quran

38. There is not an animal (that lives) on the earth, nor a being that flies on its wings, but (forms part of)

communities like you. Nothing have we omitted from the Book, and they (all) shall be gathered to their

Lord in the end. (Surah6. Al-An'am (Cattle, Livestock)

142. Of the cattle are some for burden and some for meat: eat what Allah hath provided for you, and

follow not the footsteps of Satan: for he is to you and avowed enemy. (Surah6. Al-An'am (Cattle,

Livestock)

66. And verily in cattle (too) will ye find an instructive sign. From what is within their bodies between

excretions and blood, we produce, for your drink, milk, pure and agreeable to those who drink it.

(Surah16. An-Nahl (The Bee)

1.3. Pakistan and Livestock

Pakistan is an agriculture base 2ndeconomy generator after Service Sector, AGRICULTURE has 21.8 %

share in GDP,LIVESTOCK has 51.8 % to agricultural (11.3% in GDP),Overall worth value of Rs. 1287

billion, Livestock is more valuable than crops sector(6.1% more).The agriculture sector remained the

dominant sector with its job absorption ability and it still absorbs 44 percent of the country’s labour force.

It gives a kickstart to aggregate demand for industrial goods and services as well.The agriculture sector

consists of crops, livestock, fishing and forestry sub-sectors. The crop subsector is further divided into

major crops.The price of livestock items has remained a major contributor to inflationary pressures in

Pakistan’s economyIt is a highly labour–intensive and job creating sector.Its share agriculture is much

more than the combined shares of major and minor crops. The livestock sector grew by 3.7 percent in

2008-09 compared to 4.2 percent last year.Buffaloes found in Indo-Pak subcontinent belong to the water

buffalo group (Bubalus bubalis). Pakistani buffalo are considered to be triple purpose domestic animals

(milk, meat & draught). The herd size is very small; 85% of buffaloes are raised in herds of one to five.

There are 0.5 million landless farmers keeping dairy animals and contributing a significant (70%) share to

the total milk production. In Pakistan the first strategy is also the genetic improvement in the Nili-

Ravi and the Kundhi breeds through animal recording and selection and progeny testing trials.

Recording of buffaloes is mainly done in the seven institutional herds, particularly in the Livestock

Research Institute, Bahadurnagar, and on a few military farms. Apart from these, buffaloes at a

farmer level are recorded under the progeny testing programme which has been carried out since 1980.

The Government facilitates vaccination against contagious diseases at nominal prices. About 5–10% of

breedable females are artificially inseminated while the rest are mated naturally with bulls of a good type.

There are approximately 32.7 million buffaloes in Pakistan which constitute about 15 percent of the world

buffalo population. Nili-Ravi and Kundi are the two main breeds with 38 percent and 25 percent of the

total population, respectively. Out of total milk produced in the country, buffalo contributes about 68 %,

followed by cattle (27%) and sheep/goat/camel (5%).Due to high fat contents of buffalo milk, it is the

most preferred species in Pakistan.No doubt, we have the best breeds (Nili Ravi and Kundi) at world level

but they are not producing according to their potential, mainly due to mismanagement. Despite of these

problems, there is room for improvement. Due to their versatile qualities they are rightly called as Black

Gold of Pakistan.

2. Breed of the world: 2.1. Characteristics of local breeds

In the characteristics of local breeds we discuss about the local breeds of buffalo in pakistan.

2.1.1. KUNDI:

Home Tract: Kundhi buffaloes are found throughout Sindh, particularly on both sides of river Indus

from Kashmore to Shah Bandar (Sindh). They are also found in some parts of Balochistan province.

Physical Characters: These are massive, jet-black animals. Their horns are broad at the base and taper

upward and inward, giving them a fishhook shape, hence the name `Kundhi'.White spots on the body and

straight horns are considered undesirable in this Breed. They have a broad forehead, short neck and

medium-sized ears. They have large, strong udders.

Maturity:Males, 30 months, Female, 36 months.

Milk yield: 1700-2200 liters with a 6% butterfat.

Body weight:Males, 500-600Kg; Females, 300-400Kg

2.1.2. Nili-ravi:

Home Tract: Lahore, Sheikhupura, Faisalabad, Okara, Sahiwal, Multan, Bahawalpur and Bahwalnagar

Physical Characters: massive & wedged shape, black with white muzzle, lower parts of legs, fore head &

switch of tail (PUNJKALIAN), small curly horns and wall eyed (bulging, shining)Males may be used for

draught purposes, especially for preparing land for paddy cultivation and are a good source of beef. White

markings extending above hock and knee over the neck and body constitute a serious disqualification.

PRODUCTION PARAMETERS:

Maturity: male 30 months, female 36 months

Milk yield/L: 1800-2500(fat 5-8.5%)

Adult weight:male 440-650,female 350-450

2.1.3. Aza-kheli:

These buffaloes are mainly found in Khwaza Khella and Madyan areas of Swat district about 175 km

north east of Peshawar in KPK, but can be found in whole valley of Swat. Azi-Khelies have been named

after a local tribe ‘Aziz KhellPhysical characterictics:Colour variation in Azi-Kheli is quite pronounced,

varying from complete albino animals to piebald to even black. Forehead has a white marking of varying

size andcan be totally white with a tapering face.Horns are small semi-sickled in shape.The tail is

characteristically short and slender.

Production parameters:

Estimated live weight is 350 to 450 kg.Milk

yield per lactation is about 1800 litres

Azi-Kheli buffaloes are generally docile.

2.2. Buffalo breeds of the world

2.2.1. Murrah:

Most important and well known breed of the world. So found allover the asia, to south

America.Distribution: Azerbaijan, Brazil, China, Ecuador,Guatemala, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal,

Philippines, Sri Lanka, Viet Nam.Originate in haryana in india and dispersed in punja in india And to the

province of pakistanPunjab.Population estimated at 2million heads.

Production parameters:

Male weight 750 kg, female weight 650 kg

Cows lactate for about 305 days and give about

1,800 kg (4,000 lb) milk in this period.

Calves are born at an interval of 479±33 days

Imported to different countries and cross breed

with there home buffalo breeds. Some cross-

breeds are bulgharian murrah

2.2.2. Anatolian: (also known as turkish)

Distribution: Concentrated in the Black Sea region, North of Middle Anatolia, Thrace, Hatay, Mus, Kars, Dyarbakir, Afyon, and Sivas.They are a dairy and draft breed which is usually dark gray to black.They often have white markings on the head and tail.The Anatolian buffalo has sickle or cresent shaped horns.

Dairy performance:

Lactation duration : 220-270 days Milk yield : 700-1 000 kg Milk fat : 6.6-8.1 percent Milk protein : 4.2-4.6 percent Carcass yield is 53-55 percent. Overall growth rate is 400 g/day Average slaughter weight is 300-350 kg, at the age of 18-20 months.

2.2.3. Azeri (also known as caucassion)

this breed originates from the Indo valley (Indian buffalo). Population size: 600 000Description: Black in colour, short horns growing backwards.Distribution: In Iran, they are found in West Azerbaijan, East Azerbaijan and the Caspian Sea. In Azerbaijan, everywhere. Carcass yield is 50 percent. Overall growth rate is 420 g/day.

Dairy performance:

Lactation duration : 200-220 daysMilk yield : 1200-1300 Kg. Milk fat : 6.6 percentAverage slaughter weight is 300 kg, at the age of 15 months

2.2.4.Bangladesi:

Description: Black in colour, white spot the forehead and tail-switch

in some cases.Curled and short horns. Indigenous Bangladeshi buffaloes

of the River type are found in the South-West.In the remaining parts of

the country they are either Swamp or crosses of exotic breeds: Nili-Ravi

and Murrah type.Dairy performanceis Milk yield 4 kg/day

2.2.5. Bhadawari:

Distribution: Bhadawari is an improved water buffalo breed from Uttar Pradesh, India, that is kept for

milk production mainly in the Agra And Etawah districts, and in the Bhind and Morena districtsof

Madhya Pradesh.

Dairy performance:

Milk yield : 800-100kg

Fat content: high(10-13%)

Adult weight: female 386 &male 476

The animals can easily tolerate the extreme weather conditions in the ravines where maximum

temperature goes up to 48oC.Bhadawari are reported to be a regular breeder giving a calf per year in the

field condition. They have comparatively low milk yield but the milk tastes sweet with high fat and a

flavor that is unmatched.

2.2.6. Bulgarian murrah:

From 1962 to 1990, Murrah buffaloes from India were imported into Bulgaria and a new population of

buffalo was created by upgrading the local buffalo. Description: Black or black and brown or dark grey in

colour.Distribution: All over Bulgaria, Romania and South America Body weight of adult male is 700

kg.Body weight of adult female is 600 kg. Dairy performance Lactation

duration : 270-305 days

Milk yield : 1800 kg Milk fat : 7.04 percent.

slaughter weight is 400 kg, at the age of 16 months.Carcass yield is 50.4 percent. Overall growth rate is

750 g/day.

2.2.7.Egyptian:

Buffaloes were introduced into Egypt from India, Iran and Iraq approximately during the middle of the 7th Century. The distinction between the differthe most important and popular livestock for milk production in Egypt. Blackish grey in colour, horn form varies from lyre to sword- shaped. The head is long and narrow, the jaws are long and strEars are long and dropping. Distribution: All over the country, mainly in peri-urban areas and the Nile delta.Averageat the age of 18-24 months.

2.2.8. Jafarabadi:

Hometract:Indian breed. This breed is found in Gir forests of Kathiawad and is mainly concentrated in Kutch, and Jamnagar districts of Gujarat State.some breed has been exported to Brazil. Description:it is massive and has long barreled confirmation.Horns are very long heavy and broad that may cover the eyes.Body color is usualy black but sometimes may be grey in color

Dairy production:milk yield:1000 to 1200 kg. Some good yielder produce up to 2500 kg of milk in a lactation.adult weight: female 454 and male590kg,Lactation duration is 350 days.milk fat is usualy 8.5%.

2.2.9. jerangi:

The buffaloes of this breed are small i

northern Vishakhapatanam and West Ganjam of Andhra Pradesh. The buffaloes have short face and small

barrel. Skin is thinner and black-coloured. Small conical horns are common. The animal is usef

ploughing water-logged paddy fields, with moderate draught capacity

2.2.10.Kuhzestani: (or iraqi buffalo)

Description:Horns are short and grow upward forming a ring at the end. In size, it is very likely the

biggest buffalo breed in the world.DistributionIn Iran, they are located in Kuhzestan and Lorestan. In

Iraq, mainly in the South, in the peri

non-familiar persons and reduce milk yield with non

docile. Average slaughter weight is 400 kg, at the age of 12 months. Carcass yield is 50 percent. Overall

growth rate is 580 g/day.Body weight is 600 kg.

Dairy performance:

Lactation duration : 200-270 days

Milk yield : 1300-1400 kg

Milk fat : 6.6 percent

Products: Milk, yoghurt, fresh cream, fresh cheese, butter

2.2.11. Manda:

1800 kg Milk fat : 7.04 percent. Average

, at the age of 16 months.Carcass yield is 50.4 percent. Overall growth rate is

Buffaloes were introduced into Egypt from India, Iran and Iraq approximately during the middle of the 7th Century. The distinction between the different types of Egyptian buffaloes is only environmental. It is the most important and popular livestock for milk production in Egypt. Blackish grey in colour, horn

shaped. The head is long and narrow, the jaws are long and strare long and dropping. Distribution: All over the country, mainly

urban areas and the Nile delta.Average slaughter weight is 500 kg,

:Indian breed. This breed is found in Gir forests of Kathiawad and is mainly concentrated in of Gujarat State.some breed has been exported to Brazil. Description:it is

massive and has long barreled confirmation.Horns are very long heavy and broad that may cover the eyes.Body color is usualy black but sometimes may be grey in color

milk yield:1000 to 1200 kg. Some good yielder produce up to 2500 kg of milk in a lactation.adult weight: female 454 and male590kg,Lactation duration is 350 days.milk fat is usualy 8.5%.

The buffaloes of this breed are small in size and are found in Jerangi hills of Orissa and adjoining

northern Vishakhapatanam and West Ganjam of Andhra Pradesh. The buffaloes have short face and small

coloured. Small conical horns are common. The animal is usef

logged paddy fields, with moderate draught capacity

2.2.10.Kuhzestani: (or iraqi buffalo)

Description:Horns are short and grow upward forming a ring at the end. In size, it is very likely the

world.DistributionIn Iran, they are located in Kuhzestan and Lorestan. In

Iraq, mainly in the South, in the peri-urban areas of Baghdad and Mosul. Females are very sensitive to

familiar persons and reduce milk yield with non-familiar milkers. Generally females are also not

docile. Average slaughter weight is 400 kg, at the age of 12 months. Carcass yield is 50 percent. Overall

growth rate is 580 g/day.Body weight is 600 kg.

270 days

Products: Milk, yoghurt, fresh cream, fresh cheese, butter

, at the age of 16 months.Carcass yield is 50.4 percent. Overall growth rate is

Buffaloes were introduced into Egypt from India, Iran and Iraq approximately during the middle of the ent types of Egyptian buffaloes is only environmental. It is

the most important and popular livestock for milk production in Egypt. Blackish grey in colour, horn shaped. The head is long and narrow, the jaws are long and strong.

are long and dropping. Distribution: All over the country, mainly slaughter weight is 500 kg,

:Indian breed. This breed is found in Gir forests of Kathiawad and is mainly concentrated in of Gujarat State.some breed has been exported to Brazil. Description:it is

massive and has long barreled confirmation.Horns are very long heavy and broad that may cover the

milk yield:1000 to 1200 kg. Some good yielder produce up to 2500 kg of milk in a lactation.adult weight: female 454 and male590kg,Lactation duration is 350 days.milk fat is usualy 8.5%.

n size and are found in Jerangi hills of Orissa and adjoining

northern Vishakhapatanam and West Ganjam of Andhra Pradesh. The buffaloes have short face and small

coloured. Small conical horns are common. The animal is useful for

Description:Horns are short and grow upward forming a ring at the end. In size, it is very likely the

world.DistributionIn Iran, they are located in Kuhzestan and Lorestan. In

urban areas of Baghdad and Mosul. Females are very sensitive to

females are also not

docile. Average slaughter weight is 400 kg, at the age of 12 months. Carcass yield is 50 percent. Overall

Distribution:These buffaloes are found in whole Koraput district and adjoining parts of Malkangiri and

Nawarangpur district in Orissa, Discription:Body colour of these buffaloes is ash grey and grey with

copper coloured hairs. Some animals are silver white in colour. Horns are broad and emerge slightly

laterally, extending backward and inward making half in a lactation length of 290 days. These animals are

famous for longevity, hard work and length of working life.

Production traits:

Milk yield: 700 ltrs

Lactation length: 290 days

Lifetime no of calving: 7-8

2.2.12.Meshana:

The breeding tract of this breed is Mehsana, Sabarkantha and Banaskantha districts of Gujarat state. This

is supposed to have been evolved out of crossbreeding between the Surti and the Murrah. The body is

longer than in Murrah and the limbs lighter. The head is longer and heavier.

Production traits:

milk yield 1200 to 1500 kg per lactation.

The inter-calving period ranges from 450 and 550 days.

Ade of first calving: 42.5 months

2.2.13.Nagpuri:

Distribution: The breeding tract of this breed is Nagpur, Akola and Amrawati districts of Maharashtra.

This is also called as Ellichpuri or Barari. Description: The horns are long, flat and curved, bending

backwards on each side of the back almost to shoulders. The face is long and thin. The neck is somewhat

long, the limbs are light. The tail is comparatively short reaching a little blow hocks.

Production traits

Milk yield:700 to 1,200 kg per lactation.

first calving age: 45 to 50 months

inter calving period:450 to 550 days.

The bullocks are good for heavy

trotting work but slow in movement.

2.2.14. Toda:

Distribution:the Toda buffalo is a unique breed and a genetically isolated population, confined to the

Nilgiri hills of Tamilnadu. These buffaloes are reared mainly by the Toda tribes who are among the most

aboriginal inhabitants of this country. Discription: Toda buffaloes are ash grey coloured. In growing

calves, at about 2-3 months, the fawn color changes to ash grey. The horns are quite large, set wide apart,

outward, upward to form a characteristics semi-circle. Tail is long and slim extending beyond hock joint

and the switch is generally black. Udder is small and not so prom

Production traits: Average 305 day lactation milk yield (kg):501±10.6

Average daily milk yield (kg): 2.53±0.062.53±0.44 Peak milk yield (kg):6.65Average Fat%:8.27% rang (4.8 to 14%)Clean and Hygienic Milking Avoid Contamination; Keep cows clean, Maintainsanitation at barn, Reduce dirt, Develop cleanliness sense in milker, Correct use of milking machine, Get the cow ready, Keeping milking machine clean, Clean out smelly feed, Haul manure daily, Control the insects and pests, Lime the barn floor daily, Kill the flies daily, The milk pails must be cleaned, Straining done to remove the dirt After milking, milk should preferably be cooled, Herd must be zoonosis free e.g. TB 3. Management of dairy animals:

3.1. Management of Dairy Bull:

Used for Breeding, Meat and Draught, For breeding; true breed, known pedigree, selection on basis of

records and free of venerally transmittable disease, BULL IS HALF OF HERD, Purchasing bull is

expensive ,Disbudding at 10 days age, For rearing, feed properly, Separate at 3-4 months, Barns must be

in good conditions, Provide exercise to bull, Management of Dairy Bull, Gently speak while approaching,

Give something for eating, Never beat the animal, Never take stick with u, Take some green fodder with

you, Always approach from front, Always use halter to restrain animal, NEVER TRUST BULL. Ring

bull at 1 year age, Handle dairy animals safely.

3.2. Management of newly burn calves:

Management starts from the first day of life and is is life time period. management of early calf is

difficult because of High mortality,As a manager we must be ready for special care , it must be started

prior to calving, Downcalves: the animals which would calves on next month or after few days.The

animals which would calves on next 3-4 days show sign of dropping of ligaments on tail head.

Management of downcalves: Segregation of down calves, Shifting into maternal pens, Proper bedding

should be provided in the maternity pens,Ventilation, clean air, attended should be present. Hook in the

roof: in torsion case uterus made turned. Provide veterinary care. Now calves on the ground:clean the

mucous around the nostrils,let the dam to lick the calve as a result the blood circulation will

increase.Check breathing. Let the dam to lick the calf,and help the mother, if not breath properly press the

chest. Wash teat with hot water and make depullaging of teat, Clostrum feeding contain Abs, always gift

Abs from mother to calves.Weigh the calf.Disinfect the naval cord with tincture iodine.

3.3. Clostrum / milk feeding schedule:

Buffalo BW = 35, cow BW= 25 at the time of birth. Clostrum should be 10% of body weight means for

buffalo3.5 lit and for cow 2.5 lit. Absorption of Antibodies maximum in 1st half hour then getting

decreased. Milk feeding is 8% of body weight. 60% at evening ( of 8%). 40% morning( of 8%). Provide

the lush green fodder from 1st day ( sir says). Calf cage feeding shouldbe done due to sucking habit of

calves. Mortality rate is highest in 1st week due to milk temp or when make bucket feeding. As manager

note temp morning as well as evening. Within first month tattooing should be done. The temperature of

milk given to calf is 40*C which given to calf because mortality rate is highest in 1st week due to milk

temp, when calf suck the teat as a result the release of oxytocin which help in placental movement after

calving.

3.4. Management of Milk feeding

Male’s calf in buffalo case is mostly died. More than 40% mortality rate. PAMCO (Pakistan agriculture

milking corporation) DR Hamid was the first CO of PAMCO.Milk feeding: milk is directly income

commodity for farmers. Milk price increasing day by day.Milk replacer available in powder farm. i.e.

spray of, dunca milk How to prepare milk replacer: 1 gram milk powder: 9 gram water. ratio is 1:9. Price

of milk replacer is half of milk. Most mortality occur in feeding of milk replacer. Protein= 20% in milk

replacer, nature of protein in milk replacer is of animal origin. Nature of calf starter protein is of vegetable

origin. In milk replacer fat = 6-8%. In calf starter fat % = 0. Keep the hygienic level at high. Utensils of

milk replacer are thoroughly clean with detergent because fat residues are present. And fat residues are

the main source of infection. Then wash with warm water. Use hand gloves, then sundry the utensils. In

hot season air dry. Maintain milk temperature: keep the milk temp at required level at 40*C if temp is

below e.g. at 25*C then the calf will suffer from diarrhea and death may occur. Use antibiotic powder in

milk. Function: It check bacterial growth Act as growth promoter. Check rectal temp twice a day and

keep record: sub-normal temp means that calf not feed, if temp is more then it mean that there is

infection. Recommended mortality in calf is 10% . After above mentioned level the mortality rate

decrease from 10% to 1-2 %.Quality of milk /milk replacer to be fed:

Ist week 8 %of BW

2nd 10% of BW 3rd 8% of BW

4th 6% of BW

5th 5%of BW

6th 5%of BW

Time of milk feeding: at 15th day of age offer lush green fodder & calf starter( it is solid diet)

Calf starter Milk replacer

CP CP = 60

TDN TDN=> 80% Solid in diet Liquid in diet

Protein in vegetable form Protein is of animal origin

Fat= 6-8% Equal to zero When calf start feeding 600-800g/d calf starter then stop one time milk feeding. When calf start feeding

1000-1200g/d calf starter then stop both time feeding. Rennin solidify the milk in abomasum because the

others parts are not functional. Give coarse grains to make the rumen functional as early as possible.

VEAL: it is a calf that grows only on milk feeding then slaughtered; its meat is very soft.

Things to consider when formulating the milk starter:CP, TDN, Cost of feed/economic, Cotton seed

cake, Coyabean meal, canola meal. In calf starter we have to use cake because more fiber present in it.

Energy: Energy comes from the cereal grains i.e. maize. Maize= king of fodder & king of cereal Rice

polish; have oil content 8-10% most outer covering of rice=husk under husk rice, Molasses.

Calf starter

Maize 45%

Cotton seed cake 15%

Soya bean meal 15%

Wheat bran 8.5%

Molasses 10%

Rice polish 5%

Vitamins minerals 0.2%

Mineral minerals 1% CaCo3 0.3%

Maize grain should be in the ground farm,1 gram should have 10 parts or particles otherwise maize grain

will be bypassed as such. Wheat bran =8.5% give less than 10 % because of its increase fiber. Molasses

not less than 10% because it is purgative in nature. Rice polish contain oil , so there is a chances of

rancidity. Rumen synthesizes all essential Vit itself but calf rumen not fully functional. give CaCo3 in

powder farm. Maize is Ca deficient and for milk synthesis Ca is important

3.5. Management of replacement heifer

Management of heifer is most neglected & ignorable area of management because they are in non-

productive stage.Consequences on future mother due to neglection: Delay puberty, Body condition

score (BCS)will be poor, Low production life, More reproduction disorder, Hidden economic loss,

Generation interval, In 1st 1-2 year of age most highest growth occur. Investment during non-productive

stage can be compensated by the income of 1st lactation field and the profit in calf. Replacement should

be 30% in the herd. 1st calf heifer, heifer then calf 1st time, heifer after calving is called cow, cattle = 3

years, buffalo= 3.5-4 years. if feeding management is good then in cattle heifer age of puberty, cattle= 20-

24 months, buffalo 24-26 months methodology: Selection of animals 9-12 months. feed management:

At 9-12 month of age the body weight is normally 100-120 kg. DM =3kg/d of which 2/3 from roughages

and 1/3 from concentrates. ME= m6Mcal/dCP= 12-13%, RUP=110g/d, Ca=20g/d, P=10g/d, Growth/day

should never be less than 500g/d, TMR= total mixed ration is called growing ration, At 10-12 month the

animal should be 100kg , Traditionally: Ad libidum = free to eat, Greeen fodder=10% of BW, Wheat

bran=1% of BW, Concentrate supplement= 1-1.5% of BWStair step feeding: feeding at intervals

Purpose: to prevent the heifer from over-fattening, due to over-fattening reproduction disorders will

beincreases. 3 month good feeding-----then stop-------- good feeding----------- then 3 month good feeding

then stop and so on. Note: 88% of the feeding standard of NRC may be suitable for local breeds under

local condition.

Growing ration:

CP requirenent is 12-13%

CSK 20% protein

15 20×15/100=3 16 20×16/100=3.2

Canola meal 35% p

10 3.5 0 3.5

Maize gluten30%P

10 3 -

Wheat bran2%P

14 2.3 25 3.0

Maize10%P 20 2 22 2.2

Rice polish12-14%P

09 1.1 10 1.2

Molasses 0%P 15 - 16 -

Minerals0%P 02 - 0.2 -

Total 14.9 13.1 Puberty: there are two things to which it depends. Age, Weight ( if animal obtained /active 2/3 wt of

adult ( 66% or 280 kg)

DM=7.5kg, ME= 15-17 mcal/d, CP= 14-15 % , RUP= 291g/d, P= 209 , Ca= 40g

3.5.1. Cotton seed cake:

cause gossipol (antinutritional factor) give less to male because it cause reproductive disorders.All meals

are heat treated, the ingredients which is heat treated its rate of bypass is increased.20-30% of the CP will

be by-pass protein.

3.6. Effect of management on buffalo milk yield and reproduction

Milk yield in buffaloes decreases with high ambient temperature. The daily milk yield was improved from

0.75 to 1.00 kg by splashing water twice daily before milking (Sinha and Minett, 1947). Splashing water

reduced the body temperature by 0.4oC. Providing wet screens around the shed improved the feed

consumption and milk yield by 44 and 29%, respectively. In India, the conception of buffaloes has been

reported as 63 per cent, much lower than cows. Buffaloes in India and Pakistan are characterized by

seasonal pattern of calving. The peak calving season is from August to October.The marked seasonality

of buffalo milk production may be attributed to the scarcity of green fodder during Summer (April to

June). High environmental temperature shorten the estrous period in buffaloes. In India, the average daily

milk yield of buffaloes is usually 7-10 kg. The dry matter intake in lactating buffaloes is 90-125 g per kg

wt

4. Calendar of activities for day-to-day operations

4.1. Birth

Cleaning of calf, Ligation of navel cord, Protective measures against cold, Hoof trimming, Feeding of colostrum @ of 10% of calf’s body weight on day zero with about 500 ml being fed within 30 minutes of its birth without waiting for the expulsion of placenta. The remaining volume to be divided in four parts and given at an interval of six hours, Check for the passage of meconium

4.2. Week 1-2

Feeding of colostrum/transition milk to be continued @ 1-1½ kg per day in two-three divided doses from 2nd day onwards for 3-4 days for protection against calf scours and pneumonia Deworming on day 7 with piperazine hydrate @ 3g/10kg body weight mixed in feed or water for protection against ascariasis after withdrawing feed and water for 12 hrs prior to administration Protection against cold or heat stress. Dehorning as soon as horn button is visible. Identification mark using tattooing or ear implantable RFID microchip/transponder

4.3. Week 3-4 Feeding whole milk at 7% of body weight along with addition of clean water at 3% of body weight. The milk and water in two divided doses given in morning and evening. Repeat deworming with piperazine hydrate at 3 weeks of age. Feeding of small amount of crushed grains. Addition of 5-10 g mineral mixture to concentrate, once a week

4.4. Week 5-2 months

Continue feeding of whole milk at 7% of body weight along with addition of clean water at 3% of body weight. Removal of extra teats before 6 weeks of age. Showering of water twice a day during hot days. Provision of drinking water ad libitum

4.5. 2-3 months

Stoppage of milk feeding at 3 months of age. Provide green fodder @ 0.1-0.4 kg per day. Deworming with albendazole (2.5% w/v)@ 20-30 ml/100 kg at 2 and 3 months of age. Amprolium and sulphamethazine@ 5mg kg-1 and 35 mg kg-1 in feed for 15-20 days are good coccidiostats. Showering of water, twice daily, during summer season. Provision of drinking water ad libitum

4.6. 4th-6th month

Vaccination against FMD, HS and BQ at 4 months of age. Deworming with albendazole (2.5% w/v)@ 20-30 ml/100 kg at 5 months of age. Examination for coccidiosis/Eimeria spp. oocysts at 4th, 5th and 6th months of age and administration of amprolium and sulphamethazine@ 10 mg kg-1 and 140 mg kg-1 respectively, orally daily for 3-5 days in the event of infection . Screening for brucellosis and vaccination of serologically negative female calves at 6 months of age

4.7. 7th-12th month

Feed green fodder, dry fodder, concentrate and mineral mixture @ 10 kg, 0.5 kg, 1-1.5 kg and 25-30 g per day.Deworming with ivermectin oral liquid @ 200 mg/kg body weight at 7 months of age.Regular examination for coccidiosis and administration of Amprolium and sulphamethazine@ 10 mg kg-1 and 140 mg kg-1 respectively orally daily for 3-5 days in the event of infection. Booster of FMD, HS and BQ vaccines at 9 months of age. 5. Diseases related to bovine animals and there control.

5.1. Bacterial diseases Bovine brucellosis, Tuberculosis, Paratuberculosis, Haemorrhagic septicaemia, Chlamydiosis, leptospirosis, Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia Anthrax,Tetanus

5.2. Viral Diseases:

Foot-and-mouth disease, Rinderpest,Malignant catarrhal fever,Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/

infectious pustular vulvovaginitis,Blue tongue,Bovine viral diarrhea, Rabies,Ephemeral Fever, Buffalo

pox.

5.3. Parasitic diseases:

Trypanosomiasis,Ascaridiosis,Fasciolosis,Babesiosis,Theileriosis,Strongilosis,Coccidiosis,Echinococcosis/hydatidosis, Mange

5.4. Blood in Milk:

It is state of physiological hyperemia of the mammary gland that is occasionally seen towards the end of

gestation and for a short period just after parturition.

5.5. Seasonal management of diseases:

5.5.1. Winter:

In winter there should be budding for calf, deep or dense straw bedding help reduce heat loss, In winter

calf require additional energy and it should be supplied by giving additional milk,Feeding should be three

times I severe winter and warm water should be given one time/d, If calf show any disorder sign, itshould

be transferred to closed rooom, blanked should be provided and room has all facilities. Incidence of

Cryptosporidium spp. infection as well as mange is high during the month of January. In case of

infestation, application of ivermectin @ 0.2 mg per kg or 1 ml per 50 kg b. wt. gives satisfactory results.

5.5.2. Summer:

Construction and ventilation system of calf barn should be done by keeping the geographical location and

the pattern of maximum and minimum temperature of that area in mind. The calf barn should be

constructed by reminding the air movement, clean water should be provided. During summer flyies and

ticks (insects) are the main problem, clean the barn area and other measure should be taken. Crevices and

cracks in the walls which are the major hide-outs for ticks should be sprayed with acaricides, However,

after application of acaricides, the calves should be kept in shade for few days,

5.6. Major diseases and their control:

The most common diseases undoubtedly fall under the general heading of ‘Scours’ and ‘Pneumonia’. It is

fair to say that neither of these disease complexes can be considered as straightforward and predictable.

The calves are frequently infected by the organisms known to be associated with scours or pneumonia and

yet will show no clinical symptoms of the disease. Equally, buffalo calf may incubate pathogenic

organisms for days or weeks without harm and then suddenly as a result of environmental stress, fall sick.

These important diseases are best considered as a complex interaction between the host, parasite and the

environment. Here the host is buffalo calf, the parasite may be one or more of a whole range of micro-

organisms and the environment may include anything that may affect the magnitude defense against that

challenge.

5.7. Summary of common ailments of buffalo calves:

Calf Pneumonia/Enzootic bronchitis, Diarrhoea/calf scours/enteritis, Constipation, Navel-ill, Ectoparasites(Lice/Ticks/mites), Endoparasites(Round worms, tape worms, lung worms, strongyles,) Tympany/Bloat, Anemia,Hypomagnesemia, Lead poisoning

5.8. Deworming:

The farmers in field usually do not follow any recommended schedule for deworming. Most of them resort to deworming only when the calf is off-feed or when worms are observed in the faeces. The farmers are required to understand the importance of deworming and follow a recommended schedule for same. Three most common endoparasitic problems of buffalo calves are ascariasis, strongyloidosis coccidiosis and ectoparasites

6. Role of Nutrition in Health Management

Disease is not always caused by bacteria, viruses or parasites. Disease can also result from nutritional deficiency. A lack of the necessary minerals, vitamins and other nutrients may also inhibit the body's

immune response - increasing chances of infection and decreasing the body's ability to combat infection. The high yielding animals need special care in feeding and management. Certain diseases occur due to faulty feeding management practices. Sudden portioning of nutrients in excess than supply also causes certain metabolic disorders. The direct effects of animal diseases on livestock productivity are significant and include reduced feed intake, changes in digestion and metabolism, increased morbidity and mortality and decreased rates of reproduction, weight gain and milk production.The metabolic disorders often encountered are related to production especially in high yielding animals and thus are also called production diseases. The nutritional and metabolic disorders in cattle and buffaloes include

Indigestion Acidosis Tympany Milk fever Ketosis Hypomagnesaemic tetany Pica Haemoglobinurea Rheumati sundrome Selenium toxicity Vit A deficiency syndrome Plant poisoning etc.

The interactions between disease, nutrition and genetic selection emphasize the need to control the effects

of both epidemic and endemic diseases before programs introducing enhanced livestock nutrition and

improved breeds can make an impact. However, productivity and economic gains will not necessarily be

achieved by disease control alone and an integrated approach is required. On the other hand it is now

widely understood that improved feeding and nutrition with careful attention to the animals' seasonal

requirements - has an important role to play in the control of diseases. Simply put, an animal with an

adequate diet is more likely to be healthy than one with a poor diet. It is important to recognize that

better feeding of livestock covers: the quality or types of foods supplied, or given access to, the quantity

of food, as well as adjusting for seasonal requirements Some diseases that an animal can develop are

entirely due to poor diet (rather than infection by bacteria or viruses). This may be because the feed

contains a toxin that harms the animall directly, or it may be because the diet is deficient in a particular

nutrient (energy, vitamin or mineral) and the animal then develops a "deficiency disease". The

development of infectious diseases can also be affected by the animal's diet, as the proper functioning of

the animal's immune system (the system that fights off infectious disease) needs an adequate supply of

protein, vitamins and minerals. Nutrition therefore also plays a key role in the balance of health and

disease, which will decide whether an animal (when exposed to a disease-causing bacterium or virus)

stays healthy or succumbs to disease. When an animal is exposed to a bacterium, virus or other infectious

agent, the animal's immune system mounts a response to fight off that infection. This includes raising

antibodies to fight the infection, as well as using white blood cells and other "killer" cells to attack

anything (such as a virus) that it recognizes as "foreign". To mount this kind of response clearly needs

energy, materials for manufacturing the antibodies and cells, and other factors involved in communicating

messages in the parts of the animal's body involved with fighting infections.

7. Objective of dairy housing:

Provision of healthy and comfortable environment, Provision of desireable working condition, Integrate

housing with feeding, watering, milking and manure handling, Cost effective.

7.1. Planning the farm construction:

Place of farm,Topography,Water and electricity

Drainage,Sun exposure and wind direction

Approach to Market. Importance:

Provide the comfort to animals,Keeping flock

Healthy, Improve the production, Minimize the

stress

7.2. Type of housing:

Conventional Barns (tie animal (stachian or

stall)1)face to face 2) tail to tail)

Loose Housing( open paddock, free animals

except milking), Mixed housing (both type)

7.3. communal Housing:

Favored in large herds, Cheaper ,Easier to manage,

Animal sleep and rest in common area, Feeding and watering trough are common, More common in

migratory flocks, In cold area floor may be wooden

7.4. Roof:

Strong, durable, weather and water proof bad conductor of heat ,Flat roofs are preferred in low and

medium rain,Sloping are preferred in heavy rain ,Angle iron with tiles is less costly, Galvanized

iron/aluminum sheets are light & long life, Pillar required in loose housing , 15 cm galvanized iron may

be used at ease. Roof slope also affects the performance of a naturally ventilated building.

7.5. Building requirement:

Milking bran, Shed for milch/dry anima,s, Materinity pens, Sick animals shed , Calf shed, Young stock

shed, Bull shed, Milk room, Feed cutting and storage room

8. Factor affecting the lactation length and total lactation milk yield:

Sex of calf: The avg lactating length of 305 ±2.57 was found in those of the buffalo which give birth to

male calves and in female calf it is 297 ± 2.51 in female calf. Also the calf sex also affected the lactation

milk field of buffalo and it mean difference is 200-300 kg milk per lactation. Season of calving:It has

non-significant affect on lactation length but the total milk production of buffalo was significantly

decreased. The milk yield was lowest in buffalo which calves in autumn and highest in those which

Calves in spring. Sire:It has significant effect on lactation length and milk production. The lactation

length ranges from 273 ± 19 to 350± 9 for bull. Also it affects the milk yield in daughters.

9. Transportation of animals:

9.1. Guideline:

Know about quarantine guide of local area, Prepare the animal before transportation, Well fitting head

collar & rope, Transport animals in groups separately, Diseased animal require special supervision, Feed

and water your animals 2 hrs before journey, Grains must reduced 48hrs prior to travelling, Watering

arrangement must be checked, Exercise during long journey , First aid arrangement, Seriously injured

must treat as early as possible, Check vehicle for safety and cleanliness, Restrain properly if animal kicks,

hock boots may be arranged, If weather is cold, woolen rug will provide warmth, If hot than summer

sheet is sufficient, Animal must be protected from sun and rain, Ensure ventilation, Remove the dung

frequently, Animal must be vaccinated, Animal must be marked and tagged securely, Arrange ramps,

Proper bedding in vehicle, Fire precaution, Quite and docile must be loaded first and nervous and

troublesome last, Secure your animal inside the trailer. Close all doors and latch or lock them. Hit the

road. Remember to try and avoid highways and to always drive at or slightly below the speed limit.

9.2. Means of transportation:

By Road: Allow plenty of time while loading if shy, Ramp must be leveled, Cover the ramp with non

slip rubber, Bamboo poles can be used to separate animals (8cm), Face animal away from traffic,

Each truck carry 4-6 animals, Speed must not exceed 50km/hr Starting, turning be done slowly, Care

while loading, Allow animal to settle in vehicle, Feed in hands may be handy, Remove poles if

claustrophobia, Hay net may provided By Air: speedy and efficient, Fare no of animals (50), Cost is

disadvantage, Load the animals in boxes, Two animal in a box/pens, Floor protected by wood

shavings with polyethylene sheets, Tranquillizers may administered, Provide hay nets, By Sea:

Inspect the ship for fitting, Ship like shelter deck type, with mechanical ventilation, drainage and

room for exercise, Clean the ships one a day during exercise Time, Face to face lines, Passage in two

rows must not less than 1.5m, Last tri master female animal must not allow to travel

Rumen:

the rumen resemble a large laterally compressed sac, which fill almost the entire left half of the abdomen

and crosses the midline into the right half with the caudoventral portion. It extends from the diaphragm

cranially to the pelvic inlet caudally. The rumen has a parietal surface adjacent to the diaphragm and the

left lateral and ventral adbominal wall and a visceral surface, against the liver, the intestine the omasum,

the abomasum. These surfaces meet in the dorsal curvature, against the roof abdominal cavity and in the

ventral curvature towards the floor of the abdominal cavity.

The rumen is divided into several portion by the inflection of the wall the pillars of the rumen which

projects into the lumen. The ruminal portion are the

Ventral sac with the ruminal recess

Dorsal sac

Cranial sac

Caudodorsal blind sac

Caudoventral blind sac

These subdivisions are visible on the external surface as grooves that correspond to the position of all

these folds. The principle ruminal pillars encircle the whole organs dividing it into the ventral and dorsal

major sacs. These are marked externally by the left and right longitudinal grooves. The right longitudinal

pillars split into the 2 branches which encircle the area of right wall of the rumen which is referred as the

ruminal inland the 2 longitudinal grooves are connected cranially and caudally to the transverse grooves.

Lesser coronary pillars mark the caudal blind sac and are visible as groove on the external surface of the

rumen. The most cranial part of the caudal sac form the cranial sac of the rumen, also called the atrium of

the rumen, which has a wide communication with the reticulum through the food passes from the rumen

into the reticulum and viceversa thus playing an important role in remastication.

The division of the rumen from the reticulum is achieved by the ruminoreticular fold. And is an inflection

of the wall similar to the subdivision of the rumen. The ventral ruminal sac is extended cranially to farm

the ruminal recess. The ruminl papillae are not developed over the centre of the roof or the free margins

of the pillars individual papillae show a greater variation in form and size: they vary from the eleviation

through conical and tongue like form to flattened leaves, prominence farm and the density largely

expends upon the diet the animal is fed on. Increasing the amount of rough food result in the shortening of

the papillae whereas increases the energy content of the diet cause the papillae to become larger as seen in

the cow during the lactaiton. Similar adaptive mechanism are also seen in wild ruminants, in which

proliferation and regression of the papillae depends on the season

Digestive system difference:

Stomach of buffalo is larger than the cattle as per unit of the body wt. in-fact the buffalo has a larger

rumen- reticulum wt and smaller small intestine length than the cattle. And larger large intestine

Following difference in the swamp buffalo compare with the crossbred buffalo, fed on rice straw: longer

rumination 25-38% and retain the digesta in the rumen for the shorter time -35% than the cattle. Buffalo

spend 53% more time rumination than cattle and large pool of fed particles in the rumen. Higher urea

transfer from the blood to the rumen and faster passage of particulate digesta through the rumen. The

buffalo also show 30% shorter mean resistance time particularly matter in the fore-stomach than the

cattle. Buffalo were more efficient than propelling chewed particles from the rumen and has greater

proportion of the particles subjected to the ruminative chewing.

Microbial metabolism in the rumen:

In general buffalo have shown higher ruminal ammonia and VFAs concentration than the cattle and

higher microbial protein synthesis. Efficiency of net micribial protein synthesis was higher in buffalo than

the cattle. Higher conc. of bacterial was detected in the rumen of buffalo than the cattle fed on various

feeding system. Buffalo has higher proteolytic and cellulytic bacterial population and the similar

amylolytic sp than cattle. However the specific cellulase activity was significantly was lower in buffalo

than the cattle. Higher conc. of protozoal has been observed in the buffalo fed on roughage and straw as

based feeding system than the cattle. contrarily lower cilia has been observed in buffalo compared to

cattle. Several researches have beef found that the higher proportion of species belonging to the subfamily

diplodiniinea than entodinium sp in buffalo. The endodonium sp utilize starch grains as source of energy

and protozoa diplodiniinae may ingest fragments of plants.

Vaccination schedule

s.no diseases Animal Vaccine Dose immunity Time of vaccine

1 FMD All cloven footed animals

Polyvalent EMD vaccine

3ml. S/C

1 year February and December

2 Haemorrhagic septisaemia

Cattle, buffalo HS vaccine 5ml. S/C

6 months and 1 year

May-june

3 Black quarter Cattle, buffalo BQ vaccine 5ml. S/C

6months and 1 year

May-june

4 Anthrax Sheep, goat Anthrax spore vaccine

1ml. S/C

1 year May-june

5 Entero-toxemia Sheep, goat ET vaccine

5ml. S/C

1 year May-june

6 CCPP Sheep, goat IVRI vaccine 0.2ml. S/C

1 year -

7 PPR Sheeep,goat PPR vaccine 1ml. S/C

3 year -

8 brucella Female cattl, and buffalo calf age 4-8 months only

Brucella vaccine

2ml. S/C

1 year -

9 Theileriosis Cattle and calves above 2 months of age

Thelleria vaccine

3ml. S/C

1 year -

10 Rabies All species of animals

Rabies post bite vaccine

1ml. S/C

1 year 0,3,7,14,28,90, days