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Controlling the Organization
Principles of Management MGT101
Prepared by:
Prof. Ali Fallahchay
Controlling
• The measurement and correction of
performance in order to make sure that
enterprise objectives and the plans devised to
attain them are being accomplished.
The Basic Control Process
Control techniques and systems are essentially the
same for controlling cash, office procedures,
morale, product quality, and anything else. The
basic control process involves three steps:
1. Establishing standards,
2. Measuring performance against these
standards, and
3. Correcting variation from standards and plans.
• Standard – Criteria of performance.
Principles of Critical Point Control
• Effective control requires attention to factors
critical to evaluating performance against plans.
Different types of critical points standards:
1. Physical standards 5. Program standards
2. Cost standards 6. Intangible standards
3. Capital standards 7. Goals as standards
4. Revenue standards 8.Strategic plans as control points for strategic control
Benchmarking
• Benchmarking is an approach for setting goals
and productivity measures based on best
industry practices.
There are three types of benchmarking:
Strategic benchmarking
Operational benchmarking
Management benchmarking
Control as a Feedback System
• Many system control themselves through
information feedback, which shows deviations
from standards and initiates changes.
• System use some of their energy to feed back
information that compares performance with a
standard and initiates corrective action.
Management control
• Management control is usually perceived as a
feedback system similar to the common
household thermostat.
Desired Performance
Actual Performance
Measurement of actual
performanceComparison of
actual performance
against standards
Identification of deviations
Analysis of causes of deviations
Program of corrective
action
Implementation of corrections
Real-time information and Control – Information
about what is happening while it is happening.
Feed forward, or Preventive, Control –
Managers need for effective control a system that
will tell them potential problems, giving them time
to take corrective action before those problems
occur.
Feed-forward versus Feedback Systems
• Feedback systems measure outputs of a process
and feed into the system or the inputs of the system
corrective actions to obtain desired outputs.
• Feed-forward systems monitor inputs into a process
to ascertain if the inputs are as planned; if they are
not, the inputs or the process is changed in order to
obtain the desired result.
Requirements for Feed-Forward Control
1. Make a thorough and careful analysis of theplanning and control system, and identify themore important input variables.
2. Develop a model of the system.
3. Take care to keep the model up to date.
4. Collect data on input variables regularly, andput them into the system.
5. Regularly assess variation of actual input datafrom planned-for inputs, and evaluate theimpact on the expected end results.
6. Take action.
• Overall planning must apply to enterprise or
major division goals.
• Decentralization of authority-especially in
product of territorial divisions- creates semi-
independent units.
• Overall control permits the measurements of an
integrated area managers total effort.
Reasons for Control of Overall
Performance
Profit and Loss Control
• Income statement is useful for determining the
immediate revenue or cost factors that have
accounted for success or failure.
• The profit and Loss statement shows all revenues
and expenses for a given time, so it is a true
summary of the results of business operations.
Control through Return on Investments
ROI Control measures both the absolute and the
relative success of a company or company unit by
the ratio of earnings to investment of capital.
Bureaucratic and Clan Control
Bureaucratic Control is characterized by the wide
used of rules, regulations, policies, procedures and
formal authority.
Rules and standard operating procedures (SOPs) tell
the worker what to do.
Standardized actions so outcomes are predictable.
Still need output control to correct mistakes.
Clan Control is based on norms, shared vales,
expected behavior and other cultural variables.
Requirements for Effective Control
• Tailoring Controls to plans and positions
• Tailoring control to individual managers
• Designing controls to point up expectations at critical
points
• Seeking objectivity of controls
• Ensuring flexibility of controls
• Fitting the control system to the organization culture
• Achieving economy of control
• Establishing controls that lead to corrective actions
Operation Management
Production and Operations Management:
Manufacturing and Service
Production Management – deals with activities
necessary to manufacture products.
Operation Management – deals with activities
necessary to produce and deliver a service as well
as a physical product.
The operations Management System
• Inputs
- needs of customers
- Information
- Technology
- Management and labor
- Relatively permanent physical factors (land,
plant, site, buildings, machines, warehouses)
- Variable physical factors (materials, supplies)
The operations Management System
• Transformation process
- Planning
- Operating
- Controlling the system
• Outputs
- Products
- Services
- information
Planning Operations
• Objectives, premises, and strategies of an enterprise
determine the search for and the selection of a
product or service as its output.
• The design of an operations system requires
decisions concerning the location of facilities, the
process to be used, the quantity to be produced, and
the quality of the product.
Product and production design
Steps of Product designs and its productions:
• Create product ideas
• Select product on the basis of various
considerations, including data from market and
economic analysis, and make a general feasibility
study.
• Prepare a preliminary design by evaluating various
alternatives, taking into consideration reliability
quality, and maintenance requirements.
• Reach a final decision by developing, testing, and
simulating the process to see if they work.
• Decide whether the enterprises current facilities are
adequate or if new or modified facilities are required.
• Select the process for producing the product and
consider the technology and the methods available.
• After the product is designed, prepare the layout of
the facilities to be used, plan the system of
production, and schedule the various tasks that
must be done.
System Design
Basic kinds of production layouts:
• Production or assembly of a product
• Lay out the production system according to the
process employed
• Fixed position layout – the product stays in one
place for assembly.
• Nature of the project
• Facilitate the sale of the product
• Facilitates storage or movement of products
Requirements for Operating the system
• Setting-up an organization structure
• Staffing the positions
• Training people
Management Information System
Controlling Operations with Emphasis on Information System
• Systems are available for quickly and systematically
collecting data bearing on total operation, for keeping
these data readily available, and for reporting without
delay the status of any of a large number of projects at
any instant.
• The system use the technology of fast computation
clearly promise to hasten the day when planning of all
areas of production can be more precise and controlling
more effective.