Language Course 1:

VerbsAccess to International English

Fiona Jane Ellingsen H2013

08.04.23 1

Verbets Tider

Det største problemet:- å unngå å skifte tid - spesielt i stiler om roman, novelle

eller film

Årsak:

• en historie du ser eller leser har alltid sin egen tidsreferanse

• men du leser den NÅ.

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:Derfor

• sjekk alltid hvilken tid du bruker• sørg for at den ikke endres

Tenses

• The term tensetense means the way verbs change to express the time in which the action takes place.

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Hvilke tider – Which Tense?:

• Present tense: nåtid• Past tense: fortid• Future tense: fremtid

– før nåtid (perfektum)• He has gone now.

– før fortid (pluskvamperfektum)• He had gone when we arrived

Present simple

Past simple

A finished action in the past

I played football in 2010

x2010

NOW

Present Perfect Simple

The unfinished past

I have played football since 2010

2010

NOW

Past Perfect Simple

Two or more events in the past

I had played football until 2010 but /when /…/

2010

NOW

playedAre you still playing?NO ? YES?

Future simple

Aspect

• The aspectaspect of a verb is determined by whether the action is on-going or completed.

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Present continuous

NOWDecision made in the past

Play football

I’m playing football for Tottenham

I will continue to pIay football. I am playing

football.

Past continuous

NOW

I’ve been playing football all afternoon

I have been playing football all afternoon

Future continuous

NOW

I’ll been playing football all afternoon

I will be playing football tomorrow

Past Continuous

Sequencing two past actions

When you rang yesterday, I was playing football

NOW

You rang

I was playing football

Concord – Predicate Rule

A grammatical agreement between subject and verb

Eksempler:The boy_ walks to school every day

The girls walk_ to school every day

– Finn flere eks.

Kort regel: det er nok med en -s fordelt på subjekt og verbal

Regelen er med andre ord svært enkel, men det er to

problemer :

• Å huske å plassere en -s på enten subjektet eller verbalen når man skriver

• Å vite om subjektet er et entallsord eller flertallsord

practiceNow, it’s your turn to practice!

International Language School

Problem 1:Hvordan huske…?

Lag en liste:

– ting du har problemer med

Problem 1:Hvilket ”tall” har subjektet

Hva er et subjekt?• det er et substantiv eller noe som brukes i

stedet for et substantiv - for eksempel et pronomen (”som substantiv” på latin).

Pronomener: Ubestemte

• another, each, either, neither …• sammensatte av: some-, any-, no- + -body,

one, -thing

• tar alltid entall av verbet (nesten), men av og til flertall av pronomen som peker tilbake på dem– eks.: Has everybody read their mail?

Skille tellelige og utellelige substantiv –(Countable / Uncountable) for eksempel:

Dollar (s) / money

• utellelig entall av verbet, for eksempel:Money is ….

• men:Dollars are

Substantiv

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Noen substantiver er -

• tellelige på norsk, ikke på engelsk

• bare flertall eller bare entall

• flertall i form, men entall i betydning

• entall i form, flertall i betydning

• like i entall og flertall (ikke problem)

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NB! Utellelige på engelsk:

• Advice• Business• Furniture• Information• Knowledge• News• Money• Work

• I need some good advice.• He does business with us.• That is a nice piece of

furniture.• This information is reliable.• Your knowledge of English

is good.• No news is good news.• This money is not worth

counting.• The work is already in

progress.

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Flere utellelige:•cash, •evidence, •homework, •interest (renter), •permission, •scenery, •bread (two loaves of -), •luggage, •baggage

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Kun Flertall

• Two halves: binoculars, glasses / spectacles, jeans, pants, pyjamas, scissors, shorts, tights, trousers, tweezers– Used with: A pair of...

• Noen ubestemte pronomen: both, many, few, several, others

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Entalls betydning, Flertalls form

•measles•pains•physics•mathematics (maths)•works– Eks.: She was good at mathematics

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Entalls form, flertalls betydning :

• cattle• clergy• police• public

Eks.: Eks.: • The cattle are grazing in the paddock.The cattle are grazing in the paddock.• We rang the police. They came at once. We rang the police. They came at once. • A policeA policemanman - two police - two policemenmen..

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Både entalls- og flertallsbetydning:

• people• family• crew• party• government• team

Når du tenker på gruppen som helhet entallMEN de enkelte personer innen gruppen

flertall eks.: they are)

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Med flertalls betydning:• people: There were a lot of people present. They are

working hard.

• family: The family (= they) were sitting around the table.

• crew: The crew (= they) were discussing their wages.

• party: The Labour Party (= they) have voted for him.

• Disse substantivene brukes med flertalls betydning når vi tenker på at gruppen er sammensatt av enkeltpersoner. Pronomen som viser tilbake på dem, må da vare i 3. person flertall (they, them, their, theirs).

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Med entalls betydning:• people: People of the world unite ! (= it unites)

• family: The family (= it) comes from France.

• crew,: The crew (= it) comes from the Australian boat ”Fanfare” .

• party: The Conservative Party (= it) is against the plan.

• Når gruppene betraktes som en enhet, har disse ordene entalls betydning. Pronomen: it, its.

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Lik form i entall og flertall:

• Noen fisk og dyr:– deer, salmon, trout

• Dessuten (f.eks):– aircraft, dice, data, headquarters, series, species

– sammenhengen bestemmer verbalens tall

Time for a break

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Historical Present

• The Historical Present Historical Present describes the past as if it were happening now

• The use of the historical present may be an effective device if you are writing fiction BUT

• You can also get very confused about where you are in time… BE VERY CAREFUL

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Historical PresentExamples:

• I hear you resigned• In jokes and imaginative writing it gives

dramatic immediacydramatic immediacy: The battle rages all around him (dear reader) We see the brave Captain Francis Drake standing by the wheel with the Spanish Amada burning as he continued to attack and destroy the Spanish fleet. As the fighting ends…..

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