Water organization in India

and RussiaLoganathan ashok kumar

Thirugnananm sujatha

Group 20

CONTENTS

• SOURCES OF WATER IN INDIA

• DEVELOPING PROJECTS IN WATER

SYSTEM

• DRINKING WATER SPECIFICATIONS IN

INDIA AND RUSSIA

• COMPARISSION OF SANITARY ZONES

BETEEN INDIA AND RUSSIA

• REFERENCES

Drinking water

1.Free from pathogenic agents

2. Free from harmful chemical factors

3. Pleasant to the taste

4. Usable for domestic purposes

A daily supply of 150 to 200 litres (35-40 gallons) per head is considered an

adequate allowance.

The consumption of water, however, depends upon climatic conditions, standard

of living and habits of the people.

The larger the quantity and the better the quality of water, the more rapid and

drinking water source

Sewage Waterrecycle

lake river

Surface water

Under ground

water source

Major types

Rainwater

Quality of water must be acceptable,

The quantity must be sufficient to meet present and future requirements .

Uses of water

Domestic

use

Public

use

Industrial

use Agro use

for drinking,

cooking,

washing and

bathing

for public

cleansing,

fire-fighting,

maintenance

of public

gardens and

swimming

pools

Without water,

there cannot be

any industrial

development.

Some industries

like the iron and

steel and paper

industry need

quite a lot of

water

The food and raw

materials needed

by the world

cannot be raised

without water. It

is therefore an

essential factor in

the economic,

social and

cultural

development.

Common problem in using water

sources

(1) Biological Hazards

(2) Chemical Hazards

(3) Hardness of water(a) Soft water = Less than 1 (<50 mg/l)

(b) Moderately hard =1-3 (50-150 mg/l)

(с) Hard water =3-6(150-300 тдЛ)

(d) Very hard water =over 6 (> 300 mg/l)

Progress

Distribution

to

people

Water

Sanitation

Water

storage

Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3

Water storage

Water is drawn out from the source and stored in artificial reservoirs,

Storage provides a reserve of water from which further pollution is excluded,

As a result of storage, a very considerable amount of purification takes place:(3

types following below)

Physical

By mere storage,

the quality of water

improves. About 90

per cent of the

suspended

impurities settle

down in 24 hours

by gravity. The

water becomes

clearer

Chemical

Certain chemical changes

also take place during

storage. The aerobic

bacteria oxidize the organic

matter present in the water

with the aid of dissolved

oxygen. As a result, the

content of free ammonia is

reduced and a rise in

nitrates occurs

Biological

A large drop takes place in

bacterial count during storage.

The pathogens are gradually

die out. It is found that when

river water is stored the total

bacterial count drops by as

much as 90 per cent in the first

5-7 days. This is one of the

greatest benefits of storage.

The optimum period of storage

of river water is considered to

be about 10-14 days

Water storage

Water sanitation

Department of Water Supply and

Sanitation of India

SURVEILLANCE OF DRINKING WATER

QUALITY

Surveillance of drinking water is essentially a health measure. It is intended

to protect the public from water-borne diseases. The elements of a surveillance

programme are :

1. Sanitary Survey :

The sanitary survey is an on-the-spot inspection and evaluation by a

qualified person of the entire water supply system. The purpose of the survey is

detection and correction of faults and deficiencies. A sanitary survey is essential

for adequate interpretation of laboratory results.

2. Sampling :

Sampling of water should be done with the thoroughness of a surgical

operation, with the observation of similar aseptic precautions, for upon it

depends the results of analysis. It should be carried out by competent and

trained personnel in strict accordance with the methods and frequency of

sampling prescribed in the WHO 'International Standards for Drinking water (10)

or the ICMR 'Manual of Standards of Quality for Drinking Water Supplies' (22).

The methods of sampling are set out briefly in Appendix II.

3. Bacteriological Surveillance :

The tests usually employed in water bacteriology are presumptive coliform

test, tests for the detection of faecal streptococci and Cl. perfringens and colony

count. A complete bacteriological examination consists of all these tests.

Water distribution

Intermittent

supply continuous

supply

water is delivered only during fixed

hours. disadvantages :

(1) the pipes may be empty during times

of emergency

(2) people need to store water in

containers which may not be clean

always. The safe water is likely to be

rendered unsafe through improper

storage

(3) when the pipes are empty, there is

negative pressure and by what is

known as back-siphoning, bacteria

and foul gases may be sucked in

through leaky joints

Flowing water available 24

hours is therefore desirable,

although it may entail some

wastage of water through

misuse.

The supply of water in most

cities in India is intermittent.

Water distributionWATER SUPPLY THROUGH VEHICLES…. STATE : TAMILNADU

Water distribution

DUAL WATER SUPPLY:

In Calcutta, there is a dual water supply system, i.e., one

set of pipes supplying filtered water for personal use and

the other set supplying unfiltered water for flushing toilets,

washing roads and other civic purposes. The greatest

drawback of the dual system is that people may mistake

one for the other through ignorance. The possibility of

cross-connection constitutes a serious health hazard.

GROUND WATER

Artificial groundwater recharge For many centuries, surface storages

and gravity flow has been the main source of irrigation for Indian

agriculture. However, over the last four decades, while surface

irrigation has been gradually declining, groundwater irrigation through

small private tube wells has been flourishing.

By 2005, groundwater contributed to 61 percent of the gross irrigated

area, but this contribution could be even more if it accounts all the

conjunctive water use in the canal command areas.

Contrary to what most claim, groundwater irrigation has spread

everywhere, even outside canal command areas where recharge from

surface return-flows could not have reached. The tube well boom has

made a significant part of India's agriculture production and rural

livelihoods depend on groundwater irrigation, but also made large

areas prone to over exploitation.

Ground water irrigation

GROUND WATER IRRIGATION

Sustaining groundwater irrigation is essential for a country like India for many

reasons. Groundwater irrigation:

1. gives large spatially distributed social benefits to vast rural areas, which

surface irrigation has not reached or cannot reach, and benefit a large number

of smallholders in Indian agriculture;

2. is more efficient, thus allowing better application of agriculture inputs and

crop intensification and diversification. This gives higher yields and income per

unit land than in canal command areas, and

3. is a better mechanism for drought proofing. It can also mitigate impacts due

to climate change. For sustainable groundwater irrigation, India needs to invest

more in artificial recharge in many locations and better managements of aquifer

storages. India already

has in place a National Master Plan for Groundwater Recharge, augmenting

the resources annually by another 38 BCM. The program, costing Rs. 24500

crore (USD 6 billion at January 2008 exchange rate), can achieve its potential

benefits by addressing the shortcoming of the master plan.

Govt. management.

FLOOD AND

DROUGHT IN INDIA

The rain fed agriculture contributes

meagerly to current food Production.

It covers about 60 percent of the

crop area but contributes to only

one-third of the of the food grain

production.

Rain is the main source of water and

India is likely to fulfill her water

source through monsoons in all

seasons.

The areas regularly haunted by

droughts are those receiving low

(generally below 75 cm annually)

and highly unreliable (variability over

40 per cent) rainfall and with

inadequate irrigation facilities. In all

77 districts receiving less than 75 cm

of rainfall per annum are droughts

prone.

FLOOD IN INDIA

India has come across

disasters of flood and

drought every year .

The recent major disaster

happened in Uttarkhand

state of northern part of

India owing to be one of the

great disasters of world

flood listings.

About 10000 people were

killed and 19000 people

were stranded without

home and food. Landslides

were the major

consequences of the flood

Inter – Link River Project of INDIA

NATIONAL RIVER LINK

PROJECT• NRLP proposes to build 30 river links and more than

3000 storages to connect 37 Himalayan and Peninsular

rivers.

This project is yet in paper format not yet come into real but

the project has been passed to government of India and

will be on work in future.

The NRLP water transfers envisage easing the water

shortages in Western and Southern India, while mitigating

the impacts of recurrent floods in Eastern India.

NRLPMERITS

provide additional irrigation to

35 million ha of crop area and

water supply to domestic and

industrial sectors;

add 34 GW of hydro-power

potential to the national grid;

mitigate floods in Eastern

India; and

facilitate various other

economic activities such as

internal navigation, fisheries,

groundwater recharge, and

environmental flow of water-

scarce rivers.

DISADVANTAGES

Due to climatic changes , the

surplus and deficit parts of India

change ,

This project also involves

neighboring countries such as

Bangladesh leading to tensions

and disagreements from them

As this is manual scheme of

shifting of rivers , this may bring

enormous silt roads, landslides

,hills , plateaus, seismic belts and

gorges for large scale transfer of

water artificially

Very expensive project

DRINKING WATER

SPECIFICATIONS

Num. CHARACTERISTICS PERMISSIBLE

LIMITS IN INDIA

(mg/l)

PERMISSIBLE LIMITS

IN RUSSIA (mg/l)

1. pH VALUE 6.5 TO 8.5 6 TO 9

2. TOTAL HARDNESS 600 700

3. IRON 1.0 3.0

4. FLUORIDE 1.5 0

5. NITRATE 100 45

6. SULFATE 400 500

7. COPPER 1.5 1.0

8. LEAD NO RELAXATION 0.03

9. ZINC 15 5.0

10. Cadmium 0.01 0.001

11. ARSENIC 0 0.05

SANITARY PROTECTION

OF WATER SOURCESIN INDIA AND RUSSIA

PURPOSE OF PROTECTION

ZONESDrinking Water Safety Plans are likely to identify the need for improvements at each stage of the supply chain, namely:

• Better protection of sources;

• Improved removal of contaminants

• whether microbiological or chemical;

• Protection of distribution systems; and

• Prevention of contamination in households.

PROTECTION OF SOURCE IN

INDIA

Protection zones in India

Protection of source consists of two portions :

inner protection zone

extended protection zone

Inner protection zone

with a radius of 10 – 20 m, all activities

posing a risk of contamination are restricted

(e.g. farming, grazing, firing, application of

pesticides and fertilizers, construction of

latrines, use of chemicals, etc.).

It should only be planted with grass - all

trees and bushes should be uprooted.

Extended protection zone

at least 100m in radius, should be put up. Its

size depends on the depth and the type of

the covering soil.

The required radius thus increases if

the spring catchment is close to the surface

and if the soil is highly permeable .

Sanitary regulations in Russia

“Zones of sanitary protection of water

sources and water supply potable” is

developed on the basis of the federal law

from march 30, 1999 No:52-FZ.

They define the sanitary and epidemiological

requirements for organization and operation

of sanitary protection zone of water sources

and water supply and drinking purpose .

SANITARY PROTECTION ZONES

In Russian federation, three sanitary

protection zones are organized.

❶ First zone – is the maximum security

zone .

❷ Second zone are belt restrictions

❸ Third zone

First Zone

• Includes the territory intake locations ,areas of water supply facilities and water conveyance channel.

• Purpose – protection of places intake and accidental or deliberate pollution and damage.

• Plan of SPZ - 1: 500 – 1:1000

• The boundary of first zone in the underground water source protection is not less than 30m from the water intake.

• For surface water source protection it is planned to be not less than 100m from the water intake at the river or reservoirs.

• From the standpipe not less than 10m.

Activities in the first zone

The purpose of the activities is the maximum reduction of microbial and chemical contamination of water supply sources, with current technology allows processing to ensure obtaining drinking water.

Not allowed any descent wastewater, including sewage water transport, as well as bathing, washing clothes, watering livestock and other uses that affect water quality.

Navigable waters of the receiving water shall be installed with light buoys.

Second zone

• Includes area of protection of water sources

from water pollution.

• Boundaries of the second zone is

determined depending on the natural

climatic and hydrological conditions.

• Plan of the belt – 1:10000- 1: 25000

• The boundary is determined by the

hydrodynamic calculations based on the

conditions of the microbial contamination

entering the aquifer outside the second

zone.

Activities in the second zoneo Avoidance of wastewater in the catchment area water

source, including its tributaries do not meet hygienic requirements for the protection of surface waters.

o Regulation designated areas for new construction of residential, industrial and agricultural facilities, as well as changes in technology harmonization of existing enterprises related to increased severity of pollution by sewage water source.

o The use of chemical methods of combating eutrophication is permitted provided the use of drugs, having a positive sanitary-epidemiological conclusion.

o Identify objects, polluting water sources, the development of specific protection measures, secured funding sources, contractors and agreed with the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Surveillance.

Third zone

• Is designed to protect the aquifer from

chemical contamination

• Boundary determined by hydrodynamic

calculations.

• It mostly coincides with the boundaries of

secondary zone.

Reference

• Park’s textbook of preventive and social medicine

• http://www.ohranatruda.ru/ot_biblio/normativ/data_normativ/11/11336/index.

php

• http://www.sswm.info/category/implementation-tools/water-

sources/hardware/surface-water-sources/water-source-protection

• www.wikipedia.com

• СанПиН 2.1.4.1110-02

• САНПИН 2.1.4.1074-01

• http://www.mdws.gov.in

• hppcb.gov.in / eiasorang / spec ( Indian govt. page)

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_purification

THANK YOU….