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EMC 2410Intro to Electronic Media
• Edward Bowen
• Lecture Five: The Beginnings of Broadcasting
Broadcasting established the
• Cultural• Economic• Technological• Regulatory
foundations for newer media
Privately owned, advertising supported media infrastructure neither inevitable or preordained.
Environment for Mass Entertainment made possible partially through urbanization as a consequence of The Industrial Revolution (1820-1870)
http://www.history.com/videos/the-industrial-revolition#the-industrial-revolition
Environment for Mass Entertainment made possible partially through urbanization as a consequence of The Industrial Revolution (1820-1870)
http://youtu.be/3Efq-aNBkvc
Broadcasting’s Cultural Precedentsin Mass Entertainment
• Popular Newspapers, Penny Press• Home Phonographs• Vaudeville• Motion Picture Theaters
Popular Newspapers, Penny Press
“The Sun,” New York, Established 1833
Popular Newspapers, Penny Press
“The Sun,” New York, Established 1833
TheGreat Moon Hoax(1835)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zJDQyVJ7N-E
Popular Newspapers, Penny Press
“The Sun,” New York, Established 1833
ASTOUNDING NEWS!BY EXPRESS VIA NORFOLK:
THE ATLANTIC CROSSEDIN THREE DAYS!
SIGNAL TRIUMPH OFMR. MONCK MASON'SFLYING MACHINE!!!
Popular Newspapers, Penny Press
“The Sun,” New York, Established 1833
The Balloon-HoaxbyEdgar Allen Poe(1844)
Popular Newspapers, Penny Press
“The Sun,” New York, Established 1833
“Yes Virginia, There is a Santa Claus”(1897)
"DEAR EDITOR: I am 8 years old. "Some of my little friends say there is no Santa Claus. "Papa says, 'If you see it in THE SUN it's so.' "Please tell me the truth; is there a Santa Claus?"VIRGINIA O'HANLON."115 WEST NINETY-FIFTH STREET."VIRGINIA, your little friends are wrong. They have been affected by the skepticism of a skeptical age. They do not believe except [what] they see. They think that nothing can be which is not comprehensible by their little minds. All minds, Virginia, whether they be men's or children's, are little. In this great universe of ours man is a mere insect, an ant, in his intellect, as compared with the boundless world about him, as measured by the intelligence capable of grasping the whole of truth and knowledge.Yes, VIRGINIA, there is a Santa Claus. He exists as certainly as love and generosity and devotion exist, and you know that they abound and give to your life its highest beauty and joy. Alas! how dreary would be the world if there were no Santa Claus. It would be as dreary as if there were no VIRGINIAS. There would be no childlike faith then, no poetry, no romance to make tolerable this existence. We should have no enjoyment, except in sense and sight. The eternal light with which childhood fills the world would be extinguished.Not believe in Santa Claus! You might as well not believe in fairies! You might get your papa to hire men to watch in all the chimneys on Christmas Eve to catch Santa Claus, but even if they did not see Santa Claus coming down, what would that prove? Nobody sees Santa Claus, but that is no sign that there is no Santa Claus. The most real things in the world are those that neither children nor men can see. Did you ever see fairies dancing on the lawn? Of course not, but that's no proof that they are not there. Nobody can conceive or imagine all the wonders there are unseen and unseeable in the world.You may tear apart the baby's rattle and see what makes the noise inside, but there is a veil covering the unseen world which not the strongest man, nor even the united strength of all the strongest men that ever lived, could tear apart. Only faith, fancy, poetry, love, romance, can push aside that curtain and view and picture the supernal beauty and glory beyond. Is it all real? Ah, VIRGINIA, in all this world there is nothing else real and abiding. No Santa Claus! Thank God! he lives, and he lives forever. A thousand years from now, Virginia, nay, ten times ten thousand years from now, he will continue to make glad the heart of childhood.
Popular Newspapers, Penny Press
“The Sun,” New York, Established 1833
“Yes Virginia, There is a Santa Claus”(1897)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ezNP1c63YJY
Popular Newspapers, Penny Press
“The Sun,” New York, Established 1833
"When a dog bites a man, that is not news, because it happens so often. But if a man bites a dog, that is news."
John B. BogartCity Editor1873-1890
Popular Newspapers, Penny Press
“The Sun,” New York, Established 1833
“Crime on the Waterfront”
Malcolm Johnson
1948
“On The Waterfront”
(1954)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xSImMMMf5nA
Vaudeville (1880s - 1930s)
Vaudeville: n. Stage entertainment offering a variety of short acts such as slapstick turns, song-and-dance routines, and juggling performances.
Vaudeville (1880s - 1930s)
Vaudeville: n. Stage entertainment offering a variety of short acts such as slapstick turns, song-and-dance routines, and juggling performances.
Vaudeville (1880s - 1930s)
Vaudeville: n. Stage entertainment offering a variety of short acts such as slapstick turns, song-and-dance routines, and juggling performances.
Vaudeville (1880s - 1930s)
Vaudeville: n. Stage entertainment offering a variety of short acts such as slapstick turns, song-and-dance routines, and juggling performances.
Vaudeville (1880s - 1930s)
Vaudeville: n. Stage entertainment offering a variety of short acts such as slapstick turns, song-and-dance routines, and juggling performances.
Vaudeville (1880s - 1930s)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_V82MCMWRu8
Vaudeville (1880s - 1930s)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cKXhxAJShTohttp://youtu.be/_jqWCxugpNU
Home Phonographs (1896)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SMqgI57TZ3U
Motion Picture Theaters (1896 -)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZC_otpD8F_o
Broadcasting’s Cultural Precedentsin Mass Entertainment
• Popular Newspapers, Penny Press• Home Phonographs• Vaudeville• Motion Picture Theaters
Broadcasting’s Technological (Electronic) Precedents
Point-to-Point Communications• Telegraph (Wired Messages)• Telephone (Wired Audio)• Wireless (Messages)
Telegraph (1830s)
http://www.5min.com/Video/Learn-how-a-Telegraph-Machine-Works-117541596
Inventor: Samuel Morse
Telegraph (1830s)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DmolT6pI8eI
Inventor: Samuel Morse
Telephone (1876)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e601moNCA7Q
Wireless
• Heinrich Hertz and Hertzian Waves• Guglielmo Marconi and Wireless Signal
Transmission• Audion Vacuum Tube - Amplification and
Precise Modulation • Commercial Wireless• Military Wireless
Hertzian (Electromagnetic) Waves (1888)
http://www.hulu.com/watch/87167/milestones-in-science-and-engineering-heinrich-hertz-electromagnetic-wave
http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xanne8_milestones-in-science-engineering-h_shortfilms
Hertzian (Electromagnetic) Waves (1888)
HERTZ: Measurement that distinguishes electromagnetic waveform energy; number of cycles, or complete waves, that pass a reference point per second; measurement of frequency by which one hertz equals one cycle per second.
Guglielmo Marconi
http://www.5min.com/Video/Guglielmo-Marconi-Biography-119821429
http://www.hulu.com/watch/87174/milestones-in-science-and-engineering-guglielmo-marconi-wireless-telegraphy
Wireless as a viable means of communication
Audion Vacuum Tube - Amplification and Precise Modulation
• Impressing Sound onto Radio Waves• Radio• Sound Motion Pictures
Lee De Forest
Commercial and Military Wireless
• Maritime Commerce• WWI - Navy nationalizes all wireless
communication• U.S. Navy places freeze on wireless
lawsuits• Patent sharing
Broadcasting’s Technological (Electronic) Precedents
Point-to-Point Communication• Telegraph - Wired communication without
audio• Telephone - Wired communication with
audio.• Wireless - Communication without wires.
To summarize:
1888: Heinrich Hertz demonstrates the existence of electromagnetic energy/radiation (radio waves).
1890s: Gugliemo Marconi uses radio waves to invent wireless telegraphy.
1906: Lee De Forest experiments with his “Audion” vacuum tube, allowing for signal modulation and amplification.
Preview“The Empire of the Air
http://www.shoppbs.org/product/index.jsp?productId=1402895