1

Deris Stiawan PhD Candidate Faculty of Computer Science & Information System Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Faculty of Computer Science University of Sriwijaya, Indonesia @2011

ICT for fighting Corruption

Proactive dissemination

Release of requested material

Public Meeting

Leaks from Whistleblowers

Government Transparency (Piotrowski, 2007)

Transparency and the right to access government information are now internationally regarded as essential to democratic participation.

Governance by MANUAL

Governance by ICTs

Government to E-Government

Transforms - Change Work & behavior Culture - Changes in Work Processes (Business Process) - SOPs and Policies Politics - Rules and Regulations - Leadership

In India, putting rural property records online has greatly increased the speed at which the records are accessed and updated, while simultaneously removing opportunities for local officials to accept bribes as had previously been rampant

In Pakistan, the entire tax system and department was restructured with the specific purpose of reducing direct contact between citizens and tax officials to reduce opportunities for requests for bribes

The Philippines Department of Budget and Management established an e-procurement system of government agencies to use to allow public bidding on government contracts to both prevent price fixing and allow public accountability

In Chile, the ChileCompra e-procurement system has been used to allow government officials and citizens to compare the costs of bids to and services purchased by the government.

The United States has creating sites that allow access to the data of government expenditures. A number of state governments in the US have similar sites for the public to monitor government spending for waste and fraud, allow for the tracking of transactions so that it is possible to track the progress requests applications.

e-government initiatives is the Seoul Metropolitan Government's Online Procedures Enhancement for civil applications (OPEN) system, which are for reduce citizens interacted directly.

Improve transparency in the public sector by increasing the coordination, dissemination and administrative capacity of the public sectors’, as well as improve service delivery by employing user-friendly administrative systems.

Facilitates the collection of digital footprints and complete audit trail which increase the opportunity to hold individuals accountable and ultimately increase the possibility to detect corrupt practices.

Facilitate the work of civil society organization working towards greater transparency and against corruption by supporting a mix of methods of campaigning on transparency and educating citizens on what corruption is about and their civil rights.

Facilitate information sharing and social mobi- lization and ultimately provide digital platforms where citizens can report incidents anonymously.

In practices of transparency, the Internet era has greatly reduced the cost of collecting, distributing, and accessing government information (Roberts, 2006)

Trends e-government for greater access to information and for

promotion of transparency, accountability, and anti-corruption goals

Public sector use of the Internet and other digital devices to deliver services, information, and democracy itself (West, 2005).

The process of connecting citizens digitally to their government in order that they might access information and services offered by government agencies (Lau et al, 2008)

Performed work by (Bhatnagar, 2003), (Shim & Eom, 2008), (Relly & Sabharwal, 2009), (Anderson, 2009

ICTs can reduce corruption by promoting good governance

Strengthening reform-oriented initiatives, reducing potential for corrupt behaviors

Enhancing relationships between government employees and citizens

Allowing for citizen tracking of activities

Monitoring and controlling behaviors of government employees

To Successfully Reduce of Corruption

Increasing information access to ensuring rules are transparent

Applied to building abilities to track the decisions and actions of government employees

ICT as a tools (Bhuiyan, 2011)

Enhanced

Prevention

Provide

- Better service delivery to citizen - Participation public policy desc-making - Information gov decision & actions - Opening government process - Disclosing of assets & investment civil - one stop integrated data with application

- Effectiveness of internal - Managerial control & Collaboration - Promoting Accountability - Transparency & audits - Monitoring & Participating - Empowerment & Services - Standardization of Metadata

- Early warning to Behavioral corrupt - Reduce citizens interacted directly - Identify elected officials & civil servants - Detection of some corruption - motive/ behavior that deviant with automation of processes

Remove human agents and hence corruption opportunities from operations

Remove opportunity for discretion

Automation

Transparency

Detection in Operations

Preventive Detection

Awareness raising

Reporting

Deterrence

Promoting ethical attitudes

Both details and aggregates from operations can be monitored to detect anomalies and unexpected performance

Online social networks and individuals can be monitored to detect preparations for corrupt action

If the public is aware of government rules and procedures they are better able to resist arbitrary treatment

Mobilizing users/community to report cases will make it easier to take corrective action towards individuals and to reorganize systems to avoid “loopholes”

Petty bribery in everyday Operations

Mobilize the public, inform users

Petty bribery as well as large-scale operations

Any system

Web sites where information is published. Manual or automatic input

Log analysis tools, standard as well as specially targeted ones

Large-scale corruption, e.g. in procurement or international trade

Petty bribery

Petty bribery

Publishing information about reported corruption as well as indicators

Engaging the public by means of pursuing discussion in various online

Action type Logic to achieve benefits Main target ICT used

Petty bribery

Public attitude change

Social network analysis and social media analysis tools

Any technology, but web sites are most Common

Web sites, social media networks, online newspapers, mobile phones, SMS for input

Web sites, social media networks

Social media forums

Summary of ICT based actions to combat corruptions

Traditionally types of anti-corruption

Administrative reform.

Law enforcement.

Social change.

ICT as a tools

E-go

vern

men

t

Web

-en

able

d

E-Budget

E-Procurement

E-Payment

E-Medical

E-Accessibility

E-Services

E-Society

E-Procurement E-procurement refers to the use of integrated information technology systems for procurement functions, including sourcing, negotiation, ordering, receipt and post-purchase review (Croom and Brandon-Jones, 2007).

The major reasons for this are: (i) cost cutting, (ii) real-time bidding and response, (iii) transparency of the process, (iv) reduced cycle time, and (v) increased geographical outreach , (Yu et al., 2008).

Gunasekaran, et l. 2009

E-procurement topologies (A. Durán, 2003)

E-Proc

Hardware Software Brainware Users

Policy

Governance Business process

Infrastructure

Modern purchases where there is a close relationship between business strategy and strategies systems of ICTs. - Cost control and expense tracking - Offers a portfolio of order type options designed - Enhances productivity due to faster order processing and online automation - Aligns our organization with leading industry e-business standards - Increases visibility to corporate spending - Eliminates dual order entry requirements

Advantages and Benefits Surabaya e-Procurement System (SePS)

- One time registration - Communication via online - Paperless - Assuring the good quality and services - Financial liquidity data suppliers, SKK & SKP will be counted

https://www.surabaya-eproc.or.id/

http://lpse.sragenkab.go.id/eproc/app

http://home.eperolehan.gov.my/home/

E-Payment

Classification of electronic payment systems (Kim et al, 2010).

1. Electronic-cash: transactions are settled via the exchange of electronic currency. 2. Pre-paid card: customers use a pre-paid card for a specified amount by making an

entry of the unique card number on merchant sites. The value of the card is decreased by the amount paid to the merchant.

3. Credit cards: a server authenticates consumers and verifies withthe bank whether adequate funds are available prior to purchase; charges are posted against a customer’s account; and the customer is billed later for the charges and pays the balance of the account to the bank.

4. Debit cards: a customer maintains a positive balance in the account, and money is deducted from the account when a debit transaction is performed.

5. Electronic checks: an institution electronically settles transactionsbetween the buyer’s bank and the seller’s bank in the form of an electronic check.

When E- Commerce created the need for e-payment services, traditional cash-based and account-based payment instruments were used as a model. Simultaneously, new intermediaries such as PayPal succeeded in fulfilling some of the new needs of online merchants and consumers (Dahlberg et al. 2008).

E-Payment

SCM - CRM

• Stage 1: to provide information; • Stage 2: to facilitate end-user involvement; • Stage 3: to integrate solutions for citizens; and • Stage 4: to move towards SC integration

e-procurement brings several challenges that are mainly addressed by the supply chain management (‘SCM’) concept in private companies . (A. Groznik and P. Trkman, 2009)

E-Gov should be viewed as a Supply Chain providing services to customers on the downstream side while integrating suppliers on the upstream side of the Supply Chain

Agencies / Government

Offices

Agencies / Government

Offices

Agencies / Government

Offices

Citizen’s

Supplier A

Supplier B

Supplier N

Upstream supply chain Internal supply chain Downstream supply chain

Applications / web enabled Integrated System Applications / web enabled

Problem & Challenges

Performed work by (Bhuiyan, 2011), there are problem & challenges:

- Social and cultural constraints - Political consensus constraints - Human resources constraints - Digital divide constraints - Infrastructural development constraints

Successful

Government Officials

Citizens

Social Networks

Community

Infrastructures

Commitment & Enforcement

Building a culture

Trust

Empowerment

Openness atmosphere

Investments Acceptance

Laws & Regulations

References S.E. Alptekin and E.E. Karsak, “An integrated decision framework for evaluating and selecting e-learning products,” Applied Soft Computing, vol. 11, Apr. 2011, pp. 2990-2998.

S.H. Bhuiyan, “Modernizing Bangladesh public administration through e-governance: Benefits and challenges,” Government Information Quarterly, vol. 28, Jan. 2011, pp. 54-65.

A. Gunasekaran, R.E. McGaughey, E.W.T. Ngai, and B.K. Rai, “E-Procurement adoption in the Southcoast SMEs,” International Journal of Production Economics, vol. 122, Nov. 2009, pp. 161-175.

U. Nations, “Anti-Corruption Symposium 2001 : The Role of On-line Procedures in Promoting Good Governance,” Symposium A Quarterly Journal In Modern Foreign Literatures, 2003.

R.W. Nichols, “Innovation, change, and order: Reflections on science and technology in India, China, and the United States,” Technology in Society, vol. 30, Aug. 2008, pp. 437-450.

D. Soper and D.S. Soper, “ICT Investment Impacts on Future Levels of Democracy , Corruption , and E-Government Acceptance in Emerging Countries,” Information Systems, 2007.

P. Sturges, “Corruption, Transparency and a Role for ICT?,” Journal of Information Ethics, vol. 2, 2004, pp. 1-9.

E. Ponce and A. Durán, “Characterization of the Security Implications of Alternative E-procurement Topologies Alternative E-procurement Topologies,” Security, 2003, pp. 114-122.

T.B. Andersen, “E-Government as an anti-corruption strategy,” Information Economics and Policy, vol. 21, Aug. 2009, pp. 201-210.

A. Groznik and P. Trkman, “Upstream supply chain management in e-government: The case of Slovenia,” Government Information Quarterly, vol. 26, Jul. 2009, pp. 459-467.

Presented by : Prof. Abdul Hanan Abdullah. M.Sc., Ph.D, Receive the B.Sc. and M.Sc from San Francisco, California, and Ph.D degree from Aston University, Birmingham, UK, in 1995. He is a Professor at Faculty of Computer Science & Information System, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM). His reseach interest is in Information/ Network Security & ICT Infrastructure. He is also a head of Pervasive Computing Research Group (PCRG) UTM and member of IEEE & ACM. Contact : hanan@utm.my & blog : http://csc.fsksm.utm.my/hanan/

Provide by : Deris Stiawan. Holds an M.Eng from University of Gadjah Mada, Indonesia, since 2006, he is Computer Science faculty member at University of Sriwijaya, Indonesia. He is member of IEEE and currently pursuing his Ph.D degree at Faculty of Computer Science & Information System, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) working in intrusion prevention system. He joined research group Information Assurance and Security Research Group (IASRG) in the area of Intrusion Prevention and Detection (ITD) at UTM. His professional profile has derived to the field of computer network and network security, specially focused on intrusion prevention and network infrastructure. http://webs.fsksm.utm.my/blog/pcrg/derissetiawan/