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THE GREEK EDUCATIONALTHINKERS
As a result of the Persian War, there was a great expansion of all aspects of human life throughout Greece.
Athens became the center of trade and commerce taking full advantage of acquiring wealth and prestige
A new class of teachers arose called the SOPHISTS
The Sophists Very learned, well- traveled
men, usually non- citizens of Athens
Offered a totally new perspective in learning
Emphasized the art of speaking, taught declamation and oration, developed grammar and rhetorics as well as critical and reflective thinking
PROTAGORAS- chief of the Sophists believed that “MAN IS THE MEASURE OF ALL THINGS” and stressed individual development
Based their philosophy on the doctrine of relativity of the truth- emphasizing individualism
Knowledge and truth are both dependent on judgements by the individual
The Pythagorean concept of unchanging mathematical relationship s as the essence of reality and the Eleatic principle that nature obeys laws of permanent being , that the laws of physics are permanent
They inquired whether or not such unchanging laws of nature could be accepted as the basis for laws governing man.
Assert that moral principles and legal codes are relative – shook the foundations of society
Turned their concern to the art of debate, techniques for convincing and or converting one’s opponent because of unavailability of absolute truth
The deep interest in grammar was motivated by the desire to manipulate to serve personal ends- interest was in winning the argument rather than prevailing the truth
Why was this disliked?1. Collection of fees for anything that a
student might learn from them2. They were aliens in Athens- posing
threat leading the students to deviate from the moral, ethical, social, political and religious traditions of the Athenians
3. The strong emphasis on individualism- might lead for self- aggrandizement and personal glory leading to the downfall of the foundation of Athenian society
The Greek Educational ThinkersDilemma ?????????Individu
al Liberty
Social Stabilit
y
Socrates (469- 399 BC) Accepted the fundamental principle
of Protagoras Postulated the concept Gnothi
Seauton or know thyself, for knowledge is a virtue and all virtuous actions are based on one’s knowledge.
Known for his Socratic Method a.k.a. Dialectic Method
Socratic Dialectic
IRONIC Destructive
Element
MAIEUTICConstructive
Element
- He was fond of asking thought provoking and at times unanswerable questions
- IRONIC ELEMENT- asking series of questions to contradict an original statement
- MAEIUTIC ELEMENT- asking series of questions conceiving the correct idea concerning the argumentunconscio
us ignorance
clear and reasoned
truth
Aims of Socratic Education1. Show that knowledge is the basis of
all right actions, including the art of living
2. Develop the power of correct thinking upon the individual
Plato (427- 347 B.C.) Taught the dialogues of Socrates Advocate a government which he considered
as aristocratic socialism- State must control everything and has the right and authority to determine who should be married
With handicaps and disabilities should not be permitted to procreate
Family life should be abolished deciding whether the child should live or not
Educational system was designed to accommodate both sexes and was the determiner of the social classes of the people
3 Distinct Classes of Society1. PHILOSOPHICAL CLASS
( Guardian of the Society)- devoted to the pursuit of knowledge, whose virtue was wisdom and whose duty was to rule the people
2. WARRIOR CLASS- devoted to warfare, whose virtue was honor, whose duty was to protect and defend the people according to the direction of their rulers
3. ARTISAN or INDUSTRIAL CLASS- devoted to trade and crafts, whose virtue was money- making, whose duty was to obey and support the other two classes
This may eventually lead to social justice
Membership in the class should be determined by intelligence, virtues and abilities
Plato’s Educational SystemAge Bracket Educational
TrainingCorrespondi
ng Social Class
0-7 Physical, Moral,
ReligiousArtisan
7-16 Literature, Music,
GymnasticsArtisan
16-20 Military Training Warrior
20-30 Scientific Training
Philosophical
At the age of 30- those who failed to show extraordinary talents remained given subordinate positions, those who excelled were given the highest level of education- “ Philosophical Training” ( Philosophy, Law, Logic, Dialectic and Leadership)
At the age of 35- they enter public service as administrators
At the age of 50- they retire from active service
Aristotle ( 384- 322 B.C.) Denied the basic tenet of Socrates and
Plato that knowledge is virtue- insisted that virtue is brought about by doing and not by knowing
Man is a social animal- he must use his reason and live according to his reason to attain his ultimate end SUMMUM BONUM- “ supreme good”
Stressed that reason functions when it controls conduct
Educational Ideals All outlined in his scientific treatises called
Ethics and Politics Advocated that democracy is the
government that would lead to the promotion and protection of the general welfare of the citizens
The responsibility of the state is the provision for quality education for her citizenry- in turn will secure the welfare of the state
Family should be strengthened providing the first educational experience of the individual
Educational System
MAN
BODY SOULFORMMATTER
body and soul are not two separate elements but are one thing.
Aristotle does not allow for the possibility of the immortality of the soul. The soul is simply the form of the body, and is not capable of existing without the body. The soul is that which makes a person a person rather than just a lump of meat! Without the body the soul cannot exist. The soul dies along with the body.
Age Bracket Educational Training
Birth- 7 Basic education at home in preparation for formal
schooling
7-20Formal schooling
Physical development- not only physical
strength but also self restraint and control of
passion and desire
21 and above
Scientific and philosophical training