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NON-DEMOCRATIC
Authoritarian Totalitarian
Leaders chosen byan elite whose political authorityrests on the use orthreat of force
Decision making iscarried out by a smallgroup who may notexercise power in the interest of the majority
Use of FIPSDecisive leader-ship, political stability, social order, rapid mobil-ization of resources
Gov’t Groups ProcessGoals
Thomas Carlyle (1795-1881) Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900)
Machiavelli Machiavelli
““The Lion & the Fox”The Lion & the Fox”
Thomas CarlyleThomas Carlyle
““Great Man” TheoryGreat Man” Theory
NietzscheNietzsche““Superman”Superman”
DICTATORSHIPS APPEAL TO CERTAIN KINDS OF PEOPLE IN CERTAIN KINDS OF SITUATIONS
Adorno: parent-child relationship/ dependent on othersfor strength/ see the world as black and white.Fromm:alienation of the individual in the post-industrial society
Lipsett:Class base: Communism - lower classes Fascism - upper classes
Definitions:DICTATORSHIP: absolute rule by one
person or by a small elite (authoritarian government).
TYPES: Aristocracy: Ruled by a privileged class. Plutocracy: Ruled by rich. Autocracy: Ruled by ONE person, a monarch
without restrictions Oligarchy: Ruled by A FEW PEOPLE, a clan or
clique (Junta, if ruled by military). plutocracy Theocracy: Ruled by people who claim a
divine right to rule.
Examples of each ( 20th cent): Aristocracy (minority tyranny)
South Africa (under apartheid) Autocracy (absolute monarchy)
Brunei, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Suharto (Indon.) Oligarchy
Nicaragua (Samoza), Haiti (Duvalier) Junta (military dictatorship)
Iraq, Myanmar, Nigeria, Chile (Pinochet) Theocracy
Iran (Ayatollah Khomeini) Taliban (Afghanistan)
TOTALITARIANISM: a dictatorship that controls ALL aspects of a society. A product of the 20th century. Accomplished by mass media. Government control via F.I.P.S. Hitler’s Germany, Stalin’s Soviet Union,
Mao’s China, Castro’s Cuba
Features:
FFORCE/USE OF TERROR
IINDOCTRINATION/PARTICIPATION
PPROPAGANDA
SSCAPISMAlso:
centralization of power subservience of judiciary to executive
EL
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CANADA
EL
JU.S.A.
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DICTATORSHIP
Force & Terror
Most expedient way to control a population and maintain power.
Zero toleration of dissent.Nazi’s SA storm troopers, SS, Gestapo.Italy’s Black Shirts (squadristi).Stalin’s secret police (NKVD), Cheka,
Gulag, KGB (1954)All used agents and informants informally.
Indoctrination & Forced Participation
An education system to teach the values of the party.
Target on youth: Hitler’s Germany:
Jungvolk (10-14)Hitler Youth (boys) League of German Girls
Soviet Union:Little Octobrists (7-10)Young Pioneers (10-14)Komsomol (15-28)
Forced participation:
Gives semblance of participation in, and approval of the political process. Parades and celebrations. Elections:
Party chooses all the candidates;No real choices on ballots; orNo secret ballot.
Shows world that leader has widespread support.
Propaganda
Language is the vehicle of thought.Enhance image of leadership, and
party.Show greatness of state and people.Examples:
Nazi Germany:Joseph Goebbels (Minister of Public
Enlightenment)People’s Observer (Nazi Party paper)
Soviet Union:Pravda (“Truth”) paper of Communist Party
Scapism (Directing popular discontent)
Alleviates responsibility of party/gov’t for any problems.
Assists in limiting accountability.Possible enemies:
Nazi Germany:Jews; Socialists (responsible for betraying
Germany at the end of WWI)Dissent from: Student groups (White Rose),
Catholic Church, Jehovah’s Witnesses
Soviet Union:Reactionary Elements (White Russians);
capitalists; The West.Dissent from:
• Intellectuals: – Aleksandr Solzenitsyn, One Day in the Life of
Ivan Denisovich;– Andrei Sakharov, inventor of the soviet H-
bomb.• Samizdat publication of dissident views.
Critique of Non-democratic Governments
Lack of legitimacyInefficient and bureaucratic
Patronage; Unchecked corruption
Littledictators
Widespread apathy and cynicismPower struggles over succession
Leads to violent changes in government changes
Elitism Favoritism of certain groups in society;
leads to revolts.
COMMUNISM (Marxism/Leninism):
a.k.a.“Revolutionary Socialism”Has it ever been achieved?Ideal of Society:
Based on human capacity for interdependence, solidarity, and cooperativeness.
Abolishment of injustice Achievement of equality for all.
Affirmations: Humanism, rationality, and progress Dignity of work Internationalism and pacifism
Rejections: Violations of human rights:despotism,
militarism, imperialism, fascism, racism, torture.
Custom based societies Capitalism, liberal individualism, inequality.
Revolutionary organizations and tactics: Political activity in the workplace; trade
unions, strikes. Military or economic challenge to authority.
State structures and official policies: Identification of state with interest of working
classes through medium of political party. Removal of old institutions and laws redolent
of privilege. State direction of economy in the interest of
equal distribution of wealth and opportunity.
Historical Blind Spots of COMMUNISM
International movement or National movement.
Not always applicable to non-European and pre-modern societies.
Highly militaristic.Bureaucratic.Totalitarian: elite run state.
Communism In Russia
The USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)
Karl Marx (1818 - 1883)
Communist Manifesto Das Kapital Marx’s sidekick: Friedrich Engels
(1820 - 1895)Objective: an economic/political
system that would meet ppl. basic needs…guaranteed.
Lenin (1874-1924)
Altered Marxism:Could skip certain stages, i.e. capitalism (in
Russia’s case)Vanguard needed to protect revolution, i.e.
an elite, rather than proletariat.
USSR’s political system
General Secretary of Communist Party #1.
Government is dominated by communist party (CPSU); therefore…
Soviet Leaders
Lenin 1917-24
Joseph Stalin 1922-53
Nikita Khrushchev 1953-64
Leonid Brezhnev 1964-82
Yuri Andropov 1982-84
Konstantin Chernenko 1984-85
Mikhail Gorbachev 1985-1991
Glasnost (openness) Political focus
Perestroika (restructuring) Economic focus
FASCISM
Ideal of society: All people can
experience life heroically as part of a strong dynamic community.
Affirmations: Possibility of a new order. Power invested in a natural elite with a
born leader.Rejections:
Decadent forces: liberalism - it saps a nation of its energy.
Egoistic individualism.
Cosmopolitanism, cultural and racial mixing. Humanitarian concerns with equality and
harmony. Democracy.
Revolutionary organizations and tactics: Paramilitary and youth organizations. Assertion of a strong leader. Overt violence against perceived opponents and
enemies.
Esthetic of power symbolizing regeneration.
Arno BreckerNazi sculptor1942
Roland HugonPropaganda posterVichy France, 1942
Joop! Giorgio Armani magazine ads
Franco, Spanish Dictator, circa 1935
State structures and official policies: Identification of party with state. Aggressive militarism. Abolition of class conflict by assertion of unity
of interest in the glorification of the state.Historical Blind Spots of FASCISM:
Impossibility of integrating all aspects of society into fascist vision.
Maintenance of momentum once all enemies have been defeated.
Replacement of charismatic leader.
Why German Democracy Failed (The Weimar Gov’t)Proportional representation
0.5% gets a seat;therefore 2.6% in 1928 gave legitimacy to Nazis
Weak governments 20 coalition gov’ts from 1919-33; avg. 8
months; made of 3 or 4 partiesPolitical polarization
due to failure of mainstream parties 1932 Nazi (R) Communists (L) win
majority of seats
Disunity of the left Communists refused to form a coalition
against Nazis w/ Social Democrat Communists were anti-German
democraticHostility to parliamentary democracy
seen by some Germans as a foreign political system imposed on them by victorious Allies (Treaty of Versailles)
Great Depression six million out of work in Jan., 1932
Liberal Demo. Vs. Com. & Fasc.
Representative assembly and responsible executive.
Two or more party system Free elections at regular
intervals Independent judiciary Freedom of opinion and
speech Freedom of association
One party Totalitarian state.
Rule by elite party or dictatorship.
No elections, if so no choice
Judicial decisions conform to party ideology.
Censorship and limited freedom of opinion and speech.
Limited freedom of association; surveillance by secret police.
Communism Vs. Fascism
Rule by proletariat Represent interest of
working class Aims at:
Intensifying class structure
Working class revolution
Classless society International movement Concerned with
betterment of individual
Rule in interest of the STATE
Represents interest of middle class and economic elite.
Aims at: Eliminating class
conflict, BUT maintaining class structure
National movement. The interest of the state
comes before those of the individual.
Nationalization of economy
Public ownership of the means of production
State planning Can have a cult leader.
Private ownership of the means of production
State control of workers and economy.
Cult of leader, Fuhrer and Il Duce.