SYRUPS

SYRUPS ARE CONCENTRATED

AQUEOUS PREPARATIONS OF A SUGAR OR SUGAR SUBSTITUTE WITH OR WITHOUT FLAVORING AGENTS

MEDICATED SYRUP NONMEDICATED SYRUP

MEDICATED SYRUPS SYRUPS CONTAINING A

THERAPEUTIC AGENT

EXAMPLES: DEMEROL SYRUP THORAZINE SYRUP PHENERGAN SYRUP LITHIUM CITRATE SYRUP GUAIFENESIN SYRUP IPECAC SYRUP

NONMEDICATED SYRUPS SYRUPS CONTAINING

FLAVORING AGENTS BUT NOT MEDICINAL SUBSTANCES

EXAMPLES: COCOA SYRUP CHERRY SYRUP ORANGE SYRUP

COMPONENTS OF SYRUPS1. SUCROSE AND NONSUCROSE2. ANTIMICROBIAL PRESERVATIVES3. FLAVORANTS4. COLORANTS

SUCROSE AND NONSUCROSE-BASED

SYRUPSSUCROSE → IS THE SUGAR MOST FREQUENTLY EMPLOYED IN SYRUPS → USED TO PROVIDE SWEETNESS AND VISCOSITY

MOST SYRUPS CONTAIN A HIGH PROPORTION OF SUCROSE, USUALLY 60% - 80%

ANTIMICROBIAL PRESERVATIVES→ THE AMOUNT OF A

PRESERVATIVE REQUIRED TO PROTECT A SYRUP AGAINST MICROBIAL GROWTH

COMMONLY USED PRESERVATIVES IN SYRUPS WITH THE USUALLY EFFECTIVE CONCENTRATIONS:

BENZOIC ACID SODIUM BENZOATEMETHLYPARABENS PROPYLPARABENS BUTYLPARABENS

0.1%

0.1%-0.2%

FLAVORANTS MOST SYRUPS ARE FLAVORED W/ SYNTHETIC FLAVORANTS OR W/ NATURAL OCCURRING MATERIALS SUCH AS VOLATILE OILS (E.G., ORANGE OIL), VANILLIN, ETC., TO RENDER THE SYRUP PLEASANT TASTING.

BECAUSE SYRUPS ARE AQUEOUS PREPARATIONS, THESE FLAVORANTS MUST BE WATER SOLUBLE.

COLORANTSTO ENHANCE THE APPEAL OF THE SYRUP, A COLORING AGENT THAT CORRELATES WITH THE FLAVORANT EMPLOYED (I.E., GREEN W/ MINT, BROWN W/ CHOCOLATE, ETC.) IS USED.

GENERALLY, THE COLORANT IS WATER SOLUBLE, NONREACTIVE W/ THE OTHER SYRUP COMPONENTS, AND COLOR STABLE AT THE pH RANGE.

PREPARATION OF SYRUPS

1. SOLUTION W/ THE AID OF HEAT2. SOLUTION BY AGITATION W/OUT THE AID OF HEAT1. ADDITION OF SUCROSE TO A MEDICATED LIQUID OR TO A FLAVORED LIQUID1. PERCOLATION

SOLUTION W/ THE AID OF HEAT IN THIS METHOD, THE SUGAR IS

GENERALLY ADDED TO THE PURIFIED WATER, AND HEAT IS APPLIED UNTIL THE SUGAR IS DISSOLVED.

THEN, OTHER HEAT-STABLE COMPONENTS ARE ADDED TO THE HOT SYRUP, THE MIXTURE IS ALLOWED TO COOL, AND ITS VOLUME IS ADJUSTED TO THE PROPER LEVEL BY THE ADDITION OF PURIFIED WATER.

IF VOLATILE SUBSTANCES, SUCH AS VOLATILE FLAVORING OILS AND ALCOHOL, ARE TO BE ADDED, THEY ARE GENERALLY ADDED TO THE SYRUP AFTER THE SUGAR IS DISSOLVED BY HEAT, AND THE SOLUTION IS RAPIDLY COOLED TO ROOM TEMPERATURE.

SOLUTION W/ THE AID OF HEAT

SOLUTION BY AGITATION W/O THE AID OF HEAT IN THIS METHOD, SUCROSE AND OTHER FORMULATIVE AGENTS MAY BE DISSOLVED IN PURIFIED WATER BY PLACING THE INGREDIENTS IN A VESSEL LARGER THAN THE VOLUME OF SYRUP TO BE PREPARED, PERMITTING THOROUGH AGITATION OF THE MIXTURE.

SOLUTION BY AGITATION W/O THE AID OF HEAT THIS PROCESS IS MORE TIME CONSUMING THAN THE USE OF HEAT, BUT THE PRODUCT HAS MAXIMUM STABILITY. SOMETIMES SIMPLE SYRUP OR SOME OTHER NONMEDICATED SYRUP, RATHER THAN SUCROSE, IS EMPLOYED AS THE SWEETENING AGENT AND VEHICLE.

ADDITION OF SUCROSE TO A

MEDICATED/FLAVORED LIQUID

OCASSIONALLY A MEDICATED LIQUID, SUCH AS A TINCTURE OR FLUIDEXTRACT W/C CONTAINS ALCOHOL-SOLUBLE CONSTITUENTS AND ARE PREPARED W/ ALCOHOLIC OR HYDROALCOHOLIC VEHICLES, W/C IS THEN EMPLOYED AS THE SOURCE OF MEDICATION IN THE PREPARATION OF SYRUP.

ADDITION OF SUCROSE TO A

MEDICATED/FLAVORED LIQUID IF THE ALCOHOL-SOLUBLE

COMPONENTS ARE DESIRED MEDICINAL AGENTS, SOME MEANS OF RENDERING THEM WATER- SOLUBLE IS EMPLOYED.

ADDITION OF SUCROSE TO A

MEDICATED/FLAVORED LIQUID

HOWEVER, IF THE ALCOHOL-SOLUBLE ARE UNDESIRABLE OF THE CORRESPONDING SYRUP, THEY ARE GENERALLY REMOVED BY MIXING THE TINCTURE/FLUIDEXTRACT W/ WATER, ALLOWING THE MIXTURE TO STAND UNTIL SEPARATION OF THE WATER-SOLUBLE AGENTS IS COMPLETE, AND FILTERING THEM FROM THE MIXTURE.

ADDITION OF SUCROSE TO A

MEDICATED/FLAVORED LIQUID

THE FILTRATE IS THE MEDICATED LIQUID TO W/C THE SUCROSE IS ADDED IN THE PREPARATION OF THE SYRUP.

IF THE TINCTURE OR FLUIDEXTRACT IS MISCIBLE W/ AQUEOUS PREPARATIONS, IT MAY BE ADDED DIRECTLY TO SIMPLE SYRUP OR TO A FLAVORED SYRUP.

PERCOLATION IN THIS METHOD, EITHER SUCROSE MAY BE PERCOLATED TO PREPARE THE SYRUP OR THE SOURCE OF THE MEDICINAL COMPONENT MAY BE PERCOLATED TO FORM AN EXTRACTIVE TO W/C SUCROSE OR SYRUP MAY BE ADDED.

ELIXIRS

ELIXIRS ARE CLEAR, SWEETENED HYDROALCOHOLIC SOLUTIONS INTENDED FOR ORAL USE AND ARE USUALLY FLAVORED TO ENHANCE THEIR PALATABILITY. SOLVENTS USED ARE : WATER, ALCOHOL, GLYCERINE & PROPYLENE GLYCOL.

MEDICATED ELIXIRS NONMEDICATED ELIXIRS

MEDICATED ELIXIRS ELIXIRS THAT ARE EMPLOYED

FOR THE THERAPEUTIC BENEFIT OF THE MEDICINAL AGENT.

EXAMPLES: DEXAMETHASONE ELIXIR - ADRENOCORTICAL STEROID DIPHENHYDRAMINE HCl ELIXIR - ANTIHISTAMINE LANOXIN Pd. ELIXIR - CARDIOTONIC PHENOBARBITAL ELIXIR - SEDATIVE & HYPNOTICS

NONMEDICATED ELIXIRS ELIXIRS THAT ARE EMPLOYED

AS VEHICLES.

MOST COMMONLY USED: AROMATIC ELIXIR COMPOUND BENZALDEHYDE ELIXIR ISOALCOHOLIC ELIXIR

PREPARATION OF ELIXIRS ELIXIRS ARE USUALLY PREPARED BY

SIMPLE SOLUTION W/ AGITATION AND/OR BY ADMIXTURE OF TWO OR MORE LIQUID INGREDIENTS.

ALCOHOL-SOLUBLE AND WATER-SOLUBLE COMPONENTS ARE GENERALLY DISSOLVED SEPARATELY IN ALCOHOL AND IN PURIFIED WATER, RESPECTIVELY.

TINCTURES

TINCTURES ARE ALCOHOLIC OR HYDROALCOHOLIC SOLUTIONS PREPARED FROM VEGETABLE MATERIALS OR FROM CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES.

CONTAINS 15% - 80% ALCOHOL.