* GB785558 (A)

Description: GB785558 (A) ? 1957-10-30

Improvements in or relating to self-supporting tents

Description of GB785558 (A)

PATENT SPECIFICATION 78955 558 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: May 18, 1955. No, 14338/55. Application made in Germany on May 25, 1954. Complete Specification Published: Oct 30, 1957. Index at acceptance:-Class 20 ( 1), P( 2: 3: 4). International Classification:-A 45 f. C Ov PLETE SPECIFICATION Improvements in or relating to Self-Supporting Tents I, HEINZ BERDUX, of Landhaus Berdux, Obzrstdorf, Ailgau, Germany, a citizen of the Federal Republic of Germany, do hereby declare the invention, for which I pray that a patent may 'be granted to me, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described' in and, by the following statement: - The present invention relates to a self-supporting tent, that is a tent that does not require any guy ropes or rods anchored to the ground The tent is intended primarily for camping trips and as a temporary shelter, for example for construction workers or expeditions. It is an object of the present invention to provide a self-supporting tent which thus is transportable in the assembled state and which can be readily assembled and demounted. The invention consists in a self-supporting tent of substantially cubiform shape, comprising four transverse framework members, four vertical and four longitudinal framework members constructed to form a tent structure adapted to be assembled and demounted by means, provided at the end portions of the framework members, for releasably joining the respective members together, four of the members being attached to a tent covering cut like a folding box, and further means

being provided for fastening respective edges of the tent covering to the structure when assembled, Preferably, the tent covering is attached to the transverse framework members. The joining means may comprise threaded pins provided on the transverse framework members and extending from 'the end portions thereof and fastening members provided on end portions of the vertical and on the longitudinal framework members, the fastening members of the vertical and of the 'longitudinal framework members being adapted to slip over the threaded pins of the transverse framework members to form joints between the respective framework members at the tent corners, screw caps fitting the threaded pins being provided to secure the joints The screw caps may have substantially diametric borings provided for the in 50 sertion of a tightening lever and for receiving fastening ropes whereby the self-supporting tent may, if desired), be fixed to the ground. The end portions of the vertical and longitudinal framework members may be provided 55 with cheeks which, upon assembling the structure permit rotation of the vertical and longitudinal framework members only up to the desired angular position with respect to' the transverse framework members 60 The framework members may be slotted tubes, the edges of the tent covering having wire ropes fastened thereto, means being provided for fastening the wire ropes in stretched condition within the respective tubes, Each 65 wire rope may be provided with a loop at one end' and at least one pin of a size fitting within the tube at the other end The slots in the tubes may, be sufficiently enlarged at one or more points along the length of the slot to 70 permit insertion of the pins into the tubes. The enlargement of the slots in the tubes may be longitudinally offset with respect to the position the pins attain within the tubes upon assembly of the tent structure A slotted par 75 tition may be provided within each tube which, while permitting free longitudinal passage of the wire rope, fixes the position of the pin at the end of the wire rope upon insertion of the wire rope into the tube The 80 slotted tubes forming the transverse framework members may be provided with connecting pieces at one end of the said, framework members Nito the tubular spacesl thereof and adapted for engaging the loops of the 85 wire ropes The slotted tubes forming the vertical and longitudinal framework members may be provided with rotatably mounted hooks extending at one end of the said framework members into the tubular spaces thereof, 90 arresting levers attached to the hooks and' extending to the outside of the framework members being provided' to enable fastening of the loops of the wire ropes to the hooks The vertical and the lower front transverse framework members may be slotted twin tubes.

The vertical and the lower front transverse framework members may be of S-shaped cross section. Each vertical framework member may have two fastening pieces attached thereto, each upper transverse framework member having two hangers attached thereto, four bed frames being provided which are dimensioned to fit into the tent and adapted to be mounted in pairs above each other within the tent, each of the bed frames carrying two hooks whereby to attach the outside corners of the bed frames to fastening pieces, each of the two lower bed frames being provided with two collapsible legs at the side opposite to the said hooks and each of the two upper bed frames being provided with straps attached to the side opposite to the said hooks for fastening the upper bed frames to the hangers. The hooks of the bed frames may be bent, whereby to enable hanging of the bed frames vertically alongside the tent walls The lower bed frames may each be provided with four collapsible 'legs. To make the invention clearly understood, reference will now be made to the accompanying drawings which are given by way of example and in which: Fig 1 is a perspective view of 'the assembled tent; Fig 2 is a similar view, but with the tent covering removed,; Fig 2 a is a detail view showing the manner of attaching the beds to the vertical frameFig 3 shows the tent covering spread out on the ground and, indicates the transverse framework members attached thereto in full lines and the wire ropes for fastening and stretching the edges of the tent in discontinuous lines; Fig 3 a is a larger illustration of Fig 3 except that the longitudinal and vertical framework members are shown attached to the tent covering; Fig 4 is a sectional view of the line A-A in Fig 1; Fig 5 is a sectional view on the line B-B in Fig, 1; Fig 6 is a sectional view on the line C-C in Fig 1;. Fig 7 is an exploded presentation of the joint between three framework members indicated; by the reference numeral I in Fig 2; Fig '8 is an elevation of joint I, of Fig 2; Fig, 9 is a view of joint I taken in the direction-of arrow D in Fig 8; Fig 10 is an elevation of joint II of Fig 2; Fig 11 is a view of joint II, in the direction of arrow E in Fig 10 '; Fig 12 is an elevation of joint III of Fig. 2; Fig 13 is a view of joint III taken in the direction of arrow F in Fig 12; Fig 14 is a view of joint IV in Fig 2; Fig 15 ' is a view of joint IV in the direction of arrow G in Fig 14; Fig 16 is an enlarged view of the trans 70 verse framework member at the left hand top of Fig 2; Fig 17 is a sectional view on the line HH in Fig 16; Fig 17 a is a detailed view of a lever rod 75 for fastening the tent covering to certain framework members; Fig 17 b is a sectional view taken on the line K-K in Fig 17 a; Fig 18 illustrates the edge of one of the 80 sections of the tent covering with the sewedin wire rope; Fig 18 a is

a perspective view of one of the wire ropes; Fig 19 is a sectional view of the vertical 85 framework members at the right-hand front corner of Fig 2; Fig 19 a is a view in the direction of arrow L in Fig 19; Fig 19 b is a view taken in the direction of 90 arrow L in Fig 19 including part of an attaching lever hook; and Fig 20 is a sectional view on the line MM in Fig 19, indicating the S-shape of the framework member illustrated in Figs 19, 19 a, 95 and 19 b. Referring now in detail to the drawings, Fig 1 provides a perspective view of the preferred embodiment in erected position The tent has substantially the shape of a cube, but 100 with a slightly inclined 'top section Obviously other shapes or forms are intended to be included within the scope of this invention The front wall 1, 1 of the tent is furnished in two sections, preferably provided with a zipper 105 closure 7 For a better understanding of the following description, it shall be presumed that the observer stands in front of the tent entrance, looking at front wall 1, 1 Accordingly, the parts of the tent nearest to the ob 110 server shall be designated as the front parts, the parts further away 'from him the rear parts the parts to his left as the left parts and the parts to his right as the right parts of the tent. In addition to the front wall 1, 1 there is a 115 rear wall 2 (see Figs 3 and 3 a), a right side wall 3, a left side wall 4, a floor covering 5 and a top 6 The tent covering is supported by the following framework members (Fig 2); right and left front vertical framework mem 120 bers 8 and 9, rear vertical framework members 10 and 11, upper transverse framework members 13, 14, lower transverse framework members 15 and 16, upper framework members 17 and 18 and lower longitudinal frame 125 work members 19 and 20. As shown in Fig 3, the tent covering is shaped like a folding box or the like If Fig. 3 were cut out along the edges and creased along the borders of adjacent quadrangles, a 130 785,558 the tent covering attached thereto Then the top section 6 is turned toward the front and the side walls 3 and 4 are lowered into position Because of the cheeks 25 of the vertical framework members 10 and 11 (Fig 7), 70 there is even at this point some stability and the framework members are held in approximately the required positions The fastening members 24 at the lower end' of 'the front vertical framework members 8 and 9 are now 75 attached to the pins 22 extending from the lower front transverse framework members 15 and are fastened thereto by means of screw caps 21 Thereafter, all screw caps are tightened The free edges of the side walls 3 80 and 4 are now affixed to the respective framework members Thus, side wall 4 is joined to the vertical framework members 9 and 11 as well as to the lower left longitudinal framework member 20,

Although the manner of 85 attachment, such as by means of button, hooks, etc, is optional, the herein preferred mode of attachment is by means of the aforementioned wire ropes' within slotted tubes The lower edges of the front wall sections 1, 1 are faste 90 ned, in the same manner to the lower front transverse framework member 15. The construction of these slotted tubular framework members is exemplified by framework member 14, elevations of which are 95 shown in Figs 1,6 and 17 As shown, framework member 14 (as, well as framework members 13 and 16 ') consists of a circular hollow tube, closed at both ends and having one of the afore-described pins 22 attached to either 100 extremity thereof A slot 26 provided with slot enlargements 27 at both ends, and in the middle of the tube (or at still other points) extends over almost the entire length of the tube Centered within the enlarged opening at 105 one end of the tube is a connecting piece 28 bent to the required angle At the appropriate edges the tent covering is provided with straps 29 as shown in Fig 6 Inserted into the strap and fastened thereto is a wire 110 rope 30, which, as illustrated in Fig 18 a, has a loop 31 at one end and a cylindrical pin 32 at the other end A similar pin 32 is fixedly attached, say by means of soldering, to the middle of the wire rope This strap 29 115 together with the wire rope is inserted into the slot 26 of the tube, the enlargements 27 being sufficiently wide to permit insertion of the pins 32 Upon exerting a slight pull at one endl of the strap, the pin 32 is pulled up 120 to a partition 33 ' (see Figs 17 and '19) that is slotted to permit entry of the wire rope 30. Tightening of the wire rope and fastening 'of the loop 31 to the connecting piece 28 is accomplished by means of a lever rod 35 Figs 125 17 a and b, that fits into the loop and, at one end, has a notch 36 Upon insertion of the rod into the loop, straddling the connecting piece by means of the notch and turning the lever rod, the loop is readily slipped over the con 130 facsimile of the tent would result The four transverse framework members 13,l 14, 15 and 16 (Fig 3) are substantially permanently connected with the tent covering This, can be accomplished in several ways, For example, these transverse framework members can be fastened to the tent covering 'by means of rivets or straps, or by means of placing them into seams of the lining The herein disclosed preferred embodiment includes wire ropes that are sewed to the tent covering (or to separate strips of material fastened to the covering) These wire ropes, are provided for insertion into transverse framework members furnished in the form of slotted tubes and adapted to keep the wire ropes and the material attached thereto taut and in stretched condition These transverse framework members may be tubes or twin tubes that are closed at the ends and provided with

pins 22 fastened to each end, for example by welding. Fig 7 shows one end of the transverse framework member 14 (illustrated in full length in Figs 16 and 17) The longitudinal framework members such as the framework member 18, and the vertical framework members such as the framework member 11, are attached to the pin framework member 22 of 14 'by way of fastening means, such as the members 23 and 24 and, except in the case of the lower transverse framework member 15, fastened thereto by means of screw caps 21. Fig 7 represents an exploded view of the joint of three framework members indicated at I in Fig 2 The screw cap 21 is a short nipple threaded at 50 to receive the threaded portion of pin 22 Since it is the purpose of these screw caps to prevent the parts 23 and 24 from slipping off the pin 22, they are not concerned with fixing the angular position of the framework members and it suffices to fasten {the screw caps by hand, without tightening them by means of a key However, if they should resist unscrewing by hand, they can be readily removed by inserting a spike into the substantially diametric boring 51 The borings 51 can be also used as a fastening for guy ropes, in case the tent has to be steadied against heavy wind pressure Moreover, borings 51 may be utilized for attaching a canopy over the entrance of the tent (not shown). The tent is set up in the following manner: after the tent covering provided with the transverse framework members has been spread out on the ground as illustrated in Fig. 3 ', the longitudinal and vertical framework members are fastened as shown in Fir 3 a by slipping their fastening members 23, 24 over the pins 22 as indicated in Fig 7 and fastening the screw caps 21 to the pins to prevent the fastening members from slipping off. The floor section 5 of the tent covering being in its proper position, the rear wall 2 (Fig. 3 a) is raised, together with the other parts of 785,5584 785,558 necting piece 28. The afore-described means for fastening the tent covering to framework members are used primarily for the " permanent " fastening of the transverse framework members to the tent covering As a matter of convenience the tent is preferably delivered by the manufacturers with the transverse framework members thus attached The more easily detachable connections between the tent covering and the other framework members, indicated in Fig 3 by means of discontinuous lines, are similar, except that they comprise pivoted lever hooks, such as the hook 37 shown in Fig. 19 At first the hook 317 is turned up, into the position indicated by the discontinuous contour line After insertion of the tip of the hook into the loop, the hook is rotated in order to stretch the wire rope

The hook is secured in this position by means of a two-headed pin 38, mounted slidingly within a slot 39 of the tube as well as within a slot 40 of the lever 37 The slot 39 has a circular enlargement 41 at one end, of a size sufficient to permit passing of pin 38 A cross piece 49 of hook 37 prevents the latter from slipping out of the tube Moreover, once the hook has been inserted in the tube, the slot 39 is preferably partly closed by suitable means. Whenever two edges of the tent covering are to be fastened to one framework member, the latter is preferably furnished not in form of a single tube, but in form of a twin tube having the cross section of an S, as shown in Figs 4, 6, 19 and 20. By means of joining the tent walls and the structure in the afore-described manner, tents of the herein-claimed construction have such a degree of stability that they are able to easily support bedsteads for four persons. The attachment of these beds is shown in Fig. 2 Each bed comprises a tubular bed, frame 42, with a fabric 43 ' stretched therebetween. Welded at proper points to the frames are the hooks 44 (Fig 2 a) that engage fastening pieces 45 attached to the vertical framework members 8, 9, 10 and 11 The shape of hooks 44 permits lowering of the beds so that they can be hung along the side wall of the tent when not in use Otherwise, the two lower beds are held, in addition, by means of two folding legs 46, rotatably fastened to the inner edge of the bedl frame The upper beds are provided for this purpose with straps 47 that fasten to the upper transverse framework members 13, 14 by means of hangers 48 In order to facilitate the use of these beds also outside the tent, the lower beds are provided with similar folding legs at the outer edges of the bed frame. Similar folding legs may be attached to the inner and outer edges of the upper beds Fig 2 shows only the upper and lower bed at the left side of the tent; obviously, similar beds can be arranged at the right side of the tent. Dismantling of the tent is accomplished in the reverse order of erection Having spread the tent on the ground, the longitudinal and vertical framework members are disconnected, 70 the side walls 3 and 4 are folded over the main part having the transverse framework members 13, 14, 15 and 16 attached thereto and the entire tent is wound into a roll, with the previously disconnected stays inserted into 75 the roll. The herein-disclosed tent is characterized by exceptional stability and ease of assembly and demounting as well as by the absence of any necessity for auxiliary framework sup 80 port After erection, the tent can be readily moved or transported from one place to another In order

to resist high winds, particularly if not occupied, the tent can be anchored to the ground by means of guy ropes 85 fastened within the substantially diametric borings of screw caps 21 If desired, a mat or the like can be placed underneath the floor part 5 of the tent On the other hand, the floor part may be entirely eliminated 90

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* GB785559 (A)

Description: GB785559 (A) ? 1957-10-30

Improvements in and relating to orthopaedic appliances

Description of GB785559 (A)

COMPLETE SPECIFICATION. Improvements in and relating to Orthopaedic Appliances. We, RoY HOMER MAUDSLEY, of Woodcote, Cottage, Windsor Road, scot, Berkshire, a British Subject, ERNEST MATrIlEWS, of Unique Balance Company Limited, of West Hendford, Yeovil, in the County of Somerset, a British Subject, and UNIQUE BALANCE COMPANY LIMITED, of West Hendford, Yeovil, in the County of Somerset, a Company registered in Great Britain, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: This invention relates to orthopaedic appliances as employed in hospitals and elsewhere for applying traction or suspension to a patient or to any part of the body in the practice of orthopaedic treatment or surgery. Appliances hitherto employed for this purpose have involved the use of cords, pulleys and weights in conjunction

with a beam or beams attached to the bed and connected in the required manner to the limbs or body of the patient. Difficulties are frequently encountered in the use of such appliances since some knowledge of mechanics is required for satisfactory results and the bed structure frequently interferes with the action of the weights. Also trouble is often caused by twisting of the cords and by weights becoming detached. It is one of the objects of the present invention to provide improved appliances for the purpose in question which are not subject to the above mentioned disadvantages and which are simmer to use and neater in appearance. A further object is to provide an improved appliance for this purpose which is less bulky and has fewer separate parts, thereby affording greater convenience and expedition in use. According to the invention an orthopaedic appliance for applying traction or suspension comprises a supporting element or beam adapted to be secured to or mounted upon a bed or like structure, and a spring balance of the spiral rod type anchored at one end to the element or beam and having at its displaceable end means for the attachment of a flexible means or cable for connection to the body of a patient or a part thereof. By a spring balance of the spiral rod type as referred to herein is meant a balance comprising a helical or coiled spring which is wound or unwound by the action of a spirally formed rod or screw like member when one end of the balance is displaced relatively to the other. The invention also comprises an appliance according to the preceding paragraph having pulley means adjustably mounted on the supporting element or beam over which the cable or the like can be trained. In a preferred arrangement according to the invention a beam element of hollow or tubular form is provided within which the spring balance is enclosed and having a longitudinal slot in conjunction with an adjustably mounted pulley for the cable or the like attached to the displaceable end of the spring balance. According to a further feature of the invention the displaceable end od the spring balance is provided with guide means coacting with the beam or support to prevent twisting of the attachment at such displaceable end under the torsion of the balance. The supporting or beam element is preferably provided with one or more clamps or other attachments whereby it can be secured on a hospital bed or like structure in horizontal, vertical or inclined position as may be required. Such beam or like elements may be provided in various sizes for different purposes and two or more elements may be employed in conjunction. In one particular arrangement according to the invention, a pair of spring balances are anchored at opposite ends of a single beam element

and provided with pulley means whereby two pulling forces may be applied simultaneously from the same element. The spiral spring balances employed may be of the kind described in any of the British Patent Specifications Nos. 384,534; 465,925; 648,989; and 648,990. A preferred form of spring balance comprises a tension spring and a torsion spring both of helical form arranged one within the other and attached at one end to a common anchorage. The opposite end of the tension spring is attached to a carrier or guide structure which constitutes the extensible end of the balance and to which is also attached one end of a spirally formed rod which extends inside the tension spring. The other end of the torsion spring is attached to a nut or slotted member slidable on the spiral rod but not rotatable relative to the latter. The pitch of the spiral rod increases progressively from its point of attachment to the carrier. The arrangement is such that when the balance is first extended its pull is provided both by extension of the tension spring and by torsion spring acting through the nut on the spiral rod. As the extension continues the load afforded by the torsion spring alone diminishes due to the increased pitch of the spiral rod and hence the total pull afforded by the balance remains approximately constant. It will be understood that this result may be achieved in other ways as indicated by the Patent Specifications referred to above. The clamping devices for securing the beams together conveniently comprise open ended box structures slidable upon the hollow beams and having clamping screws for securing them in desired position thereon. For securing horizontal and vertical beams together a double box clamp structure is provided, and the box structures may be arranged so that the beams are secured in one plane or in staggered planes. For securing the beams to bed or cot rails, similar box form clamps may be provided with hook shaped extensions for engaging over the rails. In the accompanying drawings: Figure 1 is a sectional elevation of part of a beam unit including a spring balance arranged and constructed in accordance with the invention. Figure 2 is a cross section on the line X-X of Figure 1. Figure 3 is a sectional plan view of the left hand end of Figure 1. Figure 4 is a diagram illustrating the operation of the spring balance. Figure 5 is an elevation of a horizontal beam arrangement mounted on a bed. Figure 6 is an elevation of a vertical beam arrangement mounted on a bed.

Figure 7 is an elevation of an upper rail clamping bracket. Figure 8 is an elevation of a lower rail clamping bracket. Figure 9 is a plan view, partly in section, of Figure 7. Figure 10 is a plan view, partly in section, of Figure 8. Figure 11 is an elevation of a clamp for connecting two beams. Figures 12 and 13 illustrate the principles of two methods of applying traction to a limb. Figure 14 illustrates the principle of suspending a limb. Figure 15 shows the invention applied to provide skin traction of a limb without overhead support. Figure 16 shows the invention applied to provide skin traction with a balanced Thomas splint. In carrying the invention into effect according to one convenient mode as applied to a traction or suspension unit which can be attached to or mounted upon a bed or cot, reference being had to Figures 1, 2 and 3, there is provided a rectilinear hollow beam i of metal having a rectangular or square section and formed with a slot 2 extending longitudinally along one side thereof. A spring balance of the spiral rod type has one end thereof connected to a cap 3. The displaceable end of the spring balance is attached by a cross pin 4 to a pair of side plates 5 which are also attached to a guide block 6 of channel section as seen in Figure 2, the plates lying in the Iateral recesses constituted by the opposed channels. A second cross pin 7 assists in securing the plates 5 and the further ends of these latter are joined by a pin 8 over which is engaged a link 9 to which a cable or cord can be attached. The guide block 6 can travel along the beam interior and is prevented from twisting or rotating therein by its engagement with interior shoulders 10 and the lower edges 11 of the beam. The spring balance comprises an outer helical tension spring 12, a helical torsion spring 13, and a spiral rod 14. The outer ends of the tension springs and spiral rod are attached to the guide block 6 by means of the pin 4 as seen in Figure 1. Provision is preferably made for enabling the amount of torsion of the spring '3 to be ad; st a' without dismantling the balance. This is effected by providing the cap 3 with a sleeve 15 secured therein which receives a cylindrical member 16 formed with cylindrical surfaces 17, 13 of different diameters to which the ends of the springs 12 and 13 are attached. The outer end of the sleeve 15 has one or more ratchet tooth formations 19 therein which can be engaged by complementary tooth formations 20 formed inwardly of the head 16 which lies outside the outer end of the sleeve. Thus by rotating the head 16, e.g. by a suitable key, the spring torsion can be adjusted. The torsion spring 13 lies within the tension spring 12.

The spring assembly is enclosed in a cylindrical casing 21 which is secured to the guide structure 5, 6 by the pins or rivets 4 and 7. The spiral rod 14 extends freely within the torsion spring 13, and the extensible end of the latter carries a nut or slotted member 22 engaging the rod. The pitch of the rod i4 is small at the end adjacent the displaceable end of the spring members 12 and 13 and increase towards the free end of the rod. When the balance is extended the cylindrical casing 21 is drawn away from the anchored ends of the springs and the nut 22 slides up the spiral rod 14. This relation of the various parts of the balance is illustrated diagrammatically in Figure 4. The end cap 3 may be conveniently secured to the beam 1 by a ball catch 23 loaded by a spring 24. Referring to Figure 5, a bracket 25 is slidably mounted on the outside of the hollow beam 1 and carries a flanged pulley 26 which extends partly into the beam slot 2 to receive a cable 27 attached to the link 9 of the guide structure of the spring balance. The bracket 25 is of open ended box construction and carries a screw having a handle 28 for clamping the pulley bracket at any desired position along the beam. In the arrangement shown in Figure 5, a spring balance S (shown in broken lines) is anchored at each end of a single beam and two pulley brackets 25 are provided for two cables. The beams are adapted to be mounted by means of suitable clamps or brackets on a hospital bed or like structure in any desired position, e.g. either vertical, horizontal, or inclined. One convenient mode of mounting a vertical beam 1 on two horizontal end rails of a bed is shown in Figure 6. The horizontal bed frame 29 is connected to the usual vertical frames 30. A rair of box brackets 31 and 32 are adjustably clamped upon the beam by headed screws 33. Each bracket has a hook shaped extending portion 34, see Figures 7, 8, 9 and 10, one of which is arranged to engage over the top bed rail 35 and the other is arranged to engage over the lower rail 36. The brackets are adjusted together to engage the rails, and final tightening is effected by a clamping screw 37 extending through one of the hook shaped portions. Such an arrangement may be employed for example where it is desired to apply traction to a single limb. Each hook shaped portion 34 is provided with a resilient liner comprising a sheet 38 of rubber cr the like secured to a U-shaped metal liner 39 mounted for radial sliding movement upon a pair of pins 40 located in holes in the bracket. Where a single horizontal beam above the bed is required, as shown in Figure 5, the beam is supported by a pair of vertical beams attached as described with reference to Figure 6. The connections between the vertical and horizontal beams is effected by double box clamps. As shown in Figure 11, each clamp comprises an open ended box portion 41

slidable along the beam and clamped by a screw 42. Attached to the box portion 41 in any convenient manner is a rectangular socket or box portion 43 which fits over the end of the vertical beam and is secured by a clamping screw 44. It will be seen that beams as described above can be arranged in various ways and in various combinations, several beams being used together when it is required to apply several forces acting in different directions. Thus Figure 12 shows in principle the application of traction to a limb from a member 45 through an adhesive strapping 46 to the skin. Figure 13 shows the application of skeletal traction from a stirrup 47 through a metal bar 48 passed through the bone. Figure 14 shows the suspension of a limb from a stirrup 49 and a longitudinal support 50. It will be understood that the required traction or suspension force is to be applied through spring balance means in various ways. Thus two beams each having a spring balance at each end as shown in Figure 5 can be arranged side by side in a horizontal plane over the bed to enable a patient in a plaster bed or cradle to be completely suspended and balanced by applying the balancing forces at each of four points, and in such a way that the patient can be moved to a variety of positions and angles. In another arrangement a horizontal beam having a single balance mounted therein above the bed may be employed to suspend a fractured pelvis. In another arrangement a horizontal beam having two balances mounted therein above the bed may be employed to apply Bryant's traction to infants. As shown in Figure 15, a single vertically arranged balance beam is employed to apply skin traction to a limb by means of a pulley 26. As shown in Figure 16, a balance in a horizontal beam 51 affords suspension for a limb in a Thomas splint an 2 a vertical balance beam 52 is employed to apply skin traction to the limb. What we claim is : - 1. An orthopaedic appliance for applying traction or suspension compnsing a supporting element or beam adapted to be

* GB785560 (A)

Description: GB785560 (A) ? 1957-10-30

Improvements in tuner mechanisms for radio receivers

Description of GB785560 (A)

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PATENT SPECIFICATION 785,560 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: June 14, 1955. No 17043/55. Application made in United States of America on June 28, 1954. Complete Specification Published: Oct 30, 1957. Index at acceptance:-Class 40 ( 5), G, Q 402 C. International Classification:-H Oln HO 4 h. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Improvements in Tuner Mechanisms for Radio Receivers We, GENERAL MOTORS CORPORATION, a Company incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware in the United States of America, of Grand Boulevard in the City of Detroit, State of Michigan, in the United States of America (Assignees of WILLIAM Ro L Li N KEARNEY and BERTRAM ANTON SCHWARZ) do hereby declare the invention for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: This invention relates to tuners for radio receiving apparatus and more particularly for automatic tuners of the "signal seeking" kind in which the tuner scans, a predetermined frequency band and, when a signal of predetermined strength is tuned in, a stopping pulse is developed which actuates mechanical means to stop the tuner. The scope of the invention is indicated in the appended claims; and how it can be carried into effect is hereinafter particularly described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:Figure 1 is a front elevation of a radio receiver embodying the invention; Figure 2 is a plan of Figure 1; Figure 3 is an enlarged side elevation

of Figure 1; Figure 4 is a plan of Fig 1 with the upper tuner parts removed; Figure 5 is an enlarged section on line 5-5 of Figure 4; and Figure 6 is a section on line 6-6 of Figure 5. As shown in Figure 1 the receiver has a front panel having a tuning scale 84 visible through an opening 86, a tuner indicating needle 82, an automatic tuning control switch 118 and a manual control knob 96. The tuner has a base 2 on which is mounted a small electric motor 4 whose armature is secured to a drive member 6 of a friction clutch the driven member 8 of which is mounted directly on the end of a drive lPrice 38 6 d l shaft 10 which extends through the driven member 8 and into a shaft opening in the clutch member 6 which acts as a support bearing 12 for the left-hand end of the shaft 10 as seen in Figure 5, the left-hand 50 end of the shaft 10 being rotatably mounted in the support bearing 12 of the clutch drive member 6. Secured on the right-hand end of the shaft 10 by a set screw 16 is a worm 14 55 (Figure 5) the opposite end of which has a beveled opening 18, co-axial with shaft 10, in which a ball 20 is supported by a stub shaft 22 threaded in an ear 24 bent up from the base 2 One end of the shaft 22 has a 60 conical recess 23 to engage the ball 20 and force it against the end of the worm 14 and a lock nut 26 is threaded on to the other end of the stub shaft 22 to secure it in its adjusted position The worm 14 drives a worm wheel 28 65 loosely mounted on a vertical shaft 30 journalled in the base 2 and in a parallel supporting plate 32 (Figure 3) spaced from the base 2 by a series of bolts 34. A spring spider member 36 (Figures 3 and 5) 70 secured on shaft 30 has a plurality of spring arms 38 which bear against the face of the gear 28 to form a clutch, and as the gear 28 is rotatable on the shaft 30, it drives the latter only through this friction clutch 75 connection Above the gear 28 and driven by the latter by the pressure of the spring arms 38, as shown in Figure 3, an elongated pinion 40 is secured on the shaft 30, so that rotation of the gear 28 and shaft 30 will 80 turn pinion 40. Rotatably mounted on the upper end of the shaft 30 is a large spur gear 42 (Figure 5) from the underside of which extend integral dished arms 44 to which is secured a member 85 having fixed thereto an arm 46 between which and the spur gear 42 is journalled a stub shaft 48 carrying thereon a pinion 50 and a gear 52, both of which are secured on the shaft 48, the gear 52 meshing with the 90 pinion 40 and the pinion 50 meshing with a gear 54 rotatably mounted on shaft 30, the gear 54 having secured to the upper side thereof a 1800 double lobed cam 56 (Figures 3 and 4). The tuner for the radio receiver is a plurality of inductance coils 5 S, 60 and 62 whose inductance is varied by the insertion thereinto or withdrawal therefrom of a series of comminuted iron cores 64 66 and 68

(Figure 2) attached to a cross bar 70 of a reciprocatory carriage member which rides on a rod 72 supported on the framework and is moved by the engagement the downwardly turned end of a follower 74 with a lobe of the cam 56 (Figure 4) as the latter turns, so that at each complete revolution of the cam 56 the carriage will complete two reciprocatory movements A coil spring 76 (Figure 2) having one end secured to the receiver frame and the opposite end anchored to the carriage urges the latter rearwardlv and maintains the follower 74 in engagement with the side of the cam 56. A tuner indicator for the receiver consists of an angular arm 78 (Figures 2 and 3) overlying the top of the apparatus so far described and having a rear dependent pin portion which can slide and rotate in a slot 80 in the frame The aim 7 S also carries at its front end an indicating needle portion 82 which is bent downwardly to travel over the scale 84 mounted in the long rectangular opening 86 in the front wall of the receiver. A bell crank lever 88 is pivoted at its centre 90 to the frame and has its longer leg pivotally connected to the lever 78 at 92, the other leg of the bell crank lever 88 being connected through an adjustable link 94 (Figs 2 and 3) to the carriage and cross bar 70 so that as the cross bar 70 reciprocates the bell crank lever 88 will rotate about its pivot 90, causing its arm 78 to be moved from left to right as viewed in Figure 2; since the rear portion of arm 78 can slide in slot 80 the needle 82 will follow a substantially straight line path over the scale 84. The manual drive is provided by knob 96 (Figures 1 and 2) which extends from the front panel of the casing and is connected to a flexible drive shaft 98 connected to a worm 100 which is rotatable in a frame 102 supported from the main frame, the worm 100 being in mesh with gear 42. When the motor 4 is energised rotation of the armature shaft of the same drives cjutch member 6 which in turn drives clutch member 8 and shaft 10 to turn worm 14 which rotates gear 28 to drive shaft 30 through the friction clutch provided by the spring arm 38; this rotates pinion 40 which drives gear 52 and simultaneously therewith the pinion 50 connected thereto Since the manual worm 100 engages the periphery of the large spur gear 422, and keeps it stationary the planet carrier 44 and shaft 48 are prevented from moving around shaft 30, so that rotation of the pinion 50 will drive gear 54 which carries the lobed cam 56 and cause the latter to rotate As the cam 56 rotates, 70 follower 74 will be gradually forced outwvardly, moving the transverse bar 70 to tune the receiver, until the transverse bar 70 has reached the outer limit of its travel, at which point the follower passes to a quick 75 return portion of the cam and the spring 76 pulls

the carriage back to its innermost position; further rotation then causes a repetition of the movement of the carriage. In order to tune the receiver manually 80 the motor 4 being stopped, the knob 96 is rotated to turn the worm wheel 100 and rotate the large gear 42 The remainder of the gears now lock pinion 40 so that as the large gear 42 rotates, it carries with it the 85 planetary carriage causing the planet gears 50 and 5 2 to rotate around gear 40 gear 50 driving sun gear 54 and turning the lobed cami 56 for any desired tuning position. In order to stop the motor driven tuning 90 means upon receipt of an incominlg signal the signal is applied in known manner to a normally energised control relay coil 104 (Figure 4) which is mounted on the frame and has an armature 106 which is pivoted 95 at 108 and biased by a spring 110 to a position away from the coil Armature 106 also has an extension 112 with a detent 114 which is adapted to engage with annularly spaced radial arms 116 on the clutch member 8 100 Thus, when the relay coil 104 is energised, armature 106 will be attracted, overcomingr the spring 110 to pull the detent 114 away from the arms 116 of the clutch member 8, and allow the shaft 10 to be turned by the 105 motor 4 The relay coil 104 and extension 112 are omitted from Fig 2 for the sake of clarity Upon receipt of an incoming signal the relay coil 104 and the motor 4 are de-energised and detent 114 will immediately 110 be released to engage between two of the projecting arms 116 of the clutch member 8 and stop its rotation The inertia of the motor armature and the driving clutch member 6 can be absorbed by slip between 115 the clutch members 6, S whereas the remainder of the gearing will be immediately stopped to give accurate tuning. In order to re-energise coil 104 and withdraw its detent 114 and permit the set to 120 be tuned in to the next station in the band, there is a swith 1118 mounted in the front wall of the tuner on a reciprocating rod 120 and spring-biased outwardly by a coil spring 122 A fixed operating washer 124 is 125 mounted on the shaft as an anchor for one end of the coil spring 122, and to engage the operating arm 126 (Fig 2) of a snap-action switch 128 which completes a circuit to energise the coil 104 and motor 4 when 130 785,560 carries a second worm engaging with said gear train so that one of said worms can be rotated to move the tuner carriage when the other worm is held stationary. 4 A tuner mechanism according to any 35 of claims 1 to 3, in which said carriage is movable by a rotary cam carried by the sun gear of said gear train. A tuner mechanism according to claims 3 and 4, in which the drive from the first worm 40 to said rotary cam is through the intermediary of planet gears mounted on a planet carrier formed integral with a gear

engaged by said second worm and held stationary thereby when said motor is in operation, and rotatable 45 by said second worm when the motor is stopped by said stop device. 6 A tuner mechanism according to any of claims 1 to 5, in which said stop device comprises a detent carried by the armature 50 of a normally energised relay adapted, upon receipt of a signal, to move said detent into locking engagement with angularly spaced arms carried by the driven clutch member. 8 A tuner mechanism for a radio receiver 55 substantially as hereinbefore described and as shown in the accompanying drawings. E WILLIAMSON Chartered Patent Agent. bar 118 is pressed inward The switch arm 126 and the switch contacts are omitted from Fig 4 for the sake of clarity.

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* GB785561 (A)

Description: GB785561 (A) ? 1957-10-30

Regeneration of ammonia-sulphur dioxide cooking acid used in production ofwood pulp

Description of GB785561 (A)

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PATENT SPECIFICATION 7859561 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: June 21, 1955. ,> No 17961155. Application made in United States of America on June 24, 1954. Complete Specification Published: Oct 30, 1957. Index at acceptance:-Class 2 ( 2), W( 3 A 12 B: 6). International Classification:-D 2 lc. COMPLETE SPECIFICATI 1 ON Regeneration of Ammonia-Sulphur Dioxide Cooking Acid used in production of Wood Pulp We,, STERLING DRUG INC, la corporation organized and existing under the laws of the State of Delaware, United States of America, of 1450 Broadway, New York, State of New York, United States of America, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:This invention relates to the ammoniasulphur dioxide method of producing pulp fibre from wood, and is more particularly concerned with such a process whereby the practical regeneration of ammonia-sulphur dioxide cooking liquor from the waste ammoniasulphite liquor which normally results from such a pulping procedure may be accomplished. For the pulping of certain types of wood to obtain special types of paper and because of the ease of operation, many paper pulp manufacturers have given serious consideration to the use of ammonia-sulphur dioxide cooking liquors in preference to other cooking liquors However, because of special inherent difficulties of such a procedure, including the high cost of the ammonia normally irrecoverably lost to la large degree after being used but once, air pollution, the highly obnoxious waste effluent requiring disposal, et cetera, ammonia-sulphur dioxide cooking liquor has not received wide use The prior art methods generally used in treating waste sulphite liquors broadly included evaporation and burning of the organic material This procedure cannot be applied to waste ammonia-sulphite liquor, since such treatment merely results in the ammonia and part of the sulphur dioxide being converted to a gas and removed with the gaseous products of the combustion or evaporation These are usually irrecoverably lost Also, the air pollution presents serious objections.

it is, therefore, a principal object of the present invention to provide a complete prolPnice 3 s 6 d l cess for the pulping of wood utilizing ammonia and sulphur dioxide wherein the ammonia and sulphur dioxide may be regenerated with little or no loss thereof It is a further object 50 of the present invention to provide such a process wherein substiantially no air pollution results Still a further object of the present invention is to provide a cyclic process wherein an' appropriate cooking liquor, pulp, and 55 an aqueous waste effluent having a very small biological oxygen demand are the only products removed Still a further object of the present invention is to provide a process for the regeneration of ammonia and, sulphur di 60 oxide from ammonuinm sulphite liquor Other objects will become apparent hereinafter. The foregoing and additional objects -have been accomplished by the provision of a process for pulping wood which comprises pulp 65 ing wood chips with an ammonia-sulphur dioxide cooking liquor, separating the waste ammonia-sulphite liquor, neutralising said waste liquor with an acid neutralising agent to ia p H of at least 75, heating this neutral 70 ised liquor at a remperature above 150 degrees t Centigrade and under at least 200 pounds per square inch pressure in the presence of at least enough oxygen to convert all the carbon to carbon dioxide and all the hydrogen to steam, 75 collecting the ammonia from the liquid effluent by treatment with an alkaline earth hydroxide, separating the alkaline earth sulphate thus-formed and kilning the latter to produce sulphur dioxide and treating additional wood 80 chips with the collected ammonia and sulphur dioxide. The process is outlined in the accompanying drawing which shows a flow sheet of the generic aspects of the present invention 85 Processed wood chips are digested with ammonia and sulphur dioxide, the pulp separated, and the separated ammonium sulphite liquor treated with an acid neutralising agent. This neutralised mixture is then oxidised in 90 the liquid phase and the gases separated therefrom The non-condensable gases are treated to separate the ammonia, the remainder vented, the condensables collected, combined with the liquid effluent, treated with an alkaline earth hydroxide, and the ammonia gas formed thereby collected This ammonia gas can be used for the cooking liquor The precipitate which is formed can be kilned and the sulphur dioxide thus formed collected and used for the cooking liquor It will thus be seen that the only discarded products from the whole cyclic procedure are the desirable pulp, steam, which being condensed, is substantially pure, a substantially water pure filtrate, and carbon dioxide, which may be I 5 safely vented Pollution of the air and water are eliminated by the procedure and substanitially complete recovery of the cooking liquor

is accomplished Additionally, the process requires a minimum of mechanical handling of the materials as well as little treatment beyond that which prior art techniques used for the prevention of pollution. The first step of the present invention contemplates that wo:od chips will be provided in the usual manner Pulping of the wood chips is accomplished in conventional manner with a combination of ammonia and an excess of sulphur dioxide, which combine together in aqueous solution to form ammonium bisulphite After digestion, the pulp is separated from the ammonium sulphite liquor, and the pulp washings combined therewith The pulp may be further processed to prepare paper or other fibrous materials. The combined ammonium sulphite liquor and pulp washings are then treated with an acid neutralizing agent Preferably, calcium hydroxide is employed, because of the availability, economically advantageous factors, and the fact that the kilning step provides calcium, oxide as a product, However, other acid neutralizing agents, such as sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, calcium carbonate, barium carbonate, the bicarbonates of the foregoing alkali materials and other acid neutralizing agents can be used Desirably, an acid neutralizing agent is employed which will form a non-volatile salt derivative Alternatively, if the volatile salt formed is readily separable from the carbon dioxide and steam produced by the following procedure, volatile salt forming materials may be employed Because of the high temperatures and high pressure utilized in the autogenous oxidation phase of the protcedure of the present invention, it is not desirable to have large quantities of acid present, due to corrosion of equipment and difficulty of handling Therefore, the amount of alkaline material used will be that which will produce a pli of at least 7 5 Preferably a p H between about 7 5 and 9 is obtained. Where the acid neutralizing material used forms a precipitate, this precipitate is separated and kilned as hereinafter discussed. The neutralized ammonium sulphite liquor and pulp washings are next introduced into an autogenous liquid phase reactor In substantially completely oxidizing the ammonium sulphite liquor, the necessary apparatus comprises a pump for continuously charging the 70 reactor with spent pulp liquor, an air compressor, a reactor provided with means to remove periodically any precipitate formed therein, and a Sash chamber to receive the oxidized residual spent liquor from the reactor 75 In initiating the oxidation phase, the spent pulp liquor is pumped into the reactor under a pressure up to about 200 to 2000 pounds per square inch, the preferred pressure being that which is sufficient to maintain substantially 80 all of the ammonium sulphite liquor in the liquid phase The waste liquor charge is then heated by

means of an oil ring to a temperature between about 150 degrees and 3,72 degrees Centigrade, temperatures of from 235 85 to 300 degrees Centigrade being useful for the solids recovery Compressed air, or other compressed gaseous material capable of furnishing free oxygen under a pressure slightly greater than the pressure in the re 90 action zone is then introduced into the reactor containing the ammonium sulphite liquor through a dispersion head to initiate the oxidation of the combustible materials The rate of charge in the reactor with spent ammonium 95 sulphite liquor and the rate of introduction of compressed air or other oxidation media is synchronized to assure that substantially complete oxidation of all the inorganic and organic constituents occurs Once initiated, the oxida loo tion procedure proceeds exothermically so that no external heat is required and, in fact, the spent pulp liquor can be introduced into the reactor at a temperature of as low as twenty degrees Centigrade, the exothermic heat 105 liberated from the oxidation being sufficient to raise the temperature of the carbonaceous material in the incoming spent liquor to a point where substantially complete oxidation will ensue The quantity of oxidizing agent 110 supplied is preferably that theoretically required to convert all the organic combustible material to its own end product, namely, carbon dioxide, and water, and in general, sufficient oxygen to produce substantially com 115 plete oxidation of all other oxidizable material in the ammonium sulphite liquor should be employed in the oxidation reactor With proper control of this oxidation procedure, it is possible to produce more heat than is re 120 quired for oxidation and the excess heat thus produced can be used suitably throughout the plant. The oxidized effluent from the reactor is then continuously passed through a flash cham 125 ber from which the fixed gases, i e, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and excess air are vented off with steam under pressure Any ammonia which is present is separated by the usual methods for separation of ammonia from other 130 785,6 invention thereto. EXAMPLE 1 Wood chips were processed in the conventional manner, using an aqueous mixture of ammonia and a excess of sulphur dioxide, the 70 pulp separated, washed and the washings and ammonium sulphite liquor combined This procedure yielded a liquor containing 2 9 grams per litre of free ammonia, 2 95 grams per litre total ammonia, 36 1 grams per litre 75 of carbon, 5 18 grams per litre of sulphur, and having an oxygen demand of 1115 grams per litre This liquor is treated with caliciun oxide, as the acid neutralizing reagent, in amount to give a p H of approximately 8 5 with the 80 result that 24 7 grams per litre of calcium sulphate equivalent was precipitated from the mixture This

calcium sulphate was removed by filtration, The filtrate was treated at 294 degrees Centigrade under 1950 pounds per 85 square inch pressure in the presence of an excess of sufficient oxygen as air theoretically to convert all the carbon to carbon dioxide, all the hydrogen to steam, and the inorganic salts to their highest state of oxidation 90 The precipitate in the reactor contained 10.6 percent carbon dioxide, 15 2 percent sulphur and 45 6 percent calcium calculated as calcium oxide and amounted to 28 '5 grams per litre on a dry basis This precipitate has 95 no biological oxygen demand and contained about 0 2 percent ammonia The liquid and gaseous effluent was led to a flash chamber where the condensables were separated from the noncondensables, and the non-condens 100 able portion containing nitrogen, carbon dioxide and ammonia found to contain 1 92 grams per litre of ammonia This ammonia was separated from the other gases by absorption in water and set aside The nitrogen and 105 carbon dioxide were vented to the air, Calcium hydroxide in an amount sufficient to liberate all the ammonia was added Aih stirring to the condensed effluent at 75 degrees Centigrade The liberated ammonia was dis 110 solved in' water and combined with the previously collected liquid The calcium sulphate and carbonate mixture which precipitated was collected by filtration, combined with the previously precipitated calcium sulphate from the 115 reactor, and kilned at 1530 ' degrees Centigrade to cause the formation of carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide These gases were 'collected in the ammonia-water above prepared, and the excess carbon dioxide vented and the 120 resulting liquor was suitable for an ammoniasulphur dioxide cooking liquor, EXAMPLE 2 An ammonia-sulphite waste liquor similar to that of Example 1 and containing 1 i 8 '50 125 grams total ammonia was raised Xo a p H of 18 with calcium hydroxide in water, and oxidized in the manner of Example 1 It was Ithen determined that 1200 gramg ('65 percent) of ammonia was contained in the flash con 130 gases, as by absorption in water, et cetera. The liquid effluent is then removed from the reactor. The liquid effluent (ammonium-containing concentrate) from the flash chamber contains primarily;ammonia, ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium carbonate, and a certain amount of ammonium acetate and other materials. The non-condensable gases which are collected from the reactor are passed through sitltable heat exchange elements whereby the heat contained therein may be converted to useful heat for use throughout the plant This heat may also be used to preheat the ammonium sulphite liquor introduced into the autogenous liquid phase oxidation reactor with the result that the amount of heat available from the reactor is

sufficient not only to operate the procedure of the present invention, but also to provide excess heat which may be adequately utilized throughout the plant The non-condensable materials which are separated from the reactor after passing through the heat exchanger and being cooled down to a reasonable temperature, are treated so as to remove the carbon dioxide from the ammonia, as by treatment with calcium oxide which reacts with the ammonium bicarbonate present to yield calcium carbonate as a precipitate and ammoniazas a gas This ammonia is collected and utilized in a subsequent treatment of more wood chips, and thus forms a part of a cyclic procedure, Generally, the ammonia collected here is combined with the ammonia vented from the reactor, and stored until needed, or led directly into contact with the additional wood chips The calcium sulphate, which is separated from the reaction procedure, can be 'combined with the precipitate formed previously and is then heated at a temperature of about 1530 degrees Centigrade, whereby calcium oxide and sulphur dioxide are formed. The sulphur dioxide is then contacted with the wood chips in combination with the ammonia to give a second phase of reaction herein, and to complete the cycle, while the calcium oxide may be reused in an earlier step. Carbon dioxide and steam which are formed in, the oxidation' procedure may be vented to the air or the steam condensed in suitable heat exchange equipment to form water which may be then discarded and carbon dioxide which may be vented This water will be found to contain substantially no biological oxygen demand when condensed, and hi fact, in the procedures which have been utilized in laboratory and pilot plant scale, have indicated that the water which is returned to a typical northern river is purer than that water which has been taken from it and used in the process. The following Examples are given to illustrate the procedure of the present invention but are not to be construed as i Amiting the } 78 15,5 16 785,561 odensate Three hundred fifty-six grams ( 19 2 percent) remained in the reactor as residue (sludge) and 294 grams ( 15 8 percent) was present in the non-condensable (volatile) pordon from the reactor Thus, it may be seen that the only ammonia which is lost includes that which is not absorbed in the absorption procedures, but that none need be lost in the oxidation procedure, in contrast to prior art techniques Other neutralizing agents can be substituted for the calcium hydroxide of the foregoing Example, such as, for example, sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, calcium carbonates potassium hydroxide, et cetema. EXAMPLE 3 The procedure of Example 2 was repeated except that ammonia was used

as the acid neutralizing agent instead of the calcium hydroxide The total ammonia input was 3280 grams of ammonia and after oxidation, 2240 grams ( 68 3 percent) of amnmcnia was in the reactor residue (sludge), 995 grams ( 30 3 percent) in the flash condensate, and 45 grams ( 1 4 percent) in the non-condensable portion.

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* GB785562 (A)

Description: GB785562 (A) ? 1957-10-30

Improvements in or relating to disposable surgical bags

Description of GB785562 (A)

COMPLETE SPECIIFICATION Improvements in or relating to Disposable Surgical Bags I, ELISE SRENSEN, a Subject; of the King of Denmark, of 9r8, Ji, Ordrupvej, 'Chariot- tenlund, Denmark, do hereby declare the in- vention, for which I pray that a patent may be granted to me, and the method by which it to rbe be performed, to Ibe particularly described in and by the following statement: This invention relates to a disposable surgical bag for receiving the matter discharged from a colostomy opening or from fistula, abcess and similar openings and made of twaterproo, durable, thin sheet material, for example rubber, guttapercha, or a plastic foil, and of the kind which is retained directly to the skin of the wearer by means of an ad- hesive layer. A known type of retainer of such a bag is in the form of a flat rectangular or cylindrical box made of a rigid or semi-rigid material and provided with a hole to be mounted over the colostomy opening, fistula, abcess cr snut- lar openings, the said box having a rubber

bladder fastened lliquidWtightly and being attached by means of a Igirdle or an adhesive substance to the skin surface surrounding the opening.. Such a combination of a colostomy bag and a rigid box is comparatively costly to manufacture and replacement of the rubber bladder is difficult; in addition the whole device is not easily cleaned towing to its cor- struction. Furthermore, such a rigid or semi-rigid box is inconvenient to the user and is felt to be a foreign body which in many cases cannot be concealed by the clothing of the wearer, and since it cannot follow the movements of the skin the adhesion between the box and skin is liable to fail owing to the tensional stresses arising between the fixed and the movable surfaces. Furthermore, when the user adopts a sitting or bending position the stiff box may be subjected to bending stresses that will also tend to sever the box from the place to which it is attached'.. The edges of the box will like- wise eventually tend to wound the skin. If the box is attached by means of a girdle, there is a risk that the edges of the discharge opening or the intestine lying inside the opening may be forced out through the hole in the box and involve deformations of the parts affected with consequent renewed surgical operations If the disposable Ibag owing to its construction contains air and does. not fit snugly to the surface of the body, the movements of the user will cause air pulsations through the discharge opening. Such air pulsations have adverse effects since they cause the tissues of the colostomy or other opening to be dried up. The known disposable bags, which take the form of a cylinder closed at one end, while the other end is fastened to or rolled lon the box are unsuitable ini that they favour such air pulsations, partly because the box keeps the bag away from the surface lof the body thus causing folds of the bag which enclose air when the box is attached, and partly because the said folds may have a retaining effect on the matter discharged from a discharge opening. A perfectly smooth interior surface of the bag is, therefore, preferable. In order to avoid the aforesaid air pulsar tions from a disposable bag to the intestine lor to the space behind the discharge opening, it has been proposed to make the bag open along such of its edges as are located at the top dur- ing the use of the Ibag so that ann air that may have accumulated can thus escape. However, a bag which is open along one of its edges or otherwise provided with air passages, cannot afford any security whatever against the risk that the content of the bag is forced out through these passages, for lexample, by an accidental pressure on the outer sides lof the bag; furthermore, such a bag is not odourproof.. The aforesaid drawbacks are overcome by a disposable bag made of waterproof, durable, thin sheet material, and of the kihd which is

retained directly to the skin of the wearer by means of an adhesive layer. In accordlanoe with the invention the said bag consists of a flat container hermetically closed along all its edges, one face of the said container having a hole passing through both the sheet mater ial and rhe adhesive layer If desired! a reinforcement ring of elastic material may be provided around the hole. As a result, when one face of the disposable bag is fastened by adhesion to the wearers' skin around the said discharge opening, the disposable bag constitutes a hermetically sealed container without the drarrrvbacks of known idqisposable bags. This provides security against soiling by the escape of matter contained in the bag and also against repellent odours. If the bag should become inflated by intestinal gases, when used on a colostomy opening the accumulated' gases may be released whenever desired by the user simply puncturing the bag with, for instance, a needle after which the deflated bag may again be sealed by means of a suitable small circular adhesive disc provided with the bag. The small circular disc may appropriately be made from the-disc punched out of the face of the bag when punching the hole for the discharge opening. The said disc may form an integral part of the bag if, for example, a fractional part of the circumference of the disc is left unpunched or is provided with a weakening line.. A further advantage obtained is that the disposable bag is capable of following the movements of the skin since the bag and, for example, the reinforcement ring are both made of thin elastic sheet material, which is resilient in the direction of the surface and possesses a high degree of flexibility at right angles to the said surface so that there will be little or no stress between the material and the part of the skin to which it is attached by means of the adhesive layer. The bag does not, therefore, inconvenience the user in any way whatever, and the user may even perform vigorous gymnastic movements without feeling the attached' material at all and without fearing that the attachment will be torn loose. The material fits so closely to the skin that the bag can neither be perceived nor felt through the clothes of the user. The accompanying drawings illustrate, by way of example, a specific embodiment of a colostomy bag according to the invention. Figure 1 shows a colostomy bag in accordance with the invention, viewed in plan, Figure 2 is a side elevation of the same, viewed in section on the line 11-11 of Figure 1, Figure 3 is a plan view of a modified embodiment of the colostomy bag,

and Figure 4 is a side elevation of the same, viewed in a section on the line IV-IV of Figure 3. In the drawing, 1 denotes a closed, preferably rectanguIar and flat container made of waterproof and durable, thin elastic sheet material, for example, rubber, guttapercha or a synthetic material. One elastic side wall 2 of the container is provided with a hole 3 around which there is placed a layer 4 of an adhesive substance likewise elastic. In one em bodiment, Figures 3 and 4, a reinforcement ring 5 is provided around the hole 3. The said reinforcement 5 may be of rubber, gutta percha or a synthetic material which is glued to, welded to, or in other manner attached to form a waterproof-joint to the elastic side wall 2. The outer surface of the reinforce ment ring 5 is provided with a layer 6 of an adhesive substance, and the hole 7 of the ring is mounted coincident with the hole 3 of the bag. In a suitable embodiment the re inforcement ring 5 is of a material thicker than that of the container 1, which ensures a safe attachment of the container during its use. The upper edge 8 of the container may be substantially parallel with and located within a slight distance of the edge 9 of the reinforcement ring 5 as shown in Figure 3. As a result, the upper edge 8 is strengthened by the edge 9 of the reinforcement ring when the bag is used. The edge 10 of the container remote from the opening 3 may be made by a single folding of the material, as shown in Figure 1, the remaining edges being preferably assembled by adhesion or welding. As a result the edge 10 which is subjected to the heaviest stresses when the bag is used posses ses particularly great resistance. A circular disc produced by punching the hole 3 or 7 in the face 2 of the container may be attached, in accordance with the in vention, to the edge of said hole along a weakening line or along a fraction of the circumference of said hole 3, and the adhesive laperof said disc being

adapted to be applied on a purposely caused puncturing of said bag. What I claim is: - 1. A disposable surgical bag for receiving the matter discharged from a colostomy open ing or from fistula, abcess or similar open ings, and made of waterproof, durable, thin sheet material, for example, rubber, gutta percha or a plastic foil and of the kind which is retained directly to the skin of the wearer by means of an adhesive layer, characterised in that the bag consists of a flat container hermetically closed along all its edges, one side wall of the said container being provided with a hole passing through the sheet mater ial and said layer. 2. A disposable surgical bag as claimed in claim 1, characterised, in that a circular disc produced by punching the hole is attached to the edges of the hole along a weakening line or along a fraction of the circumference of the hole. 3. A disposable surgical bag substantially as herein described with reference to the accompanying drawing.