MINERAL RESOURCES OF INDIA

BY, SARVESH KUMAR

UPADHYAYCLASS-10TH A

SCIENCE

IRON EXTRACTION PROCESS

Iron Extraction ProcessIn the blast furnace process, the first step on the way towards heavy plate, pig iron is produced from iron ore. The composition of the ore and additions is accurately adjusted to the final products of Dillinger Hütte and Saarstahl.BurdeningExact quantities of burdening materials such as sinter, pellets, lump ore, alloys, and coke are transported alternately via a belt conveyor to the blast furnace head. The materials are then charged in layers via sluice vessels into the furnace by means of a rotary chute.CowperThis supplies the blast furnace with a current of hot air ("blast"), which initiates the chemical reaction. The refractory checker bricks in the Cowper are heated by the top gas produced in the blast furnace. The blast, which reaches temperatures of over 1300 °C (regenerator), then flows through these hot bricks. The energy for the blast heating is thus drawn off from the blast furnace process - an utmost environmentally-sound method.

Blast furnace The blast furnace works according to the counterflow principle: the stock

column, made up of ore, coke and additions, slides down towards its conversion, while the top gases rise and heat the stock column. At the bottom of the furnace the iron ore is chemically reduced. The blast reacts with the coke; carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide are formed at temperatures of up to 2000 °C.The carbon monoxide removes the oxygen from the iron ore resulting in pig iron production. Slag is formed from the other ore components and the additions.

Casting bay The hot metal is filled into torpedo cars via the blast furnace tap hole, launder

lined with refractory material, and transported to the steel plants of Dillinger Hütte and Saarstahl. The silicon content of between 0.3 % and 0.5 % is already adjusted to steel plant and rolling mill requirements. A modern dust extractor prevents dust from escaping during tapping. The slag obtained in the blast furnace process which floats on top of the hot metal in the launder, due to its low specific gravity, is separated from the metal and poured into slag dumps where it solidifies or is immediately granulated with high-pressure water. The solidified slag is used as road building material, whereas the granulated material is supplied to the cement industry.

USES OF IRONIron has many uses including the construction of machine parts, building structures, hulls of ships, vehicles and for manufacturing machine tools.Moreover, it is used in appliances and surgical equipment in the form of stainless steel.  Iron is mostly used to create steel, which is used in civil engineering and manufacturing industries. Ordinary carbon steel consists of iron, carbon and small amounts of other elements.Stainless steel is used in various products and industries today, especially in automobiles and aircraft. This type of iron is completely recyclable, and it is created when iron is mixed with other metals. At home, iron is used almost everywhere, from iron fences and decorative iron furniture to pots, trays, ovens, kitchen cutlery and other cookware. Cast iron and wrought iron are found in many products in households.Iron and steel are typically painted, galvanized or coated with plastic to prevent rusting. These methods keep out water and oxygen which contribute to rusting. Small amounts of carbon are combined with iron to create steel. Chromium and nickel are also often added to produce non-corroding stainless steel.Aside from industry uses, iron is an important element for all life forms. According to Royal Society of Chemistry, humans contain approximately 4 grams of iron, most of which circulates as hemoglobin in the blood and carries oxygen from the lungs to other parts of the body. Humans need a diet that contains 10 to 18 milligrams of iron.

IRON OREHematite: the main iron ore in Brazilian mines This stockpile of iron ore pellets will be used in steel production.Iron ores[1] are rocks and minerals from which metallic iron can be economically extracted. The ores are usually rich in iron oxidesand vary in color from dark grey, bright yellow, deep purple, to rusty red. The iron itself is usually found in the form of magnetite(Fe3O4, 72.4% Fe), hematite (Fe2O3, 69.9% Fe), goethite (FeO(OH), 62.9% Fe), limonite (FeO(OH).n(H2O)) or siderite (FeCO3, 48.2% Fe).Ores containing very high quantities of hematite or magnetite (greater than ~60% iron) are known as "natural ore" or "direct shipping ore", meaning they can be fed directly into iron-making blast furnaces. Iron ore is the raw material used to make pig iron, which is one of the main raw materials to make steel. 98% of the mined iron ore is used to make steel.[2] Indeed, it has been argued that iron ore is "more integral to the global economy than any other commodity, except perhaps oil".[3]

SOCIAL SCIENCE

GDP

ENGLISH

COAL POEM Black Diamond Night Black Diamond Night (a coal miner’s

cemetery) Where the ebony, we call “NIGHT”, Old black rocks sit under the twilight Diamond shape eyes unclear and lonely, Sinister through hostile spirits only, I stumble across these stones without a bone A solitary confinement alone, From a barren zone the light transcend Only in time, our minds will mend Endless valleys and limitless stones

These bones- these bones they sit alone The abyss, of rotten cavities with no fill, A system no power can unwell the drill The blood that passed over without a spill Peaks collapse into a spellbinding chill They are trapped! They are trapped! Another diamond in the rough Is what they left Obsessed with the dead without a death A death that impatiently awaited their last breath Gushing, into the gems of dead chemistry, Diamonds holding its own intensity, These lonely graves, on top of

sycamore hill Coal mining hearts that will never heal If only shiny eyes could see? These lonely bones inside of me! Moving in every direction possible Flowing in every direction noticeable Sockets without eyes. Stones hiding under the cobalt skies. The mad sparkles, the madness dies. Throughout this mess, we held in the blasphemous Intervening lots of gems so miraculous Into a stone of self-religion,

A black night filled of legions Acknowledging the soul's capacity of free Near the frail bones that sit alone, Alone they sit in a morbid home. Through a path unclear and all alone, Troubled by the visions of my own stone Where the night takes place in the dark The ebony rides under the diamond bark Along with the coal miners who never got to see the; “Diamonds of another day!”

ABOUT AUTHOR