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Offensive Active
Directory with PowerShell
@harmj0yCo-founder of
Empire | Veil-Framework | PowerTools
PowerSploit developer
Researcher at Veris Group’s Adaptive Threat Division
What I am Not Covering
▣ Any kind of memory corruption attacks○ We haven’t thrown an exploit in years
▣ Too Much Active Directory background○ Too many slides, too little time :(
▣ Mimikatz and Kerberos attacks○ Covered better and in more depth by others
▣ PowerShell Weaponization○ We like Empire and Cobalt Strike ;)
What I am Covering
▣ Offensive Active Directory 101○ Why care? And what’s Powerview?
▣ Identifying/Hunting Your Prey▣ Local Administrator Enumeration▣ GPO Enumeration and Abuse▣ AD ACLs (and a few persistence methods)▣ Domain Trusts (enumeration and abuse)▣ Lots of PowerView tips and tricks
○ and a lot of ground to cover!
1.Offensive AD 101 and
‘Why PowerShell’
Active Directory 101
▣ At its core, Active Directory is a way to organize user and computer objects○ Used to authenticate and authorize users and computers
on a network and provide access to specific resources○ Also provides security policies, centralized management,
and other rich features
▣ Red teams and real bad guys have been abusing AD for years, but not much offensive AD information has existed publicly (until fairly recently)
Why NotThe Active Directory Cmdlets?
▣ The RSAT-AD-PowerShell module is:○ only compatible with PowerShell 3.0+○ only installed by default on servers with the Active
Directory Domain Services role
▣ We want something:○ PowerShell 2.0 compliant (yay Win7)○ fully self-contained with no dependencies○ usable without any installation
PowerView
▣ A pure PowerShell domain/network situational awareness tool○ everything is kept version 2.0 compliant○ now part of PowerSploit™! (not really trademarked)
▣ Built to automate large components of the tradecraft on our red team engagements
▣ No installation and can reside purely in memory○ and PowerShell 2.0 is included by default in Win7
Sidenote: LDAP Optimizations▣ A lot of the PowerView domain functionality
reduces down to various chained and optimized LDAP queries
▣ Much is transparent to the user:○ e.g. LDAP queries for foreign domains are ‘reflected’
through the current domain PDC to get around network segmentation
▣ Much of this of isn’t revolutionary, but chaining functionality lets you pull off some awesome stuff
Also: The Pipeline
▣ The PowerShell pipeline allows you to pass full objects between functions (instead of just strings)
▣ This lets you perform complex chaining and filtering, allowing you accomplish a lot very quickly
▣ Users who’ve logged on within the last week:○ Get-NetUser | ? {$_.lastlogon -gt [DateTime]::Today.
AddDays(-7)} | Sort-Object name
2.Identifying and Hunting
Your PreyWho Are my Admins and Where Are They At?
▣ Before you start targeted spread, you need to know who you’re going after
▣ PowerView helps with enumeration of:○ Users: Get-NetUser <*USER*>○ Groups: Get-NetGroup <*admin*>○ Group members: Get-NetGroupMember <GroupName>
▣ All of the above also accept manual LDAP filters with -Filter “(field=*value*)”
Who Are My Admins?
▣ Get all the groups a user is effectively a member of ('recursing up'):○ Get-NetGroup -UserName <USER>
▣ Get all the effective members of a group ('recursing down'):○ Get-NetGroupMember -GoupName <GROUP> -Recurse
▣ Search the forest global catalog:○ Get-NetUser -UserName <USER> -ADSpath “GC:
//domain.com”
PowerTips
▣ Machine accounts can sometimes end up in privileged groups https://adsecurity.org/?p=2753
▣ To find any computer accounts in any privileged groups:
Privileged Machine Accounts
Get-NetGroup -AdminCount | `Get-NetGroupMember -Recurse | ` ?{$_.MemberName -like '*$'}
▣ Some organizations separate out administrative functionality into multiple accounts for the same person○ e.g. “john” and“john-admin”
▣ By performing some correlation on AD data objects, you can often pull out groupings of accounts likely owned by the same person○ We often hunt for/compromise an admin’s unprivileged
account
Separated Roles
▣ Finding all user accounts with a specific email address:
▣ Get-NetUser -Filter "([email protected])"
Separated Roles - Simple Example
▣ Get-NetGroupMember -GroupName "Domain Admins" -FullData | %{ $a=$_.displayname.split(" ")[0..1] -join " "; Get-NetUser -Filter "(displayname=*$a*)" } | Select-Object -Property displayname,samaccountname
Separated Roles - Complex Example
Separated Roles - Complex Example
1. Query for all members of “Domain Admins” in the current domain, returning the full data objects
2. Extract out the “Firstname Lastname” from DisplayName for each user object
3. Query for additional users with the same “Firstname Lastname”
Separated Roles - Complex Example
In plain English:
▣ Once you’ve identified who you want to go after, you need to know where they’re located
▣ We break this down into:○ pre-elevated access, when you have regular domain
privileges. This is usually the lateral spread phase.○ post-elevated access, when you have elevated (e.g.
Domain Admin) privileges. This is usually the ‘demonstrate impact’ phase.
I Hunt Sysadmins
▣ Flexible PowerView function that:○ queries AD for hosts or takes a target list○ queries AD for users of a target group, or takes a
list/single user○ uses Win32 API calls to enumerate sessions and logged
in users, matching against the target user list○ Doesn’t need administrative privileges!
▣ We like using the -ShowAll flag and grepping results for future analysis
Invoke-UserHunter
Invoke-UserHunter
▣ Uses an old red teaming trick:○ Queries AD for all users and extracts all
homeDirectory/scriptPath/profilePath fields (as well as DFS shares and DCs) to identify highly trafficked servers
○ Runs Get-NetSession against each file server to enumerate remote sessions, match against target users
▣ Reasonable coverage with a lot less traffic○ also doesn’t need admin privileges○ also accepts the -ShowAll flag
Invoke-UserHunter -Stealth
Invoke-UserHunter -Stealth
3.Local Admin Enumeration
Huh?
The WinNT Service Provider
▣ Leftover from Windows NT domain deployments○ ([ADSI]"WinNT://SERVER/Administrators").psbase.
Invoke('Members') | %{$_.GetType().InvokeMember("Name", 'GetProperty', $null, $_, $null)}
▣ With an unprivileged domain account, you can use PowerShell and WinNT to enumerate all members (local and domain) of a local group on a remote machine
Get-NetLocalGroup
▣ Get-NetLocalGroup <SERVER>○ -ListGroups will list the groups○ a group can be specified with -GroupName <GROUP>
▣ The -Recurse flag will resolve the members of any result that’s a group, giving you a list of effective domain users that can access a given server○ Invoke-UserHunter -TargetServer <SERVER> will use
this to hunt for users who can admin a particular server
Get-NetLocalGroup
“Derivative Local Admin”
▣ Large enterprise networks often utilize heavily delegated group roles
▣ From the attacker perspective, anyone who could be used to chain to that local administrative access can be considered a target
▣ More info from @sixdub: http://www.sixdub.net/?p=591
“Derivative Local Admin”▣ Tim (a domain admin) is on a machine w/
WorkstationAdminsA in the local admins▣ WorkstationAdminsA contains Bob▣ Bob’s machine has WorkstationAdminsB▣ WorkstationAdminsB contains Eve▣ If we exploit Eve, we can get Bob and any
workstation he has access to, chaining to compromise Tim
▣ Eve’s admin privileges on A’s machine derive through Bob
“Derivative Local Admin”
“Derivative Local Admin”▣ Can be require several hops
▣ The process:○ Invoke-UserHunter –Stealth –ShowAll to get required
user location data○ Get-NetLocalGroup –Recurse to identify the local
admins on the target○ Use location data to find those users○ Get-NetLocalGroup -Recurse on locations discovered○ Use location data to find those users○ Continue until you find your path!
▣ Recently released by fellow ATD member Andy Robbins (@_wald0)
▣ Uses input from PowerView along with graph theory and Dijkstra’s algorithm to automate the chaining of local accesses
▣ More information from @_wald0: https://wald0.com/?p=14
“Automated Derivative Local Admin”
4.GPO Abuse
Why Not Just Ask the Domain Controller?
Group Policy Preferences
▣ Many organizations historically used Group Policy Preference files to set the local administrator password for machines○ This password is encrypted but reversible○ The patch for this prevents now reversible passwords
from being set but doesn’t remove the old files
▣ PowerSploit’s Get-GPPPassword will find and decrypt any of these passwords found on a DC’s SYSVOL
Group Policy Preferences
http://obscuresecurity.blogspot.com/2013/07/get-gpppassword.html
PowerView and GPP
▣ If you’re able to recover a cpassword from a Group Policy Preferences file you can use PowerView to quickly locate all machines that password is set on!
▣ Get-NetOU -GUID <GPP_GUID> | %{ Get-NetComputer -ADSPath $_ }
More GPO Enumeration
▣ Group Policy Objects (though a GptTmpl.inf) can determine what users have local admin rights by setting ‘Restricted Groups’○ Group Policy Preferences can do something similar with
“groups.xml”
▣ If we have a user account, why not just ask the GPO configuration where this user has local administrative rights?
More GPO Enumeration
▣ Find-GPOLocation will:1. resolve a user's sid2. build a list of group SIDs the user is a part of3. use Get-NetGPOGroup to pull GPOs that set
'Restricted Groups' or GPPs that set groups.xml4. match the target SID list to the queried GPO SID list
to enumerate all GPOs the user is effectively applied5. enumerate all OUs and sites and applicable GPO GUIs
are applied to through gplink enumeration6. query for all computers under the given OUs or sites
Find-GPOLocation
5.Active Directory ACLs
AD Objects Have Permissions Too!
▣ AD objects (like files) have permissions/access control lists○ These can sometimes be misconfigured, and can also be
backdoored for persistence
▣ Get-ObjectACL -ResolveGUIDs -SamAccountName <NAME>
▣ Set-ObjectACL lets you modify ;)○ more on this in a bit
AD ACLs
Get-ObjectACL
▣ Group policy objects are of particular interest
▣ Any user with modification rights to a GPO can get code execution for machine the GPO is applied to
▣ Get-NetGPO | %{Get-ObjectAcl -ResolveGUIDs -Name $_.Name}
GPO ACLs
GPO ACLs
Auditing AD ACLs
▣ Pulling all AD ACLs will give you A MOUNTAIN of data
▣ Invoke-ACLScanner will scan specifable AD objects (default to all domain objects) for ACLs with modify rights and a domain RID of >1000
▣ This helps narrow down the search scope to find possibly misconfigured/backdoored AD object permissions
AdminSDHolder
▣ AdminSDHolder is a special Active Directory object located at “CN=AdminSDHolder,CN=System,DC=domain,DC=com”
▣ If you modify the permissions of AdminSDHolder, that permission template will be pushed out to all protected admin accounts automatically by SDProp
▣ More info: https://adsecurity.org/?p=1906
PowerView and AdminSDHolder
▣ Add-ObjectAcl -TargetADSprefix 'CN=AdminSDHolder,CN=System' … will let you modify AdminADHolder:
Targeted Plaintext Downgrades
▣ Another legacy/backwards compatibility feature:
Targeted Plaintext Downgrades
▣ We can set ENCRYPTED_TEXT_PWD_ALLOWED with PowerView:○ Set-ADObject -SamAccountName <USER> -
PropertyName useraccountcontrol -PropertyXorValue 128
▣ Invoke-DowngradeAccount <USER> will downgrade the encryption and forces the user to change their password on next login
Targeted Plaintext Downgrades
▣ After Mimimatz’ DCSync
Speaking of DCSync...
▣ There’s a small set of permissions needed to execute DCSync on a domain:
▣ PowerView lets you easily enumerate all users with replication/DCSync rights for a particular domain:
PowerView and DCSync
Get-ObjectACL -DistinguishedName "dc=testlab,dc=local" -ResolveGUIDs | ? { ($_.ObjectType -match 'replication-get') -or ` ($_.ActiveDirectoryRights -match 'GenericAll')}
▣ You can easily modify the permissions of of the domain partition itself with PowerView’s Add-ObjectACL and “-Rights DCSync”
A DCSync Backdoor
Add-ObjectACL -TargetDistinguishedName "dc=testlab,dc=local" -PrincipalSamAccountName jason -Rights DCSync
PowerView and DCSync
6.Domain Trusts
Or: Why You Shouldn’t Trust AD
Domain Trusts 101▣ Trusts allow separate domains to form inter-
connected relationships○ Often utilized during acquisitions (i.e. forest trusts or
cross-link trusts)
▣ A trust just links up the authentication systems of two domains and allows authentication traffic to flow between them
▣ A trust allows for the possibility of privileged access between domains, but doesn’t guarantee it*
Why Does This Matter?
▣ Red teams often compromise accounts/machines in a domain trusted by their actual target
▣ This allows operators to exploit these existing trust relationships to achieve their end goal
▣ I LOVE TRUSTS: http://www.harmj0y.net/blog/tag/domain-trusts/
PowerView Trust Enumeration
▣ Domain/forest trust relationships can be enumerated through several PowerView functions:○ Get-NetForest: info about the current forest○ Get-NetForestTrust: grab all forest trusts○ Get-NetForestDomain: grab all domains in a forest○ Get-NetDomainTrust: nltest à la PowerShell
▣ If a trust exists, most functions in PowerView can accept a “-Domain <name>” flag to operate across a trust
Mapping the Mesh
▣ Large organizations with tons of subgroups/subsidiaries/acquisitions can end up with a huge mesh of domain trusts○ mapping this mesh used to be manual and time-
consuming process
▣ Invoke-MapDomainTrust can recursively map all reachable domain and forest trusts○ The -LDAP flag gets around network restrictions at the
cost of accuracy
Invoke-MapDomainTrust
Visualizing the Mesh
▣ This raw data is great, but it’s still raw
▣ @sixdub’s DomainTrustExplorer tool can perform nodal analysis of trust data○ https://github.com/sixdub/DomainTrustExplorer ○ It can also generate GraphML output of the entire mesh,
which yED can use to build visualizations
▣ More information: http://www.sixdub.net/?p=285
Pretty Pictures!
Malicious SIDHistories
http://windowsitpro.com/windows-server/exploiting-sidhistory-ad-attribute
The Mimikatz Trustpocalypse▣ Thanks to @gentilkiwi and @pyrotek3, Mimikatz
Golden Tickets now accept SIDHistories though the new /sids:<X> argument
▣ If you compromise a DC in a child domain, you can create a golden ticket with the “Enterprise Admins” in the SID history
▣ This can let you compromise the forest root and all forest domains!○ won’t work for external domain trusts b/c of sid filtering
The Mimikatz Trustpocalypse
If you compromise any domain administrator of any domain in a forest, you can compromise the entire forest!
Advice From @gentilkiwi
Sidenote: CheatSheets!
▣ We’ve released cheetsheets for PowerView as well as PowerUp and Empire at https://github.com/harmj0y/cheatsheets/
CreditsThanks to Sean Metcalf (@pyrotek3) for guidance, ideas, and awesome information on offensive Active Directory approaches. Check out his blog at http://adsecurity.org !
Thanks to Benjamin Delpy (@gentilkiwi) and Vincent LE TOUX for Mimikatz and its DCSync capability!
Thanks to Ben Campbell (@meatballs__) for PowerView modifications and LDAP optimizations!
And a big thanks to Justin Warner (@sixdub) and the rest of the ATD team for tradecraft development and helping making PowerView not suck!
Any questions?@harmj0y
http://blog.harmj0y.net/will [at] harmj0y.net
harmj0y on Freenode in #psempire