4496 4500.output

* GB784903 (A)

Description: GB784903 (A) ? 1957-10-16

Improvements in cooling or refrigerating apparatus

Description of GB784903 (A)

PATTENT SPECIFICATION Inventor: THOMAS PORTER Date of filing Complete Specification Sept 5, 1955. Application Date June 4, 1954. Complete Specification Published Oct 16, 1957. Index at Acceptance: -Class 29, H ( 2 A: 2 C: 2 H: 5 10). International Classification: -F 25 b, d. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION inprovements in Cooling or Refrigerating Apparatus We, T PORTER 'c CO (SALFORD) LIMITED, a British company, of 94, Grosvenor Street, Manchester, 1, in the County of Lancaster, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: - This invention is concerned with cooling or refrigerating apparatus and relates to a portable apparatus which can readily be built around the goods to be cooled, and as easily removed, and which allows of ready access to the goods for replenishment or replacement. Important uses of the invention are for the cooling of bulk beverages in situations where a normal refrigerating cabinet or other normal cooling means would be unjustifiably expensive, for example, in many clubs where drinks are served there is no adequate accommodation for storing the bulk liquors where they can be cooled and kept cool Again, in many refreshment establishments where the bulk liquors are kept in a cellar, to cool the liquors involves either the cooling of the whole cellar, which is wasteful, or the fitting of an expensive refrigeration unit to house the liquor containers. The present invention has for its object to eliminate these difficulties by making it possible at a relatively small cost to cool bulk liquors and other goods, and their immediate surrounding atmosphere, without the need for any heavy permanent structure, and

irrespective of the general nature of the further surroundings. Accordingly the invention provides a portable cooling or refrigerating apparatus comprising an enclosure in the form of a frame which can be built up in situ around the articles to be cooled and supporting enclosing walls and a roof at least one of which is of fabric or other flexible material, and comprising a cooling unit and fan for circulating a stream of cooled air over and/or around the articles within the enclosure The said frame may be of metal, for example of tubular or angle iron elements or the like, and may be of a fixed size or may be extendable and contractable In the last-mentioned case, the fabric or like flexible wall would pleat or reef on the 50 frame as the frame was contracted, and would be pulled taut on the frame when fully extended, whereas in the case of panelled walls more or fewer panels, or/and larger or smaller panels would be used according to the size of 55 enclosure required. The said ranels, when used, could be hardboard panels or other rigid panels built on to the frame, one or more of them being removable In the case of a roof panel this could, if 60 necessary, be merely dropped into a frame or socket, without attachment, say into the frame provided by angle iron sides and ends. The cooling unit will include an evaporator 65 and a fan and usually an electrically driven compressing and condensing unit preferably of the hermetically sealed type, the evaporator and fan being placed within the enclosure and the compressing and condensing unit 70 remaining outside the enclosure In some cases the compressing and condensing unit, evaporator and fan would be mounted on a common base, the compressing and condensing unit being spaced from the other elements so 75 as to allow the wall of the enclosure to come down between them and include the fan and evaporator within the enclosure. According to another feature of the invention however, the compressing and condensing 80 unit would be carried by one limb of an inverted U-shaped member and the evaporator and fan be carried by the other limb, said Ushaped member being passed over the topr of a side wall or end wall of the enclosure so 85 as to present the evaporator and fan to the interior atmosphere whilst the compressing and condensing unit remained outside the enclosure. The invention, in some of its forms, is illus 90 trated in the accompanying drawings, wherein: Fig 1 is a front perspective view of the preferred form of the invention; 784,903 No 16530/54. 784,903 Fig 2 is a fragmentary vertical section through one end of the apparatus; Fig 3 is a part-sectional elevation of the compressing and condensing unit, fan and evaporator and their mounting; Fig 4 is a further view similar to Fig 1 and showing another form of the invention; Fig 5 is a broken perspective view showing one construction

of wall panel; Fig 6 is a horizontal section; and Fig 7 is a perspective view of an extended or multiple form of the invention. Referring first to Figs 1 and 2, the enclosure is a bottomless open-fronted structure comprising end walls 1, 2, rear wall 3 and top 4, the open front being provided with a removable cover 5 described more fully below In the example illustrated the enclosure is adapted to surround the stillage a with two barrels b and a stack of bottle crates c As will become apparent as the description proceeds, the enclosure may very easily be erected around the stillage and its contents if they are already in position. At the rear of the enclosure is a rigid frame 6 of angle iron, and each end wall as well as the rear wall comprises a pre-fabricated panel consisting of outer and inner sheet metal skins 7, 8 (Fig 5) flanged at 7 a and 2 a respectively to fit one within the other and surrounding a wooden frame 9 filled with a heat insulating material 10 These panels are secured to the said frame 6 and, at the front are braced together by a tie rod 11 The rear frame 6 includes or is attached to a top frame made up of angle iron sections which collectively form a socket or recess for the top panel 4. Secured along the top front edge of the enclosure is one edge of the flexible wall or curtain 5 which may be rolled up as shown in Fig 1, to give free access to the interior of the enclosure and may be hung down as a front wall, with its side edges buttoned on to the studs 12 spaced along the front edges of the end panels 1 and 2 In a modification one tape of a sliding clasp fastener could be attached to the vertical front edge of a side wall, and the complemental tape be attached to the adjacent edge of the flexible wall 5. On to the top edge of the end wall 1 is hung a frame or bracket having parts 13, 14 of inverted U-shape to engage the wall, an outer shelf or support 15 and an inner shelf or support 16 The outer shelf carries a hermeticallysealed compressing and condensing unit 17, whilst the inner shelf carries an evaporator 18, with a fan motor 19, the evaporator and the compressing and condensing unit being connected together by flow and return conduits 20 passing over the top of the wall 1 with the Ushaped parts 13, 14 Where the cooling means is not required to be removable easily, the conduits 20 may pass through the wall 1 but, as X 5 shown, they pass over the top of the wall so that the whole unit may be lifted off as shown in broken lines in Fig 3. Fig 4 illustrates a case where the cooling means rests on the floor, the compressing and condensing unit being outside the enclosure, 70 with an evaporator and fan within the enclosure Also, in this example, instead of the flexible front wall 5 extending up to the top of the enclosure, it begins from the lower edge of a front panel or valence 21 The wall 5 may 75 have appropriately placed tabs or tongues to

connect on to studs on the valance 21 to hold up the rolled wall. When it is desired to have a longer enclosure, the one end panel is removed and two 80 (or more) rear frames 6 are secured together as shown at 22 in Fig 6, a front strut 23 is provided, and the end panel replaced on the outer end of the added frame (or frames) In such a case, instead of the flexible front walls being 85 required to roll up to give access to the interior, there may be a sliding clasp fastener 24 between adjoining curtains 5, see Fig 7 Of course, the curtain or front wall 5 in the singlewidth units may have such a fastener, so as to 90 allow a person to pass through it into the enclosure. In another example of the invention (not illustrated) the enclosure comprises a metal frame consisting of corner uprights and inter 95 mediate uprights, with top and bottom side and end rails Fitting over this frame is a prefabricated housing or tent of a coated fabric, or other relatively impervious fabric, shaped so as to have flat sides ends and top when on the 100 frame, and the enclosure is of a size to cover the barrels and bottle crates or the like whilst leaving a slight air space at the sides and a larger air space at the top and ends. Mounted on one end of a base board or 105 panel is an enclosed electrically driven compressing and condensing unit At the other end of the base board is an upstanding support carrying, at a height which brings it opposite the air space above the barrels, an evaporator 110 and a fan, the fan being disposed so as to blow air through the evaporator and along the space over the barrels, a return air stream flowing from the lower part of the housing back to the fan Said support, with its evaporator and 115 fan are disposed within said enclosure, the compressing and condensing unit being outside the enclosure The said unit and/or the fan may be thermostatically controlled The evaporator is in circuit with the inlet and out 120 let ports of the compressing and condensing unit, through suitable conduits. In use, for example in a club or shop, the enclosure according to any of the various possible forms of the invention, may be placed 125 below a counter, so as not to be obtrusive or occupy space unnecessarily, and in some cases one or more walls of the housing may constitute, or be constituted by corresponding walls of the counter Many other applications and 130 784,903 adaptations of the invention are possible, according to the circumstances in which it is to be used. In the event that a lesser number of articles are to be cooled, the frame and housing if of a variable size may be correspondingly reduced so as to reduce the free air space in the enclosure to a minimum. In some cases, as for example when the apparatus is used in a club

room or other public place, the outer walls of the enclosure may be used to carry advertisement matter.

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* GB784904 (A)

Description: GB784904 (A) ? 1957-10-16

Improvements in or relating to earth-leakage indicating devices


COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Improvements im or relating to Earth Leakage Indicating Devicces We, ETABLISSEMENTS MERLIN & GERIN, SOCIETE ANONYME, of rue Henri Tarze, Or-noble (Isere), France, a Body Corporate, organized under the iLaws of France, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particumarly described in and by the following state ment:- This invention relates to an improvement in or modification of the device described and claimed in Claim 1 of our Specification No. 702.097 for the measurement and the supervision of the insulation resistance of a polyZ phase electric line, characterised in that a measuring circuit supplied with direct current comprises measuring and indicating apparatus which is shunted so that an alternating earth fault current does not flow through this apparatus, said measuring circuit being inserted between one phase or all phases of the line and earth, or between the natural or artificial neutral point of the line and earth. According to the present invention, three sliding-contact resistances are star connected so that an artificial neutral point is created, and

a voltage is obtained from each of these resistances. Through the medium of three rectifiers, the three voltages thus obtained charge a condenser, which acts as the source of direct current. Preferably the arrangement is such that the voltage obtained from this condenser by means of a potentiometer will be a safety or permissible voltage, for instance 24 volts, which, in the event of an insulation failure, injects into the faulty circut a direct current the strength of which will depend upon the resistance at the fault. By passing this current through an ohmmeter it will therefore be possible to ascertain the degree of insulation of the line under examination. In order to render the voltage furnished by the generator practically independent of zero phase sequence currents, there is interposed in the circuit to earth containing the ohmmeter a resistance the value of which is very great in comparison with the impedance of the condenser One method of carrying the invention into practice is described hereunder, without restricting the scope of tile invention by or to the details specific to the example selected for illustration. In the accompanying drawing, a three-phase network to be supervised is diagrammatically represented at 1, and the supervising apparatus at 2. The line 1 is supplied with current by a power transformer 3. The he device 2 is connected to the network through the medium of fuses 4a, 4b and 4c, and comprises a push-button 5, which enable the device to be connected to the network at the moment when it is desired to effect a reading, the star-connected sliding-conract resistances Re, Rb and Bc each being shunted by a neon lamp, La, Lb and Lc respectively. The sliding contacts are connected to three star-connected rectifiers Xc, Xb and Xc, which supply current to a condenser C1, inserted between the neutral point of the resistances and the neutral point of the rectifiers. The condenser C1 is shunted by a sliding-contact resistance Rd, the sliding contact of which is connected to earth through a regulating resistance Or of relatively high magnitude, and an ohmmeter O shunted by a condenser C2. The device operates in the following manner: When the push-button 5 is closed, the resistances Re, Rb and Rc are subjected to the voltage of the network. The alternating voltages obtained by the sliding contacts from the resistances are rectified by the rectifiers Xe, Xb and Xc, and charge the condenser Q to a direct voltage which will be a function of the voltages obtained from the resistances. If the insulation of the network is in a perfect state, that is to say, if its insulation resistance is in the neighbourhood of infinity, nothing will happen, and no current will pass through the ohmmeter. If on the other hand there is an insulation fault to earth, for instance

at A on the phase , a fault circult is created, which is closed through the earth. The condenser C1 will then deliver into this circuit a direct fault current which will flow, as indicated by arrows, from C. through resistances Ra, Rb, Rc-(phases b and c of the line, windings b, c and a of the transformer on the one hand, phase a of the line on the other hand)earthohmmeter, Rr and return to - C1. This current will cause the displacement of the needle of the ohmmeter, and this displacement will be the greater according as the resistance at the fault point is less. The reading of the ohmmeter thus enables the existence of a fault ro be ascertained. The neon lamps connected in parallel with the resistances render it possible to presume the state of the fuses preceding the apparatus. If, for example, the lamp Lb fails to light, it means an open circuit probably caused by the failure of the corresponding fuse 4b. It will be recognised that with the arrangement according to the invention the voltages obtained from the resistances Ra, Rb, Rc are always substantially the same, whatever may be the length of the network. They do not in fact vary except as a function of the variations in the voltages at the terminals of the supply transformer. The voltage to which the condenser C1 is charged will therefore be practically constant, and consequently the fault current will be the only function of the resistance at rhe fault point The indications of the ohmmeter will therefore be valuable whatever the length of the network supervised may be. If it is desired to simplify the apparatus still further, the push-button 5 may be omitted and the apparatus permanently connected to the line. Practically since the insulation is never perfect, a slight current of a few milliamperes will then flow continuously in the circuit of the condenser C1 and the potentiometer Rd. What we claim is:-- 1. An improvement in or modification of the device for the measurement and the supervision of the insulation resistance of a polyphase electric line, as claimed in Claim 1 of our Specification No. 702,O97, characterised by the feature that the source of direct uur- rent is constituted by a condenser, which is charged through the medium of rectifiers, by thre voltages obtained from three sliding-contact resistances which are star-connected to form an artificial neutral point. 2. A device as claimed in Claim 1, characterised by the feature that from the said con dens=r there is obtained by means of a poren- tiometer a voltage which is injected into the circuit to earth which contains the measuring and supervising instruments, this circuit including a resistance of high value in comparison with the resistance

of the condenser. 3. A device as claimed in Claim 1, characterised by the feature that the sliding contacts of the resistances forming the neutral point ar connected, through the medium of the three rectifiers, to a second neutral point, the condenser being interposed between the neutral point of the resistances and the neutralpoint of the rectifiers. 4. A device as claimed in Claim 1 characterised by the feature that the resistances are each shunted by a neon lamp. 5. A device as claimed in Claim 1 of our Specification No. 702,097 for the measurement and supervision ot the insulation resistance of a polyphase electric line, improved or modified substantially as hereinbefore des cribbed with reference to the accompanying drawing.

* GB784905 (A)

Description: GB784905 (A) ? 1957-10-16

Treatment of proteinaceous materials

Description of GB784905 (A) Translate this text into Tooltip

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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete, up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.

PATENT SPECIFICATION Invoen tors: GEORGE BRUCE GALLIVER and ALAN WILLIAM HOLMES are E o Date of filing Complete Specification Aug 9, 1955. Application Date Aug 26, 1954. Complete Specification Published Oct 16, 1957. Index at Acceptance:-Class 49, Bl D, El. International Classification: -A 231. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION

Treatment of Proteinaceous Materials We, UNILEVER LIMITED, a company registered under the laws of Great Britain, of Port Sunlight, in the County of Chester, England, do hereby declare the invention for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: - This invention relates to the treatment of proteinaceous materials to remove fishy smell and taste. Fish flesh or the protein obtained therefrom has been extracted with alcohol with the object of removing its fishy smell and taste The product so obtained retains, however, a residual smell and/or taste which is usually detectable in the product as such and which tends to be more pronounced in a product which has been subjected to heat Heating an aqueous suspension or solution of the product at a pn in the range of about 6-8 under pressure in a closed vessel, which treat-' ment is required in the preparation of certain food products, is a particularly critical test of residual smell and taste. It has now been found that products with less or no smell or taste, even after such heat treatment, may be obtained by carrying out the alcohol extraction at pi of at least 8 and no more than 12. According to the invention there is provided a process of removing fishy smell and taste from a proteinaceous material, comprising fish or whale flesh or protein obtained therefrom, which comprises subjecting the material to extraction with an alcohol at a p H of at least 8 and no more than 12. Fish, preferably gutted fish, or protein obtained therefrom, as well as other proteinaceous materials, for instance whale meat, may be treated according to the invention Excellent results are, obtained with white sea fish, such as cod, whiting, haddock, sea-bream, coalfish, dogfish and catfish, and fresh water fish such as carp The invention is, however, also applicable to fatty fish such as herring and ll Pric 784 905 No 24821/54. to such low grade starting material as fish offal. With fatty materials the oil content should preferably be reduced before the treatment, for instance by means of a fat sol 50 vent or by pressure cooking followed by centrifuging. Fish may be eviscerated and skinned, and the head removed, if a light coloured product is desired, and any material to be treated 55 should preferably be comminuted before the treatment. The extraction is preferably carried out at a p H of at least 9 p Hr of 12 should not be exceeded since it is liable to damage the pro 60 tein nutritionally and tends to increase the rate of hydrolysis of the protein appreciably. The optimum p H value usually lies in the neighbourhood of 10 The

required p H may conveniently be obtained by adding the 65 requisite amount of aqueous alkali, for instance sodium oi calcium hydroxide or sodium carbonate, to the material and mixing. The presence of carbonate tends to malke for a softer final product whilst calcium has the 70 opposite effect. A reducing agent may be added to the material, for instance a salt, usually the sodium salt, of sulphurous acid such as a sulphite, metabisulphite or hydrosulphite; hydroxyl 75 amine or its salts; or reducing sugars such as glucose and lactose It has been noted that the reducing sugars tend to impart brown colour and caramel flavour to the product, especially when it is heated, so that the use of some 80 other reducing agent is preferred when whiteness and blandness ot the product is desired. Reducing agents which are also bleaching agents are, of course, particularly desirable from the colour point of view 85 The beneficial effect of the reducing agent is less marked below an amount of about 2 5 % by weight (calculated on a dry weight basis) of the material to be treated It is preferred to use about 5 % Thus with fresh white sea 90 fish (which normally contains about 80 % by weight water) the effect is less marked below r 784,905 about 0 5 % by weight of the fish and it is preferred to use about 1 %. The combination of alkaline p H and the presence of a reducing agent results in a further improvement of the product. In the preferred embodiment of the process the material, for instance fresh minced cod, is mixed with about 1 % of its weight of sodium sulphite and sufficient sodium hydroxide solution to raise the PH of the mixture to about 10. It is, of course, advantageous to dry the material before the alcohol extraction so as to prevent undue dilution of the alcohol and to allow the material to be stored, if desired, before the extraction Roller-drying is one suitable method and it has been found that a certain amount of deflavouring and deodorising takes place during such drying Sheet formation on the rollers takes place more readily at higher p H values and is very satisfactory at a p H of about 10 The presence of sulphite also promotes sheet formation whilst hydroxylamine tends to have the opposite effect. It is preferred to use alcohols which contain no more than four carbon atoms Ethyl and isopropyl alcohol are particularly suitable. Aqueous alcohols may be used, but the presence of a considerable proportion of water may be undesirable With ethyl alcohol the water content should usually not exceed 50 %,Ol preferably not 25 %, by volume. A rise in extraction temperature tends to increase the efficiency of extraction Hence, alcohol at or near its boiling point is preferably

used and it may be preferable to extract under pressure, particularly when treating low grade material such as herring or offal, so as to obtain a Sigh extraction temperature The extraction time need be only relatively short and will depend largely on the type and size of apparatus used, on the material being treated and on the number of times the alcohol charge is replaced by a fresh one Under laboratory conditions using a Soxelet type apparatus, very good results have been obtained in two hours. The recovery of the alcohol from the extraction miscella is best carried out by distillation after acidification with a non-volatile acid such as sulphuric or phosphoric acid The acid concentration is not critical provided sufficient is present to form salts with the volatile bases in the miscella. The product obtained by the process of the invention has only negligible solubility in water and only limited solubility in dilute aqueous alkali (p H 12). Further treatment of the product after removal of residual alcohol, where necessary, by any conventional method will depend on the use to which the product is to be put. Excess reducing agent may be washed out with water and the pit of the product adjusted to the desired value, frequently to neutrality or thereabouts, by the addition of acid The product may then be dried by any conventional method, for instance tray-drying, to give a substantially odourless and tasteless 70 material. The final product may, for instance, be incorporated as a protein supplement in foodstuffs such as wheat flour. EXAMPLE 1 75 Fresh gutted comminuted cod was mixed with 1 % of its weight of sodium sulphite and sufficient aqueous sodium hydroxide to raise the p Ht to 10 A stiff gelatinous mass was thus obtained This was then passed 80 through twin rollers which were internally heated by steam at a pressure of 2 8 kg/cm-. and which were set to a clearance of 0 008 cms The rollers of 15 2 cms diameter and 19.7 cms width rotated at a speed of 3 revs / 85 min and the throughput was at the rate of 7.25 kg of mixture per hour. 2.75 kg of the dried material were placed in a Soxhlet apparatus, the boiler of which contained 50 litres of 95 %SO ethanol to which 90 900 grams of 36 N sulphuric acid had been added The boiler was heated by an electric mantle The extraction was allowed to proceed for three hours during which syphoning occurred every 45 minutes 95 At the completion of extraction residual alcohol contained in the material was evaporated off The material was then suspended in water and the p H adjusted to 7 by the addition of hydrochloric acid After filtration, 100 the material was washed twice by suspending in water, stirring and

filtering and was then tray-dried at 50 W C for 4 hours. The resultant product was white and substantialty odourless and flavourless 5 grams 105 of the product were suspended in 150 ml of water in a can, the can was sealed and then heated for 30 minutes in an autoclave with steam at 1 05 kg/cm 2 pressure The product was substantially odourless and tasteless 110 EXAMPLE 2 Fresh gutted comminuted cod was treated as in Example 1 except that no sodium sulphite was added to it The product obtained was similar, though not quite as satisfactory, as that obtained in Example 1.


* GB784906 (A)

Description: GB784906 (A) ? 1957-10-16

Comb for a sheep-shearing device


PATENT SPECIFICATION Inventor: WALTER GODFREY BOWEN 4 X Date of filing Complete Specification Nov2, 1955. Application Date Nov 30, 1954. Complete Specification Published Oct 16, 1957. Index at acceptance: -Class 131, M( 1: 7). International Classification: -B 26 b. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Comb for a Sheep-Shearing Device We, R A LISTER & COMPANY LIMITED, a British Company, of Victoria Iron Works, Long Street, Dursley, Gloucestershire, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following

statement: This invention relates to a comb for a sheep-shearing device having a cutter reciprocable across a flat face of the comb, the comb being of the kind in which each tooth has a flat surface in the plane of the flat face of the comb, and in which each tooth tapers in two directions, namely from the root to the tip of the tooth, and from the flat face to the opposite edge of the tooth. In combs of this kind which have previously been proposed, the teeth are usually of the same dimensions and shape; the gullets between the teeth, although tapering in the reverse direction to the teeth, being very little greater in width than the teeth themselves. It is an object of the invention to provide a comb which is particularly adapted for shearing the wool of sheep such as graze in rough hill country, the comb being adapted to penetrate the coarser wool of such sheep readily and to leave a reasonable thickness of fleece sufficient to protect the sheep from the extremes of temperatures prevalent in such hill country. According to the invention, the teeth of the comb are (in longitudinal section) of " sledge-shape ", and the height of the sledge of each tooth increases from adjacent the root towards the tip and then decreases gently in a smooth curve of relatively large radius to the tip, which latter is slightly radiused, and the gullets at their widest points are materially wider than the maximum widths of the teeth, the heights of the sledges of some of the teeth being greater than those of the others but the heights of all of them being greater than the thickness of the body of the comb. " Sledge-shape" is defined as meaning that the height of each tooth, measured from lPric the flat face of the tooth to the opposite edge, increases towards the tip from adjacent the root of the tooth and then decreases gently in a smooth curve of relatively large radius to the tip of the tooth which is slightly radiused. In the accompanying drawings:Figure 1 is a plan of a comb of known form; Figure 2 is an end elevation of the comb of Figure 1; Figure 3 is a plan of one comb embodying the invention; Figure 4 is an end elevation of the comb of Figure 3; Figure 5 is a plan of another comb embodying the invention; Figure 6 is an end elevation of the comb of Figure 5; Figure 7 is an enlarged section on line VII-VII of Figure 1; Figure 8 is an enlarged pection on line VIII-VIII of Figures 3 and 5; Figure 9 is an enlarged section on line IXIX of Figures 3 and 5; Figure 10 is an enlarged side elevation of a portion of the tooth shown in Figure 7; Figure 11 is an enlarged side elevation of a portion of the tooth shown in Figure 8; and Figure 12 is an enlarged side elevation of a portion of the tooth shown in Figure 9. The comb 1 shown in Figures 1, 2, 7 and is of known form and has a flat face 2 (Figure 2) and a plurality of teeth 3, each tooth 3 having

a flat surface 4 in the plane of the flat face 2 of the comb 1. Each tooth 3 tapers in two directionsfrom the root 5 to the tip 6 and from the flat surface 4 (Figure 7) to the opposite edge 7 of the tooth 3. The teeth 3 are all of substantially the same dimensions and shape, the gullets 8 between the teeth 3, although tapering in the reverse direction to the teeth 3 themselves, being of substantially the same size as the teeth 3. The tip 6 of each tooth 3 is slightly radiused and each tooth 3 is bevelled, or relieved, at 784,906 No 34613/54. 784,906 6 a in the plane of the flat face 2 of the comb as shown in Figure 7 and 10. It is normal practice to provide only a small amount of relief as described above, but it is an additional feature of this invention that this relief is increased in length from the tip of each comb tooth to a minimum length of 0 25 " in order to ensure that the cutter is set up, relative to the comb so that the tips of the cutter teeth lie not less than " behind the tips of the comb teeth (i e, there is a substantial "lead" of the comb over the cutter, which is necessary to ensure clean cutting and easy entry of the comb into the fleece). The comb 9, shown in Figures 3, 4, 8, 9, 11 and 12 embodies the invention and has eight teeth 10 and seven gullets 11, four of the teeth having high sledges 12 of the full depth of the fleece required to be left after shearing, and the other four teeth having low sledges 13, of about of the height of the high sledges 12 so that whilst they partially enter the fleece they do not penetrate to the skin This ensures that during cutting the low sledge effectively prevents the fleece from being pressed up between adjacent teeth with high sledges, thereby eliminating uneven cutting resulting in "ridging" of the cut fleece. The teeth 10 have alternately high sledges 12 and low sledges 13, the two teeth adjacent the left-hand outer tooth of the comb having low sledges 13 Each high-sledged tooth 10 is formed of substantially uniform section at its root 15 and adjacent the root 15 the height of the sledge, 12, increases rapidly in a sharp curve The sharp curve flattens out and decreases in a gentle curve of comparatively large radius towards the tip 16 of the tooth 10 of the comb 9, the tip 16 being slightly radiused Each tooth 10 (at its tip 16) is bevelled, or relieved, at 16 a (Figures 8, 9, 11 and 12) in the plane of the flat face 18 of the tooth The relief 16 a is not less than 0 25 " in length from the tip 16 of the tooth 10 and is seen to be increased in length as compared with usual length of the relief, on the known comb, shown at 6 a in Figures 7 and 10. The gullets 11 between the teeth obviously taper in a direction

opposite to that of the taper of the teeth 10 The gullets 11 are of greater width than usual a width about twice that of the teeth, as shown The usual width is as shown in Fig 1 The gullets 11 are relieved at 19 adjacent the roots 15 of the teeth, being formed in a gentle curve and-sloping backwards away from the flat face 18 of the comb 9 and away from the teeth 10 of the comb 9. n the alternative embodiment of the invention shown in Figures 5, 6, 8, 9, 11 and 12 the comb 21 has nine teeth 10 and is symmetrical 60 about its centre line, the teeth having high sledges 12 and low sledges 13 alternating but the two outside teeth having high sledges 12, the remaining details of comb 21 being the same as comb 9 55


* GB784907 (A)

Description: GB784907 (A) ? 1957-10-16

Improvements in or relating to book or like holders or rests


PATENT SPECIFICATION 784,907 Date of filing Complete Specificat Application Date: Feb 10, 1955. Complete Specification Published: ion: Jan 19, 1956. No 3946/55. Oct 16, 1957. Index at acceptance:-Class 52 ( 3), H( 3 83; 13 G: 14). International Classification:-A 47 b. COMPLETE l SPECIFICATION Improvements in or relating to Book or like Holders or Rests I, HUGH

STANFORD BRYAN, British Nationality, of 49, Mount Road, West Kirby, Wirral, in the County of Chester, do hereby declare the invention, for which I pray that a patent may be granted to me, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and 'by the following statement:- This invention, relates to a book or like holder or rest, more particularly for use by a person desiring to read in bed; and has for its object to provide a holder or rest device or appliance of wood, or other suitable substance, which is adapted firmly to support a book, or the like, at such an angle or inclination that it may be read in comfort, i e without eye strain or necessity for the reader to keep continuously his or her hands outside of the bed clothes which may remain tucked under the chin. Although, of course, not so limited, my invention is especially adapted for use 'by ailing and elderly persons who find that, when in bed, the effort required to hold and read a book is very fatiguing, and, moreover, the hands and chest being, of necessity, outside the bed clothes, become chilled. A book holder or rest, according,to the invention, comprises a book carrier and a, base board adapted for insertion under a pillow of a bed and whereby said book carrier is supported in position of use; said book carrier being provided with a pair of tongues, or like projections, situated on and extending from adjacent sides of the book carrier and adapted for detachable engagement with a holding device provided on said base board at or adjacent to an end thereof. My book holder or rest in one mode of embodiment comprises: 1 A base board adapted for insertion under a pillow and at an end whereof is fonrmed or secured a block or like enlargement wherein is provided a slot normal with or at an angle or inclination to, said base board. 2 A board, plate, or frame (hereinafter, for convenience of description only, usually desig. lPrice 3 s 6 d 1 natedi "book carrier" or " carrier board) adapted for movable or adjustable association with said sloit of the base board's block, as by the aid of one of a pair of tongue-like projections or extensions designed for insertion in the slot of said block Said tongues are situated on and extend from converging sides of the book carrier at an appropriate angle, so that one or other may be engaged dn the slot of the base board's block accordingly as to whether the reader intends to lie in the bed on his or her left or right side The object, in either clease, is to support a book or other matter to 'be read, when placed and held on the book carrier, so that the lines of print are as nearly as possible parallel to the line of the eyes when the occupant of the bed is lying with one or other side of the face on the pillow.

1 Extending along said book carrier on two adjacent sides thereof, and at right angles thereto, are formed or secured book supporting flanges or ledges which are preferably of reduced width-e g stepped ut their converging ends portions to permnit two of a plurality of spacedly arranged book-retaininig components-say, of stout rod or wire mounted usually so as to be angularly adjustable-to be affixed at a lower level than the others, to aid, the holding of an open book firmly in position on its carrier as the thickness of the to-be-read portion of the volume gradually diminishes, and also facilitate the turning of the leaves by the reader. On said base board being inserted underneath the pillow (or lowermost pillow, if two pillows are used) the weight of the pillows without head pressure is preferably sufficient to prevent displacement of the appliance when in, position for use Thus, a book may be read by a person when lying on his or her side with the head resting upon the pillow, without necessity for the reader to hold the book or remove his or her hands from underneath the bed clothes, except to turn over the leaves, which is facilitated by the means aforesaid, I will further describe my invention with the aid of the accompanying explanatory drawings which illustrate, by way of example only and not of limitation, one mode of carry, ing the same into effect. In said drawings: i Fig 1 is an isometric view of the appliance, and Fig 2 is a plan view showing diagrammatically the appliance in a position of use. represents a rigid base board or strip of wood, and 11 a block of wood secured, as by screws, to an end of said board 10 Formed in said block 11 is a slot 12 normal to said board 10. 13 denotes a wooden carrier board adapted for detachable engagement with slot 12 of block 11 by the aid of one or other of a pair of tongue-like members 14, 15, extending from carrier board 13 As shown, said tongues 14, 15, are situated on and project from converging sides of carrier board 13 at an angle such that one or other of the tongues may be utilized for insertion in slot 12 of the base board's block 11, accordingly:as to whether the reader intends ito lie in the bed on his or her left or right side. 16, 17, denote book supporting flanges or ledges fitted lat right angles on the carrier board, and which are stepped down or reduced tat 1,6 a, 17 a, respectively Spaced and revolubly mounted onl said flanges 16, 17 are retaining components 18 of stout rod or wire, those affixed on the end portions 16 a, 17 a, being at a lower level than the others, and so aid in the holding of an open book firmly in position on its carrier board 13 as the thickness of the ito-be-read portion of the volume gradually diminishes. In use, one or other of said tongues, 14, 15, of the book carrier is

inserted into slot 12 of block 11 of the base board, i e accordingly as to whether the user in tends to lie on his or her right or left side in the bed; and the base board inserted beneath a pillow x as shown in Fig 2, the effect, in either case, being as before stated, to hold a book, when, placed on the carrier board and located 'by said reitaining components, with its lines of print as nearly as possible parallel to,the line of vision when a cheek is resting on the pillow. In an alternative mode of carrying out my invention, I may permanently and revolubly associate a book carrier with said base board, provision being made for intentional rotary hand adjustment of the book carrier relative to the base board at the will of the user Again, said book carrier and base board may, be hingedly associated to facilitate storage and transport. If desired, an electric lamp holder and switch may be affixed to said base board at a suitable position thereon, these being complete with a reflector shade, thereby providing a light to read by without obscuring part of the print of a book.
