1. management

Management and the Manager’s Job

What is Organization?

• Organization can be defined as a group of people working together in a structured and coordinated fashion to achieve a set of goals.

• Therefore, Organizations must have these four factors:– Objective– People– Structure– Technology

Meaning of Management

• Management is a universal phenomenon. It is a very popular and widely used term.

• All organizations - business, political, cultural or social are involved in management because it is the management which helps and directs the various efforts towards a definite purpose.

• According to F. W. Taylor, “ Management is knowing exactly what you want men to do and then seeing that they do it in the best and cheapest way.”

Meaning of Management

• According to Harold Koontz, “Management is an art of getting things done through and with the people in formally organized groups. It is an art of creating an environment in which people can perform and individuals and can co-operate towards attainment of group goals”.

• According to Ricky W. Griffin, “ Management can be defined as a set of activities including planning, organizing, leading and controlling directed at an organization’s resources ( Human, financial, physical, and information) with the aim of achieving organizational goals in an efficient and effective manner.

Management is management of 6 Ms

• Man• Machine• Material• Money• Method• Market

Functions of Management

1. Planning: It is the basic function of management.

• It deals with chalking out a future course of action and deciding in advance the most appropriate course of actions for achievement of pre-determined goals.

• According to KOONTZ, “Planning is deciding in advance – what to do, when to do and how to do. It bridges the gap from where we are and where we want to be”.


2. Organizing: Organizing is the process of arranging and allocating resources necessary to achieve organizational objectives.

• It is the process of bringing together physical, financial and human resources and developing productive relationship amongst them for achievement of organizational goals.


• Organizing as a process involves:– Identification of activities. – Classification of grouping of activities. – Assignment of duties. – Delegation of authority and creation of

responsibility. – Coordinating authority and responsibility

relationships.


3. Staffing: It is the function of manning the organization structure and keeping it manned.

• Staffing has assumed greater importance in the recent years due to advancement of technology, increase in size of business, complexity of human behavior etc. The main purpose o staffing is to put right man on right job.


• Staffing involves: – Manpower Planning (estimating man power

in terms of searching, choose the person and giving the right place).

– Recruitment, selection & placement. – Training & development. – Remuneration. – Performance appraisal. – Promotions & transfer.


4. Leading: The set of process of influencing people to have desired behavior necessary to achieve organizational objective.

5. Controlling: It is a regulatory function. Controlling ensures that activities are running according to the plans made.

• It implies measurement of accomplishment against the standards and correction of deviation if any to ensure achievement of organizational goals. The purpose of controlling is to ensure that everything occurs in conformities with the standards.

Levels of Management

Levels of Management

• Three distinct levels of management- Top level, Mid level and lower level- are usually portrayed as a managerial hierarchy. This hierarchy depicts chain of command.

• Chain of command means the channel in which communication, coordination, and control flow through the various levels of management to subordinates.

Top Level Management

• Top level management: At the top of the management pyramid sits the president or Chief executive officer and other managers engaged primarily in charting the overall mission, strategy and objectives of the business.

• Top managers are responsible for the management of the entire organization. They must have the capacity to think in advance.

• Number of top managers in an organization is usually the smallest.

Roles of Top Level Management

– Top management lays down the objectives and broad policies of the enterprise.

– It prepares strategic plans & policies for the enterprise and provides guidance and direction.

– It appoints the executive for middle level i.e. departmental managers.

– It controls & coordinates the activities of all the departments.

– It is also responsible for maintaining a contact with the outside world.

Mid Level Management

• Mid Level Managers: Executives beneath the top level management are known as mid level managers. They play a vital role in an organization.

• The success of the organization largely depends on the performance of this mid level managements.

• Here managers play a diversified role as they virtually the communicators, translators, coordinators and compromisers.

Roles of Mid Level Management

– They make plans for the sub-units of the organization. – They participate in employment and training of lower

level management. – They interpret and explain policies from top level

management to lower level. – They are responsible for coordinating the activities

within the division or department. – It also sends important reports and other important

data to top level management. – They evaluate performance of junior managers.

Lower Level Management

• Lower level Management: Managers at the lowest level in the hierarchy are known as lower level managers.

• They are directly responsible for the work of operating people, that is, non-managerial people.

• The main job of lower level executive is to supervise and control the activities of non-managerial people.

Roles of Lower Level Management

– Assigning of jobs and tasks to various workers. – They guide and instruct workers for day to day

activities and provide training to them.– They are responsible for the quality as well as

quantity of production. – They help to solve the grievances of the workers. – They prepare periodical reports about the

performance of the workers. – They ensure discipline in the enterprise. – They motivate workers.

Managerial Roles

• Interpersonal Roles: Roles of managers that assume to coordinate and interact with employees and provide direction to the organization.

• It is the role of figurehead, leader and liaison, which involve dealing with other people.

• Informational role: it is those managerial roles that involve receiving, collecting, and disseminating information.

Managerial Roles

• Decisional role: The decisional roles involve around making choices. The manager takes information from various sources, interject a personal opinion, consider the present situation, analyze the resource available and tie this all together before reaching a decision.

Managerial Skills

• Management skill is the ability to use knowledge, behaviors and aptitudes to perform tasks. Skills are learned and developed with experience.

• Robert Katz classified management skills as-– Technical skills– Human relation skills– Conceptual skills

Managerial Skills

Technical skill is the ability to use a procedure or a technique. It explains the knowledge and proficiency in any type of technique. These are the skills involved in making a product or service. This type of skills are specially important for first line management level.

Human relations skills are the ability to relate and interact with subordinates, peers, superiors and customers.

Conceptual skills are the managers’ ability to organize and integrate information to better understand the organization as a whole. These are especially important at the top level management.

Features of Management

• Management is goal oriented: The success of any management activity is accessed by its achievement of the predetermined goals or objective.

• Management integrates Human, Physical and Financial Resources: In an organization, human beings work with non-human resources like machines, materials, financial assets, buildings etc. Management integrates human efforts to those resources. It brings harmony among the human, physical and financial resources.


• Management is Continuous: Management is an ongoing process. It involves continuous handling of problems and issues. It is concerned with identifying the problem and taking appropriate steps to solve it.

• Management is all Pervasive: Management is required in all types of organizations whether it is political, social, cultural or business because it helps and directs various efforts towards a definite purpose. Thus clubs, hospitals, political parties, colleges, hospitals, whether it is a small


business firm which may be engaged in trading or a large firm like Tata Iron & Steel, management is required everywhere irrespective of size or type of activity.

• Management is a Group Activity: Management is very much less concerned with individual’s efforts. It is more concerned with groups.

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1. management