Interdisciplinary Project

Class- IX-AGroup-6

Why do bacteria invade the body?

• The main reason why bacteria invade the bodies of human beings and other animals is because those bodies harbor environments where the bacteria can survive and multiply. Body fluids, such as plasma, are rich in sugars, vitamins, minerals and other chemicals which bacteria can use as nutrients.

How do bacteria get into the body?

By direct contact with a person who is infected with that bacterium. A common example of this method of infection is Meningitis, which is caused by the bacterium Neisseria Meningitidis.

By consuming contaminated food or water. Many infections happen this way, such as Salmonella, Cholera and Typhoid.

• Through dust or liquid droplets in the air. Tuberculosis, caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, can be contracted in this way, by coming into contact with sputum expectorated (coughed-up) by a person infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

• By puncture wounds, such as animal or inset bites. Examples include the Rabies virus, which can be contracted through a bite from an infected animal, and Malaria, which can be contracted through a bite from a mosquito that carries the malaria virus.

From Incurable to Curable to Eradication??

Tuberculosis• Tuberculosis, commonly known as TB, is a bacterial

infection that can spread through the lymph nodes and bloodstream to any organ in your body. It is most often found in the lungs. Most people who are exposed to TB never develop symptoms because the bacteria can live in an inactive form in the body. But if the immune system weakens, such as in people with HIV or elderly adults, TB bacteria can become active. In their active state, TB bacteria cause death of tissue in the organs they infect. Active TB disease can be fatal if left untreated.

When it enters our body:• The person becomes infected with TB.

• The body detects it’s invasion and sends out it’s sends special type of cells which engulf this bacterium and form a bond. If it is neutralized the patients has LATENT TB.

• It’s means that he/she is NOT SICK but in 5% of the cases, where the immune system is overwhelmed they can become ACTIVE.

What does the body do to protect itself?

The human body protects itself from infection in many different ways. The first lines of defence are known as barrier defences. The main points of entry into the body are the skin, the eyes, the respiratory tract and the gastrointestinal tract.

The skin protects itself by exuding secretions from the sweat and sebaceous glands, which contain fatty acids that inhibit the growth of bacteria. Also, the skin is constantly renewing itself, by allowing the top layers of cells to die and be replaced by newer cells from underneath.

The stomach protects itself by containing a strong acid, in which it is very difficult for bacteria to survive.

The intestines are protected by the fact there is already a large population of bacteria living there, which means that any invading bacteria has to compete with the existing bacteria to find a niche for itself. The existing bacteria, known as the normal flora, occupy most of the available niches, produce anti-biotic chemicals which inhibit invaders, and may also outcompete invaders for the available food supply.

If the invading organism manages to bypass all of these defenses, the immune system then swings into action.

Prevention

To avoid getting an active TB infection:• Do not spend long periods of time in stuffy,

enclosed rooms with anyone who has active TB until that person has been treated for at least 2 weeks.

• Use protective measures, such as face masks, if you work in a facility that cares for people who have untreated TB.

• If you live with someone who has active TB, help and encourage the person to follow treatment instructions.

Home Treatment

• Healthy eating and exercise• During treatment for TB, eat healthy foods

and get enough sleep and some exercise to help your body fight the infection.

• If you are losing too much weight, eat balanced meals with enough protein and calories to help you keep weight on. If you need help, ask to talk with a registered dietitian.

Be Safe!

“NOTE”

Made by:-MUSKAN TANWAR This task was assigned to Pushpanjali of

class IX-A from group 6. The powerpoint presentation made by her was not up to the expectations nor it was according to the topic when asked to change it she said that

“let it be ma’am won’t see it and if she see I will talk to her”.

because it is a group work I had to do her task or else we won’t get marks.