"Phubbing" - only caused by "Fear of Missing Out"? - Presentation Media Psychology Conference 20157

“Phubbing”, only caused by “Fear ofMissing Out”?

Comparing different causes ofproblematic usage of mobile phones in

social situations

C. Bosau & J. Panakkal

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Quelle: http://healthmeup.com/photogallery-healthy-living/could-you-be-suffering-from-fear-of-missing-out-fomo/32443/3

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Quelle: http://www.buzzly.fr/jq/ckeditor/plugins/doksoft_uploader/userfiles/phubbing2.jpg

Quelle: https://timenerdworld.files.wordpress.com/2013/08/phubbing.jpg?w=600

Quelle: http://www.buzzly.fr/jq/ckeditor/plugins/doksoft_uploader/userfiles/phubbing.jpeg

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Quelle: http://blog.vodafone.de/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/stop-phubbing-campaign.jpg

Media Psychology 2017Bosau & Panakkal: “Phubbing”, only caused by “Fear of Missing Out”?

Previous results: Phubbing

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What we already know:• Phubbing indeed has negative consequences:

• for social interaction: inferior conversation and lower levels of empathy(Misra, Cheng, Genevie & Yuan, 2014)

• for romantic relationships: less satisfaction and lower individual well-being (Bosau & Ruvinsky, 2016; Krasnova, Abramova, Notter & Baumann, 2016; McDaniel & Coyne, 2016; Roberts & David, 2016)

• for leader-employee-relationships: lower employee engagement (Roberts &

David, 2017)

Important question:How can this strange and contradictory behaviour be explained?

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Quelle: http://www.ithinkonpaper.com/fomo/

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Quelle: http://www.examiner.com/article/checking-facebook-and-twitter-all-day-scientists-say-you-may-have-fomo


Previous results: Fear-of-missing-Out

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What we already know:• Mobile phones are potential addiction sources (Carbonell, Oberst & Beranuy, 2013)

• FoMO correlates highly with social media engagement in general (Przybylski, Murayama,

DeHaan, & Gladwell, 2013) and Facebook usage in particular (Bosau, Aelker & Amaadachou, 2014)

• FoMO correlates with problematic mobile phone use (PMPU) and habitualchecking behaviour (Collins, 2013)

• INDEED: FoMO is also an important predictor of phubbing (Bosau & Kühn, 2015; Chotpitayasunondh &

Douglas, 2016)

Remaining questions:Are there other predictors? What are the predictors, that can explain thiscontradictory behaviour?


The study

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Former studies:§ many looked at FoMO only§ FoMO can only explain about 5-15%

of the varianceà there is a lot left and unexplained!

This study:§ looked intensively at the literature

for theoratically plausible predictors

§ integrated FoMO and severalother measures of personality

Method:• Online questionnaire (posted via Facebook, mailing-lists and personal

emails, partly snowball sampling) in spring 2016• N = 309• age: 15 to 59 years:

< 18y = 3%, 18-25y = 50%, 26-30y = 25%, 31-40y = 13%, > 40y = 10% • male = 22%, female = 78%


The scales

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Fear of Missing Out - FoMO(Przybylski, Murayama, DeHaan, & Gladwell, 2013)

Phubbing(Roberts & David, 2016, slightly adapted)

The independent variables:

The dependent variable:

GenderThe moderator:

Cognitive concentration issues(Jacobs, 2015)

Social Interaction Anxiety(Fergus, Valentiner, McGrath, Gier-Lonsway & Kim, 2012)

Descriptive social norms(single item measurement)

Age


1,81

1,83

2,20

2,29

2,36

2,41

2,57

3,04

3,07

3,73

1 2 3 4 5

Ichwerdeunruhig,wennichnichtweiß,wasmeineFreundevorhaben.

WennicheineguteZeiterlebe,istesmirwichtig,Einzelheitendarüberonlinezuteilen(z.BFacebook-Status...

Manchmalfrageichmich,obichzuvielZeitdamitverbringe,zuerfahrenwasummichherumpassiert.

Ichfürchte,dassmeineFreundebereichendereErlebnisseerfahrenalsich.

Esbeunruhigtmicht,wennicherfahre,dassmeineFreundeohnemichSpaßhaben.

Ichfürchte,dassandereMenschentollereErlebnisseerfahrenalsich.

AuchwennichimUrlaubbin,verfolgeichweiterhinwasmeineFreundemachen.

Esärgertmich,wennicheineGelegenheitverpasse,michmitmeinenFreundenzutreffen.

Esistmirwichtig,InsiderwitzemeinerFreundezuverstehen.

Esärgertmich,wennicheingeplantesTreffenverpasse.

FoMO – Fear of Missing Out

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Independent variable• scale of Przybylski, Murayama, DeHaan & Gladwell (2013)• scale: 1 = „trifft gar nicht zu“ vs. 5 = „trifft voll zu“• Cronbach’s α = .78

Problem:anexploratory factoranalysis showed athree (!)factor

solution


1,81

2,29

2,36

2,41

1 2 3 4 5

Ichwerdeunruhig,wennichnichtweiß,wasmeineFreundevorhaben.

Ichfürchte,dassmeineFreundebereichendereErlebnisseerfahrenalsich.

Esbeunruhigtmicht,wennicherfahre,dassmeineFreundeohnemichSpaßhaben.

Ichfürchte,dassandereMenschentollereErlebnisseerfahrenalsich.

FoMO – shortened scale

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Independent variable• a factor analyses of the scale of Przybylski et al. (2013) showed a three factor

solution (PCA with Varimax rotation; criterium: eigenvalue)• 63% explained variance• only the first factor can be labeled as the ‚pure‘, original FoMO-factor (28%

explained variance)• Cronbach’s α of the shortened scale = .81


2,28

2,42

2,46

2,50

2,56

3,03

1 2 3 4 5

MirwareineffektivesArbeiten/Lernenwegenungünstigeräußerer…

TrotzgutemVorsatzundredlichemBemühen,konntemichnurfürsehrkurze…

Ichmusstemichsehrzusammenreißen,umüberhaupteineAufgabeinAngriff…

IchhabemiteinerArbeitbegonnenunddannohneAbsichtetwasganzanderes…

IchhatteSchwierigkeiten,sorgfältigundzugleichzügigzuarbeiten/lernen.

TrotzgutemVorsatz,einegewisseZeitintensivzuarbeiten/lernen,habeich…

Cognitive concentration issues & SocialInteraction anxiety

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Independent variable• scale of Jacobs (2015): scale: 1 = „nie“ vs. 5 = „sehr oft“; Cronbach’s α = .90

• scale of Fergus, Valentiner, McGrath, Gier-Lonsway & Kim (2012): scale: 1 = „trifft gar nicht zu“ vs. 5 = „trifft voll zu“; Cronbach’s α = .85

1,73

1,93

2,41

2,57

2,58

2,65

1 2 3 4 5

Ichbinangespannt,wennichmitnureinerPersonalleinebin.

Ichwerdeangespannt,wennicheinenBekanntenaufderStraßetreffe.

WennichzueinerGruppedazustoße,denkeichdarübernach,dassich…

Ichbinnervös,wennichmitMenschenzutunhabe,dieichnichtgutkenne.

Ichwerdeangespannt,wennichübermichodermeineGefühlesprechenmuss.

Ichbinangespannt,wennichzueinerGruppedazustoße.


2,12

2,17

2,18

2,22

2,50

2,78

3,08

3,19

1 2 3 4 5

WennichinGesellschaftvonanderenetwasesse,benutzeichmeinSmartphone.

IchhaltemeinSmartphoneinderHandwennichinGesellschaftbin.

InGesellschaftvonanderen,achteichdarauf,dassichmeinSmartphonejederzeitsehe.

IchbenutzemeinSmartphoneineinemsozialenUmfeld,auchwennicheigentlichetwaszurGruppebeitragenkönnte.

IchschaueabundzuaufmeinSmartphone,währendichmichunterhalte.

WennmeinSmartphoneklingelt/vibriert,schaueichdrauf,auchwennichmichgeradeunterhalte.

WennichunterwegsmitBekanntenoderFreundenbin,benutzeichmeinSmartphone.

WennichmichinGesellschaftbefinde,nutzeichmeinSmartphoneinMomentenderStille.

Phubbing

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Dependent variable• scale of Roberts & David (2016), original pPhubbing-scale was slightly adapted• scale: 1 = „nie“ vs. 5 = „sehr oft“• Cronbach’s α = .85


1 2 3 4 5

Age

FoMO

Descriptive phubbing norm

Cognitive concentrationproblemsSocial InteractionAnxiety

Phubbing

-.28***

-.17*** .25***

-.27*** .34*** .17***

-.18*** .33*** .19*** .34***

-.30*** .47*** .35*** .31*** .21***

Bivariate correlations of the constructs

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Main question: Is there a relationship between the independentconstructs and phubbing?


standardized Beta

-.14***

.33***

.23***

.12**

-.01

.30

standardized Beta

-.16***

.36***

.23**

.29

The regression results

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standardized Beta

Age -.18***

FoMO .42***

DescriptivephubbingnormCognitiveconcentrationproblemsSocialInteractionAnxiety

corr.R2 .24

* p < .10, ** p < .05, *** p < .01

• dependent variable: Phubbing• stepwise regression analysis

FoMO remainstobethestrongestpredictor

However:additionalvariance(intotal:30%)canbeexplainedbytheotherpredictors

Media Psychology 2017Bosau & Panakkal: “Phubbing”, only caused by “Fear of Missing Out”? 17

standardizedBeta

Age -.12**

FoMO .34***

Descriptivephubbingnorm .25***

Cognitiveconcentrationproblems .14**

SocialInteractionAnxiety .01

corr.R2 .33

* p < .10, ** p < .05, *** p < .01

standardizedBeta

-.20

.30**

.15

.02

-.10

.16

• dependent variable: Phubbing• regression analysis – comparison male vs. female

♀ ♂concentrationproblemsandsocialnormsareastrongerpredictorforfemales

malesphubonlybecauseof

FoMO

The regression results: moderator gender


standardized Beta

-.17***

.22***

.26***

.15***

-.02

.25

standardized Beta

-.19***

.25***

.27**

.23

The regression results

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standardized Beta

Age -.23***

FoMO – shortversion .29***

DescriptivephubbingnormCognitiveconcentrationproblemsSocialInteractionAnxiety

corr.R2 .16

* p < .10, ** p < .05, *** p < .01

• dependent variable: Phubbing• stepwise regression analysis

lowerexplanatorypowerofFoMOà thecorrelationofFoMO andPhubbingis

partlytautologic

only25%canofthevariancebeexplained


standardizedBeta

Age -.14**

FoMO – shortversion .24***

Descriptivephubbingnorm .28***

Cognitiveconcentrationproblems .17***

SocialInteractionAnxiety -.01

corr.R2 .27

* p < .10, ** p < .05, *** p < .01

standardizedBeta

-.26

.09

.19

.08

-.05

.10

• dependent variable: Phubbing• regression analysis – comparison male vs. female

♀ ♂

The regression results: moderator gender

FoMO isnowalowerpredictorforfemalesandformalesevennopredictoratallanymore!


Ø FoMO is still a very strong predictor of phubbing

• BEWARE: the explanatory power strongly depends on the operationalisation andthe used scale of FoMO

• the existing FoMO scale of Przybylski et al. (2013) could have some validityproblems

Ø People who admit having cognitive concentration problems tend to have also problems toconcentrate on social situations and thus do phub more

Ø Phubbing behaviour is also influenced by the phubbing behaviour of other people. Thus, people simply copy the behaviour of others to some extend

Ø However: the results should only be generalized for females!

Conclusion

FoMO might still be an important predictor of phubbingbehaviour. Though, phubbing is more than just fearing to miss out on something.


• Bosau C., Aelker, L. & Amaadachou, H. (2014). Ich darf nichts verpassen! – Kann “Fear of Missing Out (FoMO)” Suchtverhalten in Facebook erklären? 49th Congress of Deutsche Gesellschaft für Psychologie (DGPs) in Bochum, Germany.

• Bosau C. & Kühn, M. (2015). How to explain “phubbing” – Can “Fear of Missing Out” predict the compulsive use of mobile phones in social situations?. 9th Conference of the Media Psychology Division (German Psychological Society) in Tübingen, Germany.

• Bosau, C. & Ruvinsky, M. (2016). Die Nutzung von Smartphones in Partnerschaften – Negative Effekte von Phubbing und FoMO auf die Beziehungsqualität. 50th Congress of Deutsche Gesellschaft für Psychologie (DGPs) in Leipzig, Germany.

• Carbonell, X., Oberst, U. & Beranuy, M. (2013). The Cell Phone in the Twenty-First Century: A Risk for Addiction or a Necessary Tool? Principles of Addiction. Vol. 1, pp. 901-909.

• Chotpitayasunondh, V. & Douglas, K.M. (2016). How “phubbing“ becomes the norm: The antecedents and consequences of snubbing via smartphone. Computers in Human Behaviour, Vol. 63, 9-18.

• Collins. L. (2013). FoMO and Mobile Phones: A Survey Study. Unpublished master thesis. Tilburg University, Tilburg.• Fergus, T.A., Valentiner, D.P., McGrath, P.B., Gier-Lonsway, S.L. & Kim, H. (2012). Short Forms of the Social

Interaction Anxiety Scale and the Social Phobia Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, Vol. 94 (3), 310-320.• Jacobs, B. (2015). Zusammenhänge zwischen Leistungsprognosen, Ergebniseinschätzungen, erzielten Leistungen in

Konzentrationstests und subjektiver Auffassung der eigenen Konzentrationsfähigkeit. Abgerufen von http://psydok.sulb.uni-saarland.de/volltexte/2015/5252/ [21.05.2016]

• Krasnova, H., Abramova, O., Notter, I. & Baumann, A. (2016). Why Phubbing is Toxic for Your Relationship: Understanding the Role of Smartphone Jealousy among „Generation Y“ Users. 24th European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS), Istanbul, Turkey.

• McDaniel, B.T. & Coyne, S.M. (2016). “Technoference”: The interference of technology in couple relationships and implications for women’s personal and relational well-being. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, Vol. 5(1), 85-98.

Literature


• Misra, S., Cheng, L., Genevie, J. & Yuan, M. (2014). The iPhone Effect: The Quality of In-Person Social Interactions in the Presence of Mobile Devices. Environment and Behaviour, 1-24.

• Przybylski, A.K., Murayama, K., DeHaan, C.R. & Gladwell, V. (2013). Motivational, emotional, and behaviouralcorrelates of fear of missing out. Computers in Human Behavior, Vol. 29, pp. 1841-1848.

• Roberts, J.A. & David, M.E. (2016). My life has become a major distraction from my cell phone: Partner phubbing and relationship satisfaction among romantic partners. Computers in Human Behavior, Vol. 54, 134-141.

• Roberts, J.A. & David, M.E. (2017). Put down your phone and listen to me: How boss phubbing undermines the psychological conditions necessary for employee engagement. Computers in Human Behavior, Vol. 75, 206-217.

Literature


Thank you very much for yourattention!

Contact details:

Rheinische Fachhochschule KölnProf. Dr. Christian Bosau, Dipl.-Psych. & Master of HRM & IRSchaevenstraße 1a/b50676 KölnTel.: +49 221 20302-0e-mail: [email protected]

Slideshare: cbosauTwitter: cribocologne

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"Phubbing" - only caused by "Fear of Missing Out"? - Presentation Media Psychology Conference 20157