Concas G., Pani F. E., Porru S.

Agile Group, University of Cagliari

Content Management in Digital Libraries

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Aims of the work

✔ The development of models to formalize knowledge has been studied and analyzed. Many disciplines develop standardized formalization of knowledge.

✔ The purpose of this work is to formalize knowledge applying a simple process of applying a systematic analysis to structure and manage knowledge.

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Goal

✔ Defining a taxonomy able to represent knowledge through an iterative combined approach.

✔ This taxonomy provides innovative metadata with respect to the classification of resources, that play a fundamental role in the context of modern digital libraries.

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Outline

✔ The issue of management of metadata associated with multimedia objects

✔ Related work✔ The proposed approach✔ Defining a taxonomy able to represent knowledge✔ Conclusions

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Issues

✔ Metadata standards provide information only for a particular type of multimedia object, or for a restricted set of multimedia objects.

✔ It is difficult to integrate different metadata standards, because of the overlapping in functionality and their semantic ambiguity.

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Related work

✔ M3O is a modelling framework that targets the multimedia metadata standard integration issues by abstracting from existing standards.

✔ Media Resource Ontology is an ontology based on the mapping definition of many different multimedia metadata standards.

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The issue of Italian libraries

✔ Italian libraries work independently, and at the same time are integrated into a cooperative system based on a national network, the SBN, which was founded in 1985 and promoted by the Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Cultural Activities in cooperation with the Regions and the University.

✔ In recent years they have the problem to manage new kind of digital contents, like: ebook, photos, video, UGC.

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Proposed approach

✔ The basic idea of our study is to formalize the metadata of multimedia contents that can be managed in a “library management system”, the multimedia content (books, journals, ebooks, videos, audios, ecc.) are our domain of knowledge.

✔ Our approach wants to define a taxonomy able to represent knowledge through an iterative combined approach, where top-down and bottom-up analyses are applied on the knowledge domain we want to represent.

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Top-down analysis

✔ With the TD approach the knowledge of interest on the domain was defined, following the specifications and the analysis of the ontologies and other classifications (like standards used for multimedia objects and libraries), in order to define a reference taxonomy.

✔ The output of this phase will be a first taxonomy with all the elements of knowledge formalized through the definition of the reference metadata.

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Bottom-up analysis

✔ The BU approach started from the selection of some standards used in the domain of interest, to pinpoint the knowledge in them. Then, these contents were classified with the taxonomy previously defined and the mapping rules between contents and taxonomy.

✔ With this stage we obtained a complete representation of the knowledge which can be found on the chosen standrds, but not a usable one because it had not been classified yet.

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Integration phase

We checked if the information of our representation of knowledge coming from the TD can be found in the tables coming from the BU, verifying if it exists in the taxonomy or have the same semantic of an already defined metadata.

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Case study: a Multimedia Italian Libraries Management Systems

✔ Our approach has been applied to the domain of Italian Libraries and his Management Systems.

✔ We consider the case of Italian libraries, which have moved from holding mainly printed resources to a collection that includes also multimedia objects, such as music, databases, ebooks, audio sources, and websites, over the last decade.

✔ The goal of the case study is a management system with innovative features for semantic search and digital content management.

✔ We need a taxonomy to implement these new features.

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Case Study: Top-Down analysis

✔ We use standards for processing and storing standardized and proprietary information relating to the contents of a file as a starting point of this domain.

✔ With the TD analysis, it is possible to have a complete modelling of the domain of multimedia content properties starting from the standards:

✗ Dublin Core – OAI✗ Dublin Core – new profile – no OAI✗ MAG 2.0 (the italian standard for library

interoperability)✗ UGC (based on XMP, Exif, etc.)

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Case Study: Top-Down analysis

Our next step was the direct mapping between metadata: same meaning, same format, and same data type.

Dublin Core OAI compliant

Dublin Core non OAI compliant MAG 2.0 UGC

dc.format mag.metadigit.bib.format

dc.format.extent

dc.format.medium

dc.identifier mag.metadigit.bib.identifier atom.feed.entry.id

mag.metadigit.stru.element. identifier yt.videoid

dc.identifier.bibliographicCitation

dc.source mag.metadigit.bib.source

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Case Study: Bottom-Up analysis

✔ BU analysis is divided into 3 phases: data collection, grouping, and selection.

✔ The repositories that were used as reference offer a satisfactory overview of the objects that a digital library is interested in representing.

✔ The importance of the BU phase is the understanding of how objects are classified and which pieces of associate information (related metadata) can be useful for our case study.

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Case Study: Bottom-Up analysis

Digital rights associated with Multimedia objects

New Properties Metadata

Rights about showing the resource to an audience dc.rights.show

Translation rights dc.rights.translate

Modification rights dc.rights.modify

Rights about earning money by lending the resource dc.rights.rent

Rights about lending the resource for free dc.rights.loan

Rights about the commercial exploitaion of the resource dc.rights.commercial

Rights about earning money by lending the resource dc.rights.publish

Rights about copying the resource dc.rights.copy

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Case Study: Integration phase

✔ The iterative integration phase compare metadata from the standards analysed during the TD phase with the data collected during the BU phase.

✔ The purpose of the comparison was to verify whether all the characteristics studied during the BU phase are represented by the metadata from the TD phase.

✔ The process began with a mapping phase, followed by the creation of new metadata. Once the iterative phases was completed, and all available metadata were selected, the schema of the taxonomy could be created.

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Case Study: Integration phase

New Qualifiers Other Qualifiers Description

dc.rights.show Rights about showing the resource to an audience

dc.rights.translate Translation rights

dc.rights.modify Modification rights

dc.rights.rent Rights about earning money by lending the resource

dc.rights.loan Rights about lending the resource for free

dc.rights.commercial Rights about the commercial exploitaion of the resource

dc.rights.publish Rights about earning money by lending the resource

dc.rights.copy Rights about copying the resource

dc.rights.accessRights From DC

dc.rights.License From DC

dc.rights.usageTerms From XMP

dc.rights.webStatement From XMP

dc.rights.certificate From XMP

dc.rights.marked From XMP

dc.rights.owner From XMP

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Results

✔ We studied a process to identify existing formalizations and knowledge sources within the domain, paying attention to multimedia objects.

✔ The resulting taxonomy provides a descriptive model for the multimedia content management in the context of digital libraries.

✔ The structure of the classification proposed in this paper is able to provide information that is currently essential, because it is impossible to know the knowledge level of the user.

Concas G., Pani F. E., Porru S.

Agile Group, University of Cagliari

Thank you for your attention