1. Colonialism&the Second Hundred Years War

2. But now, for something completely different . . . .

Anglo-Dutch warfare in the late 1600s

• Fought for trading advantage

• Dutch hated British Navigation Acts

• Most significant outcome of these wars was the Dutchs loss of the port city of New Amsterdam to Brits.

• Renamed New York

3. First, the big picture

The Big Picture:

• Colonies had, by the 17th century, been incorporated into the economies of Western European countries. Mercantilism had come to mean the domination of trade.

• Thus colonialism and the overseas trade became inextricably bound up with issues of continental power and advantage that had been characteristic of the dynastic-state system since its beginning.

4. Second Hundred Years War

• No one of these wars was a duel between France and England, but in each of them one or more of the other European powers were engaged.

The Big Pic:

• Between 1689 and 1815--series of wars fought on an increasingly global scale to determine power relations on the continent. Wars are known collectively as the Second Hundred Years' War.

5. The Big Picture: War objectives

England considered the objective of these wars to be the

• defense of Protestantism and English liberties through. . .

• • the containment of French continental ambitions, the balance of power, and global trade dominance.

• For you juniors and seniors: do these objectives sound familiar?Do they harken back to the 2 nd half of the 20 thc?

6. Frances war objectives

France's objectives were

• also global trade dominance,

• continental power

• to expand its borders into the Low Countries and along the Rhine.

7. Early Colonialism and Empires

Superior technology, not culture is key to Europes power

Spain, France and Great Britain dominate the mercantile trade of the 18 thc.

Colonial struggles are linked to balance of power on continent: England and France

8. Second Hundred Years War 1687-1815

Causes: balance of power; commercial and colonial competition

• Nine Years War 1687-1695(League of Augsburg) (parallel colonial war in N. America between France and England (King Williams War)

• • Ends when belligerents become exhausted/stalemate

• • Treaty (Peace) of Ryswick 1697thwarts Frances attempted expansion into Germany

9. More of the Wars

War of the Spanish Succession

Hapsburg and Bourbon houses claim throne of Spain. England sides w/Austrian Hapsburgs

• France exhausted, sues for peace

• in the American colonies (Queen Anne's War)

• Treaty of Utrecht

• There followed thirty years of "peaceThese 18 thc. wars are fought largely by professional armies and navies, civilian populations were rarely drawn deeply into the conflicts .

10. Back at it . . . BEST. WAR NAME. EVER!

War of Jenkinss Ear 1739

• Anglo-Spanish War

• Where: West Indies

• What: Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 lead to conflict btwn Spanish and British colonial interests. Brits tried to smuggle more goods into SP. trading posts than allowed.

• Who Won? Unclear

• Result: opened up warfare on continent and in colonies

11. War of the Austrian Succession (1744-1748)

Austrian Charles VI dies (1740) Pragmatic Sanctionensures heir takes throne

Maria Theresa take throne

Frederick IIseized Austrian province of Silesia

Prussia, France, Spain and Bavaria v. Austria, Great Britain and Netherlands

England drawn in to preserve balance of power between Austria and France.

Of course, there was an attendant colonial war too: France v. GB. In N. America and India too.

Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle: not really a peace, but a truce

12. The Diplomatic Revolution (1756)

Uneasy peace

Simultaneous shift in alliances: Prussian now an ally of Great Britain. Defensive position

Before Gr. Brit and Austria were allies

This development makes possible an alliance between France and Austria

13. Damn Prussians:The Seven Years War [or the First World War (?)]

Has both continental and colonial conflicts (from 1756-1763)

Frederick the Great invades Saxony (Austrian ally). Maria Therese of Austria would love Silesia back too.

Frederick the Great (II) with British financial aid versus Austria, France, Sweden, and Russia

• Russia signs peace w/ Fred. One less enemy

• Peace of Hubertusburg: Nothing really changes. Silesia still Prussian. Prussia a GREAT POWER!

14. Meanwhile in the colonies

William Pitt the Elder: fight the war in the colonies, not on the continent

Pitt's goal in North America: take out the French in St. Lawrence and Mississippi Valley

Orchestrates, as Sec of State the dominance of GB

N. America and India

Treaty of Paris (1763): Great Britain a world power; GB acquires French Canada and land btw Appalachian Mtns and the Mississippi River. Spain still in Latin America; Fr. gives Spain New Orleans and LA territory West of Ms. R.

15. Results of the Seven Years War

England and France left heavily in debt, attempts to get out of debt lead to two revolutions

France needs top to bottom restructuring : That top parts gonna be really painful, if ya get my drift!

England: Gotta get the money from somewhere. But where?Hmmm.colonies? All that new land means new frontier which needs protecting, too, which costs money.No more salutary neglect.

16. American Revolution

American Revolution (1775-1783)

French and Dutch back colonists to lessen British power

British in heavy debt from previous wars

17. Still to come

French Revolution (1789-1797): French farther in debt from American Revolution

Napoleonic Wars (1797-1815)