IST16-01 - Introduction to Interoperability and Semantic Technologies

E. Della Valle – http://emanueledellavalle.org - @manudellavalle

Interoperability and Semantic Technologies 2015-16Introduction

Emanuele Della ValleDEIB - Politecnico di Milanohttp://emanueledellavalle.org - @manudellavalle


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Definitions of Interoperability

• Interoperability• the ability of information and communication technology (ICT) systems

to exchange data and to enable sharing of information and knowledge • Functional interoperability

• Information has to be transmitted reliably between heterogeneous applications

• Semantic interoperability• Transmission must occur without loss of meaning, and thus without

loss of computability• E.g., Semantic Interoperability in healthcare information systems

• It is the ability to share information without loss of computable meaning, across multiple applications concerned with clinical (primary use) and related administrative, financial, and research domains (secondary uses).

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Once upon a time …

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…, in an happy organization, users were happy of the application the IT department prepared for them, but …

application

[…]

… the organization was not alone. Another organization developed a complementary application …

complementary application

[…]

… so, one day, the two organizations decided to integrate the two applications.

Organizationalboundaries

application

[…]


[…]


application

[…]

?

Having much to gain the happy organization decided to invest in a bi-lateral solution


[…]


application

[…]

adapter!


… this went on for a while, but …

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[…]

!

… the more bi-lateral integrations, the sadder the organizations became.

[…]

[…]

[…]

[…]

[…]

[…]

!

!

!!

!!

!!

!?!!!!

!!!

!?!?!?

?!?

?!?! OK!! Good!!! Very Good!?! Very Good …?!? Have I done the right thing?

??? Does it make sence??#@ Why am I doying it!!!

Legend


… So, they standardized and …

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[…]

[…]

[…]

[…]

[…]

[…]

[…]

standard

… and they lived happily ever after!


Well, not really :-( Actually …

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[…]

[…]

[…]

[…]

[…]

[…]

[…]

??? KEEP CALM

AND

WAIT FOR 1 YEARS 10100


Why? The Standardization dilemma!

ComprehensiveHandles all use cases

GoodHigh quality

TimelyCompleted quickly

Pick two!

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There are a variety of them

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Standards are like plumbs


Over 100 in the Healthcare domain!

AIR ALT AOD AOT BI CCC CCPSS CCS CDT CHV COSTAR CPM CPT CPTSP CSP CST DDB DMDICD10 DMDUMD DSM3R DSM4 DXP FMA

HCDT HCPCS HCPT HL7V2.5 HL7V3.0 HLREL ICD10 ICD10AE ICD10AM ICD10AMAE ICD10CM ICD10DUT ICD10PCS ICD9CM ICF ICF-CY ICPC ICPC2EDUT ICPC2EENG ICPC2ICD10DUT ICPC2ICD10ENG ICPC2P ICPCBAQ ICPCDAN ICPCDUT ICPCFIN ICPCFRE ICPCGER ICPCHEB

ICPCHUN ICPCITA ICPCNOR ICPCPOR ICPCSPA ICPCSWE JABL KCD5 LCH LNC_AD8 LNC_MDS30 MCM MEDLINEPLUS MSHCZE MSHDUT

MSHFIN MSHFRE MSHGER MSHITA MSHJPN MSHLAV MSHNOR MSHPOL MSHPOR MSHRUS MSHSCR MSHSPA MSHSWE MTH MTHCH

MTHHH MTHICD9 MTHICPC2EAE MTHICPC2ICD10AE MTHMST MTHMSTFRE MTHMSTITA NAN NCISEER NIC NOC OMS PCDS PDQ PNDS PPAC PSY QMR RAM RCD RCDAE RCDSA RCDSY SNM SNMI

SOP SPN SRC TKMT ULT UMD USPMG UWDA WHO WHOFRE WHOGER WHOPOR WHOSPA

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[source: dbooth.org/2014/yosemite/yosemite-project-slides.pdf]


And they keep changing :-(

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[Credits: Rafael Richards]


Why?

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[source http://xkcd.com/927/ ]


… sometime the variety is required

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standards are like plumbs


Why variety is required

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[Source: http://www.slideshare.net/HINZ/hl7-whats-hot-and-whats-not ]

http://www.slideshare.net/HINZ/hl7-whats-hot-and-whats-not


One standard does not fit all

Different use cases need need different data, granularity and representations

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[source: dbooth.org/2014/yosemite/yosemite-project-slides.pdf]


… thus translation is needed

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And counting on translation between standards is even convenient while working on increasing the comprehensiveness of a standard over time

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Translation is unavoidable!

Com

preh

ensi

ve

0%

100%

Time

Translation

Standard


But be aware of the cost of ad hoc translation!

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…in healthcare costs $30000 Million per year in USA

[source: http://www.calgaryscientific.com/blog/bid/284224/Interoperability-Could- Reduce-U-S-Healthcare-Costs-by-Thirty-Billion]

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The luck of interoperability …


So What?!?

“It is not necessarily the strongest of the

species that survives nor the most intelligent,

but the one that is most responsive to change.”

--- Charles Darwin“The Origin of Species”

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Embrace change!

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Semantic Technologies embrace change

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subject objectproperty

Proposing a simple data model: RDF

E.g.,

Flexible enough to represent: Tables

Amoxi-cillin

bacterial disease

treats

Trees Graphs


Providing a powerful query language: SPARQLE.g., what does Amoxicillin treat?

?x={Bacterial disease, Urinary tract infection, Sinus infection, …}

Flexible enough to query RDF data even without knowing the schemaE.g., can you describe Amoxicillin ?

?p={treats} ?x={Bacterial disease, Urinary tract infection, Sinus infection, …}?p={hasSideEffects} ?x={Diarrhoea}?p={belongsTo} ?x={β-Lactam antibiotic, Penicillin-class Antibacterial}…


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Amoxi-cillin ?x

treats

Amoxi-cillin ?x

?p


Providing a formal language for conceptual modelling: OWLE.g., Heart

Heart is a muscularorgan that is part ofthe circulatory system

∀x.[ Heart(x)→ MuscolarOrgan(x)∧ ∃y.[isPartOf(x,y )∧ CirculatorySystem(y)]]

OWL is a modular standard that offers different trade-offs OWL-QL OWL-RL OWL-EL


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TermsData

Terms

Data Terms

Data



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Standard in OWL

[…]

Ontology Based Data Access as a prototypical solution to interoperability problems

<XML>

Translator Translator Translator



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Standard in OWL

[…]

SPARQL Queries


RDBMS <XML>




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Standard in OWL

Results{ , , }


[…]RDBMS <XML>



Those ideas at work at scale

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Google for "amoxicillin"

Model: Google knowledge graphA variety of sources: •http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/•http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/umls/•http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/•http://micromedex.com/


Interoperability and Semantic Technologies 2015-16Introduction

Emanuele Della ValleDEIB - Politecnico di Milanohttp://emanueledellavalle.org - @manudellavalle

Internet

IST16-01 - Introduction to Interoperability and Semantic Technologies