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Load Securement for Cops
Everyone Else gets a Refresher Coursehttp://ccmta.ca/images/publications/pdf/cargo_instructors_manual.pdf
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In your Daily Duties
• You will need a copy of the this manual in Canada http://ccmta.ca/images/publications/pdf/cargo_driver_handbook.pdf
• If you are from the USA you will need a copy of this manual
• https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/sites/fmcsa.dot.gov/files/docs/Drivers_Handbook_Cargo_Securement.pdf
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If you are Canadian you will need this update for sure
• http://www.transportation.alberta.ca/Content/docType276/Production/Module9.pdf
• Plus National Safety Code Standard 10 - Cargo Securement(As approved by the Council of Ministers Responsible for Transportation and Highway Safety, September 30, 2010)
• Cargo Securement, Interpretation Guide - Posted October 2005
• Securement of Dressed Lumber and Similar Building Materials on Flatbed Trucks and Trailers - Posted October 2005
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And Don’t Forget the May 2016 update for Canada
• http://ccmta.ca/images/pdf-documents-english/cargo_securement/Interpretations_and_Guidance_2016.pdf
• And the updated manual• Based upon both the CCMTA and FCMCA
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Introduction and why the importance of you teaching someone the right way and noting violation
Over 7% of all serious trucking accidents are caused in part by cargo shifting and/or securement issues.
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A 5-Step Guide to Evaluating & Litigating Loading/Securement Cases
1. Key players to consider;
2. Key truck driver and company duties of care;
3. Key shipper duties of care;
4. Key discovery points; and
5. Key experts.
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Step 1: key playersto consider and Vicarious Liability under State and Provincial Laws
Entity Responsibility
Shipper of the Load (if it loaded the trailer) Properly and safely loading the cargo onto the trailer.
Trucking Company Providing its drivers with proper securing devices and training on how and when to use them.
Truck Driver Properly securing the cargo and inspecting it along the way to its destination.
Receiver of the Load Properly unloading and/or assisting in the unloading of the cargo.
Seller / manufacturer of the securement devices Properly manufactured to withstand forces for the load whether failed due to defect.
Manufacturer of the cargo Properly bundling and/or packaging its product for transportation.
NOTE: These duties are general. It is important to understand each entities actual procedures in the process with regard to the load at issue in your case.
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General Requirements Applicability
What is the definition of highway?
• A highway is defined as any road, street, or way, whether on public or private property, open to public travel. “Open to public travel” means that the road section is available, except during scheduled periods, extreme weather or emergency conditions, passable by four-wheel standard passenger cars, and open to the general public for use without restrictive gates, prohibitive signs, or regulation other than restrictions based on size, weight, or class of registration.
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General Requirements Applicability• Before operating a commercial motor vehicle, you must make sure that your
vehicle’s cargo and equipment is secured properly. This includes:
• Tailgates• Doors• Tarps• Spare tires• Boards
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Why is cargo securement important?
• An improperly secured load can result in:
• Vehicle Accidents• Loss of Life• Loss of Load• Damage to the Cargo• Damage to Vehicles
and Other Property
Why is it so important to properly secure cargo?
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Commodity-Specific Securement Requirements
• Logs• Dressed lumber• Metal coils• Paper rolls• Concrete• Pipe• Intermodal containers • Automobiles
• Light trucks • Vans and heavy equipment and machinery • Flattened or crushed vehicles;• Roll-on/roll-off containers• Large boulders.
Commodity – specific rules can be found in Legislation in both the USA and Canada. The commodity – specific rules supersede the general provisions.
Joint Enforcement Agencies and departments have adopted detailed requirements for the securement of the following commodities:
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Cargo Securement Systems• A securement system is a method that uses
one or more of the following components:• Vehicle Structure
• Floors, walls, decks, tiedown anchor points, headboards, bulkheads, posts, etc.• All elements must be in good working order; no damage, distress, or weakened parts/
sections
• Securing Devices • Any device specifically manufactured to attach or secure cargo• Chain, webbing, rope, clamps, grab hooks, binders, shackles, friction mat, etc.
• Blocking and bracing equipment• Material used for blocking or bracing and as chocks and cradle points• This also applies to any material used for dunnage (all loose materials used to support and
protect cargo)
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Cargo Securement Systems – TiedownA combination of securing devices which forms an assembly that attaches articles of cargo to,
or restrains articles of cargo on, a vehicle or trailer, and is attached to anchor point(s). Tiedowns may:
– Attach to the cargo and provide direct resistance to restrain the cargo from movement.
– Pass over or through the cargo. They create a downward force that increases the effect of friction between the cargo and the deck. This friction restrains the cargo.
– Requirements:
• A tiedown must be designed, constructed, and maintained so that the driver can tighten it
• All components must be in good working order; no damage, distress, or weakened parts/ sections
• Each tiedown must be attached and secured so that it does not become loose or unfastened, open, or release during transit.
• Edge protection must be used if a tiedown could be cut or torn when touching an article of cargo. The edge protection itself must also resist crushing, cutting, and abrasion.
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Cargo Securement Systems – Tiedown Continued the importance of the book
• How many tiedowns are required?
If cargo is not prevented from forward movement
(for example, by the headboard, bulkhead, other cargo, or tiedown
attached to the cargo), secure the cargo according to these requirements:
Load Description Minimum # of Tiedowns
♦ 1.52 m (5 ft) or shorter ♦ 500 kg (1,100 lb.) or lighter
1
♦ 1.52 m (5 ft) or shorter ♦ Over 500 kg (1,100 lb.)
2
More than 1.52 m (5 ft) but 3.02 m (10 ft) or less
2
Longer than 3.02 m (10 ft) 2 + 1 tiedown for every additional 3.02 m (10 ft), or part thereof
If cargo is prevented from forward movement
All Cargo 1 tiedown for every 3.04 m (10 ft), or part thereof
Driver’s Handbook on Cargo Securement . FMSCA.dot.gov
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Three Ways to Transport Cargo• Condition 1: Cargo is fully contained by structures of adequate strength. Cargo cannot shift or tip
and cargo is restrained against horizontal movement by vehicle structure or by other cargo. Horizontal movement includes forward, rearward, and side to side.
• Condition 2: Cargo is immobilized by structures of adequate strength or a combination of structure, blocking, and bracing to prevent shifting or tipping.
• Condition 3: To prevent shifting or tipping, cargo is immobilized or secured on or within a vehicle by tiedowns along with blocking, friction mats, other cargo, etc.
Condition 1 Condition 2 Condition 3
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Working Load Limit (WLL)The maximum load that may be applied to a component of a cargo securement system during
normal service, usually assigned by the manufacturer of the component.
The WLL is usually assigned by the component manufacturer.
The FMCSA has specific working load limit requirements for your tiedown system. You must know the working load limit for all the components of your tiedown system. The specific requirements for various components can be found on the Provincial/ State and Federal
Websites
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Legislated Inspection Requirements
• Cargo inspections should be performed as part of your pre-trip inspections. Make a log notation every time an inspection is performed
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Inspections • Pre-Trip Inspections
Make sure that cargo is properly distributed and adequately secured Make sure that all securement equipment and vehicle structures are in good working order
and used consistent with their capability. Stow vehicle equipment. Make sure that nothing obscures front and side views or interferes with the ability to drive
the vehicle or respond in an emergency. Inform carrier if packaging is not adequate. For example:
• Banding is loose or not symmetrical on package.• Banding attachment device(s) are inefficient.• Wrapping is broken or ineffective.• Pallet are broken.
• Periodic inspections during transit Inspect cargo and securing devices. Adjust cargo or load securement devices as necessary to ensure that cargo cannot shift on or
within, or fall from, the commercial motor vehicle. As necessary, add more securing devices.
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We will be covering:
Roustabout Equipment
Rig Moves
Heavy Equipment
Small VehiclesAnd Much More!
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General Cargo Inspection Requirements
• Driver must inspect cargo and securing devices within the first 50 miles after beginning a trip.
• Driver must then reexamine when duty status of driver changes
• Driver must reexamine after vehicle has been driven 3 hours or 150 miles
• Drivers, remember that when you are transporting on dirt roads, stop and check straps and chains before hitting the pavement!
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General Cargo Securement Requirements
All cargo must be contained, immobilized, or secured so that it does not:• Leak• Spill• Blow off the vehicle• Fall from the vehicle • Fall through the vehicle
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General Cargo Securement Requirements
Be sure beds are in good shape and swept off before leaving!!
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General Cargo Securement Requirements
A properly secured load will remain secured:
• Under all conditions that could reasonably be expected to occur in normal driving
• When you are responding to an emergency situation (except when there is a crash).
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So what’s the problem?
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Legislation and Law Enforcement Guiding Principle
• public safety requires that cargo being transported on the highway system must remain on or within the transporting vehicle under all conditions which could reasonably be expected to occur in normal driving and when a driver is responding to emergency situations, short of a crash.
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Performance Criteria
Forward (braking)
Rearward(accelerating,braking in reverse)
Vertical (bumps, rough roads)
Sideways(cornering)
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Performance Criteria - Implications- the cargo must be secured in a manner which prevents it from
falling from, or shifting on, the vehicle when subjected to the forces which would occur with the “performance criteria”
- vehicle structures and attachments must be strong enough to supply the necessary restraining forces
~ bulkheads, walls, floors, anchor points etc
- the securing equipment must be strong enough to supply the necessary restraining forces
~ tiedowns, chains, ratchets, binders, etc
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Securement Approaches
Contained
Van Bodies, Tankers,Dump Boxes
Direct
Blocked
Headboards, Sides,Tailgates, Blocking &
Bracing
Attached
Twist locks, Direct Tie-downs
IndirectFriction
Weight of load + Tie-downs
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Contained Cargo
Cargo is contained and secured by the vehicle structure, additional securing devices not needed:
~ liquids in tankers, ~ bulk solids in tankers or dump boxes, ~ general freight in van trailers or containers
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Blocked Cargo
Cargo is restrained against movement in at least one direction by vehicle structures, such as headboards or bulkheads, or other cargo.
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Attached Cargo - Direct Tiedowns
Cargo is restrained by tie-downs which are attached to both the vehicle and the cargo.
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Attached Cargo - Direct Attachment
Cargo is attached to vehicle by locking devices, twist locks other integral locking systems. Friction between the load and the loading deck is not relied upon for cargo restraint.
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General Provisions• vehicle structures, floors, anchor points, headboards,
bulkheads, stakes, posts, pockets must be strong enough• must use a securement method suited to the type, size
and shape of cargo• tiedowns must be capable of being tightened by driver• tiedowns must be inside rub-rails• edge protection needed if tiedown could be cut or
abraded
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Securement System Strength Rating
Default WLL Values• Chain• Synthetic Webbing • Wire rope • Manila Rope• Synthetic Cordage• Steel Strapping • Friction Mats *
– A friction mat shall be considered to provide resistance to horizontal movement equal to 50% of the weight of the cargo resting upon the mat.
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Training Organization - ModularModule #1: Fundamentals of Cargo Securement
Module #3: Logs
Module #2: Standard Application, General Provisions and Requirements
Module #4: Dressed Lumber
Module #5: Metal Coils
Module #6: Paper Rolls
Module #7: Concrete Pipe
Module #8: Intermodal Containers
Module #9: Automobiles, Trucks & VansModule #10: Heavy Vehicles, Equipment and Machinery
Module #11: Flattened or Crushed Vehicles
Module #12: Roll-on/Roll-off Containers
Module #13: Large Boulders
North AmericanCargo Securement Training
General Securement Requirement
Commodity Specific Requirement
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Each cargo securement system must be able to withstand a minimum amount of force in each direction as follows:
•Forward force: 80% of cargo weight (when braking while driving forward)
•Rearward force: 50% of cargo weight (when accelerating, shifting or climbing hills
•Sideways force: 50% of cargo weight (when turning or changing lanes)
•Upward force: 20% of cargo weight (traveling over bumps, or cresting a hill)
General Cargo Inspection Requirements
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Securement Systems• A securement system uses one or a combination of the
following elements:• Vehicle structures: Floors, headerboards, and anchor points• Securing devices: Steel straps, wire, chain, rope, and ratchets.• Blocking & Bracing: Wood blocks and shoring bars.
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Securing DevicesWhat is a securing device?
Friction Mats BindersChains ShacklesWire Rope WinchesManila Rope Stake PocketsSynthetic Rope D-RingsSteel Strapping PocketsClamps and latches Webbing RatchetsBlocking BracingFront-end structure Synthetic WebbingGrab Hooks Binders
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What is a tie-down?
A tie down is a combination of securing devices that forms an assembly that:
• Attaches cargo to, or restrains cargo on a vehicle or trailer.• Is attached to anchor point(s).
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Tie down Devices
All tie downs must be in proper working order.No knots, damage, distress, or weakened parts.Each tiedown must be attached and secured to prevent it
from becoming loose, unfastening or opening while the vehicle is in transit.
Tiedowns and/or their associated connectors or attachments mechanisms must be designed so that the driver can tighten them.
Edge protection must be used where tie downs are subject to abrasion or cutting.
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Chains
When using chain:• Make sure your chains, anchor points, and binders have a high
enough rating for the weight of the cargo.• Install chains so that they do not have twists.• Make sure there are no kinks, snags, or hang-ups in long chain
spans• Use your own strength when using lever-type and ratchet
binders. Using a cheater bar can tension the binder beyond its limits. The use of lever-type binders is not recommended.
• Remember, DO NOT use your Grade 70 Transport chain for lifting.
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Chain Defects
Chains should not:Have broken, cracked, twisted, bent or stretched links.Contain nicks, gouges, abrasions, excessive wear, or knots.Have any weld on the chain, except the original chain weld in
each link.
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Examples of Chain Defects
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Synthetic Straps
When using straps:• Make sure the straps, hooks, and
tensioning devices are strong enough for the cargo, and not damaged.
• Check for knots, crushed areas, cuts, burns, holes, splices, severe abrasion, and broken load bearing strands.
• Use edge protectors to protect the straps.
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Examples of Strap Defects
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Using edge protectors to protect straps.
Without edge protectionWith edge protection
Edge protection must be used if a tiedown could be cut or torn when touching an article of cargo
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Blocking and Bracing
• Material used for blocking or bracing and as chocks and cradles must be strong enough to withstand being split or crushed by the cargo or tie downs.
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Blocking and Bracing
• If wood is used:• Hardwood is recommended• It should be properly seasoned• It should be free from rot or decay, knots, knotholes, and
splits• The grain should run lengthwise
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Headerboards
• When cargo is in contact with the front end structure, it must meet the following performance requirements:
• Height: Al least 4 feet above floor of vehicle or lower as long as it blocks forward movement of any cargo on vehicle
• Width: As wide as the vehicle or narrower as long as it blocks forward movement of any cargo on the vehicle
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Eliminate Movement of Load
• Some articles have a tendency to roll. Prevent rolling by providing more than one point of contact:
• Lift cargo off the deck and/or
• Use chocks, wedges, a cradle, or other equivalent means to prevent rolling.
– The method used to prevent rolling MUST NOT become unfastened or loose while in transit.
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How many tiedowns do I need?
The minimum number of tiedowns needed depends on:
• Whether the cargo is prevented from moving forward,• The length and weight of the cargo, AND• The strength of the tiedowns.
If cargo is not prevented from forward movement, secure the cargo according to the following requirements.
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General Cargo Securement Requirements
Article Description Minimum # of Tie downs 5 ft or shorter
1,100 lbs. or lighter 1
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Article Description Minimum # of Tie downs5 ft or shorter And weighs over 1,100 lbs. 2
OR
More than 5 ft but 10 ft or less 2
General Cargo Securement Requirements
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General Cargo Securement Requirements
Article Description Minimum # of TiedownsMore than 10 ft 2 + 1 tie down for every
additional 10 ft, or part thereof
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Article Description Minimum # of Tiedowns
Prevented from moving forward 1 tiedown for every 10 ft, or part thereof
General Cargo Securement Requirements
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How should tiedowns be attached?
Tiedowns can be attached in two ways:
• Attached to the cargo or pull the cargo in only one direction (Direct tie downs)- Tiedowns are attached directly to the cargo and an anchor point or the tiedowns pass over, through, or around the cargo and attached back to the same side of the vehicle.
• Passed over the cargo (Indirect tie downs)- Tiedowns are attached to the vehicle, passed over, through, or around the cargo, and then attached to the vehicle again on the other side.
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Direct Tie downs
½ working load limit (x2) ½ working load limit
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Indirect Tie downs
(full working load limit)
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Working Load Limits
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Tie down strength and working load limits.• The working load limit (WLL) is
the maximum load that may be applied to a component of a cargo securement system during normal service.
• The WLL is usually assigned by the manufacturer, and may not always be marked on the component.
Working Load Limits
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How is the Working Load Limit Determined?The working load limit (WLL) of a tiedown, associated connector
or attachment mechanism is the lowest WLL of any of its components (including tensioner), or the working load limit of the anchor points to which it is attached, whichever is less.
• Example: if a lever binder with a WLL marked 5400 lbs is used with a chain that is rated at 8750 lbs. The WLL of this assembly is 5400 lbs.
Remember… a chain is only as strong as its weakest link!
Working Load Limits
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How Do I determine The Working Load Limit Of My Tiedown?
• When determining the WLL of your tie down, you should use the manufacturers marking on the tie down. If the tie down is not marked, use one of the following tables to determine your WLL.
• These and other WLL Tables can be found in the Safety Regulations.
Working Load Limits
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Aggregate Working Load Limit
• Aggregate Working Load Limit is: The sum of the working load limits of each device used to secure an article on a vehicle.
• Knowing the aggregate working load limit will allow you to determine the minimum number of tie downs required for your cargo, based on the weight of the cargo.
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How do you calculate the aggregate Working Load Limit?
To calculate the aggregate WLL, add together :
• 50% of the WLL of each direct tiedown
• 100% of the WLL of each indirect tiedown.
Example: 50% of A+ 50% of B+ 50% of C+ 50% of D= Aggregate Working Load Limit
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• If the aggregate working load limit of your securement devices is less than ½ the weight of the cargo being hauled, you can be placed out of service on a roadside inspection!
Aggregate Working Load Limit
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Anchor Points
Is this a sufficient anchor point?
Some loads we face in our industry have little or no anchor points manufactured on them to secure the load.
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Anchor Points
This trailer has several anchor points but where to anchor to the cargo can present a problem for a driver.
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Anchor Points
• All elements of the vehicle structure and anchor points must be strong enough to withstand:– 80% forward force– 50% rearward force– 50% sideways force– 20% Upward force, and – Have no obvious damage that would affect
performance or reduce the working load limit.– Have no distress– Have no weakened parts or sections.
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Pick-ups and Small Vehicle Securement
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Pick-ups and Small Vehicle Securement
Inside the Cab It is the driver’s responsibility
to assure loads, equipment and other items transported inside a vehicle are secure and/or positioned to eliminate/minimize safety risks to the occupants. Regarding these items, consideration shall be given to:
transporting in the trunk of a car, i.e. suitcase, computer bag
stowing under or behind a seat, glove box or armrest console
covering by netting holding in the seat by a seatbelt or
similar device
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Pick-ups and Small Vehicle Securement
• Loads being transported in the back of the truck should be tied-down or secured before moving.
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Pick-ups and small vehicle securement
• When pulling trailers, make sure that you are using the right size trailer hitch.
• Make sure the trailer is connected and latched properly and has safety chains or cables to prevent the trailer from coming loose during transit.
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Pick-ups and small vehicle securement
• Vehicles should never exceed the Manufacturer’s Gross Vehicle Weight rating.
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Roustabout Load Securement
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Roustabout Load Securement
• Loads, equipment and other items shall be tied-down or secured before commencing motion. This includes items in the possum belly.
Which of the cargo shown are properly secured?
P bar Y Safety ConsultantsMake sure that all individual pieces are secured.
Roustabout Load Securement
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Roustabout Load Securement
• All Palletized equipment must be secured to prevent the load from coming off during transit.
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Rig Move Load Securement
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Equipment Baskets
•All equipment should be loaded so that the load can be secured.
If you can not secure the load, STOP the job!!
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Stopping the Job
• Ultimately, it is the drivers’ responsibility to secure the load properly before transport. If you are dispatched to pick up a load and you are unable to secure it, you must STOP THE JOB, and have the equipment reloaded properly.
IF YOU PICK IT UP, YOU OWN IT.
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Mud ProductsProper cargo securement prevents cargo from leaking, spilling,
blowing, or falling from a vehicle.
Which one of these loads would you haul?
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Mud Products• If you are transporting mud trailers like this, all pallets must be properly secured to prevent them from shifting during
transport. No opened bags should be transported unless they have been properly contained in an approved container.
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Truck Ramps and Forklifts
• The forklift may be secured to the ramp properly but is the ramp secured with the required amount of chains?
• Is this the best way to haul the forklift?
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Bobtailing Loads
Part 393.100 of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations states that each commercial motor vehicle must, when
transporting cargo on public roads, be loaded and equipped, and the cargo secured in accordance to the rules to prevent the
cargo from leaking, spilling, blowing or falling from the motor vehicle. How can this be properly secured being hauled
bobtail?
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Bobtailing Loads
• Proper route planning is essential in identifying situations that may require oil and gas equipment to be bobtailed.
• When road conditions discovered during a route survey dictate that bobtailing may be required, attempts should be made to take an alternate route or have the roads fixed so that the loads can be hauled in compliance of the cargo securement guidelines.
• If bobtailing is the least hazardous means of transport, attempts should be made to minimize the distance the load is bobtailed as much as possible.
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Tanks
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Examples Of Proper Tank Securement
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Examples Of Proper Tank Securement
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Multiple Piece Loads
Each piece must be secured.
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Tubulars
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Tubulars
• Tubulars must be secured in a manner that prevents the load from moving forward or backward while in transit.
No one wants to see this happen to you.
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Tubulars
Are these trailer stakes sufficient cargo securement for this tubular cargo in transit?
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Tubulars
Make sure that tubulars loaded inside pipe tubs are loaded well below the top of the tub so the pipe can’t come out during transit. Could this pipe come out
on the sides?
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Heavy Haul
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Heavy Haul
Transporting Heavy Equipment• Heavy equipment or machinery
with crawler tracks or wheels must be restrained against movement in the lateral, forward, rearward, and vertical direction using a minimum of four tie downs.
• Each of the tie downs must be affixed as close as practicable to the front and rear of the vehicle, or mounting points on the vehicle that have been specifically designed for that purpose.
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Heavy Haul
• Lower and secure all accessory equipment to the vehicle (hydraulic shovels, booms, etc.).
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Heavy Haul
• Restrain articulated vehicles to prevent articulation while in transit.
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Heavy Haul
• Secure tie downs as close as practicable to the front and rear of the vehicle.
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Was this piece of equipment secured?
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Heavy Haul - Dump Trucks Loads need to be secured to prevent material from falling or blowing
onto roadways.
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Heavy Haul - Water Trucks
Secure all hoses
Secure all valve caps
Secure all items on possum belly
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Special Purpose Vehicles
• The basic rules concerning the minimum number of tiedowns do not apply to a vehicle transporting one or more articles of cargo such as, but not limited to:
Machinery or fabricated structural items (e.g., steel or concrete beams, crane booms, girders, and trusses, etc.) which, because of their design, size, shape or weight, must be fastened by special methods.
However, any article of cargo carried on that vehicle must be secured adequately to the vehicle by devices that are capable of
meeting the performance requirements and the working load limit requirements.
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So, why should we secure our loads?
• An improperly secured load can hurt you or someone else when you least expect it. You might get away with it once, or twice, or a hundred times, but sooner or later it's going to bite you. Load it right and tie it down every time so this doesn’t happen to you or someone else.
