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...not only for your eyes but for your internal senses as well...may it be converted by into concepts & ideas of your possible intellect...ciao!
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Proposition
external sign of judgment provides reason, explanation to support a judgment made expresses an idea, explanation feeling or emotion. can be analyzed as either true or false
definition a statement which affirms or denies something about a reality or object
Elements of a Proposition
Subject term
the point under discussion the central focus or the main idea or the content in a proposition term to be affirmed or denied
Predicate term tells or describes something about the main idea (or the subject term) in a proposition that w/c is to be affirmed or denied of the subject
Copula
the connector b/w the subject & the predicate term; generally using the verb “to be”
Kinds of a Proposition
Categorical
proposition by which the affirmation or denial b/w two concepts is expressed in an Absolute, Immediate, Direct or Unconditional manner
Hypothetical
proposition by which the affirmation or denial b/w two concepts is expressed in an Indirect & Conditional manner
If man can think then he is rational.
Mangyans are the minorities from Mindoro.
Kinds of hypothetical PropositionConditional
contains antecedent & consequent statements
If man can think then he is rational
Disjunctive
presents alternatives but one of these alternative will prove to be true & the other will be false
Either you love me or you hate me
Kinds of hypothetical Proposition
Conjunctive
denies the simultaneous possibility of two alternatives
Man can not be rational & irrational at the same time
4 Standard forms of C.P.
All government officials are natural-born citizens No involuntary act is a conscious act Several movie directors are passionate Not all commentators are objective
Quantity or Extension of the Proposition
The quantity of the proposition can be determined by checking the quantifiers used in each proposition
Universal if it implies each & every member of the class or if it signifies general expression & ideas common quantifiers are “all, every, no, no one, nobody, nothing, none, whoever, whenever, whichever, whomever, whatever, whenever”
Singular
if it refers to something definite or refers to only one.
Nouns, personal pronouns, collective nouns are example of singular quantifier
Particular if it pertains to a part of a whole or less than the whole, or something definite
indefinite pronouns are most commonly used particular quantifiers like “many, several. Most, few, almost all, not all, some, part, etc.
Quality of the Proposition
The quality of proposition is determined by the quality of the copula
Affirmative
whenever the predicate term accepts something of the subject term
Negative whenever the predicate term negates or denies something of the subject term
All roses are flowers.
A squash is not an eggplant.
PropositionProposition QuantityQuantity QualityQuality
AA Universal or Universal or SingularSingular
AffirmativeAffirmative
EE Universal or Universal or SingularSingular
NegativeNegative
II ParticularParticular AffirmativeAffirmative
OO ParticularParticular NegativeNegative
Quantity or Extension of the Predicate
Is entirely different from the quantity of the proposition
to determined the quantity of the predicate, the point of reference will be the quality of the proposition, whether affirmative or affirmative
Particular if the quality of the proposition is affirmative, the quantity of the predicate is automatically particular
if the quality of the proposition is negative, the quantity of the predicate is automatically universal
Universal
This modern technology is the solution to our problem
Most ideas were not expressed
Subject term Predicate term
Quantity of proposition
Quality of the Prop.
Symbol Quantity of the predicate
Government officials
Natural-born citizens
Universal Affirmative A Particular
Involuntary act Conscious act
Universal Negative E Universal
Movie directors Passionate Particular Affirmative I Particular
Commentators Objective Particular Negative O Universal
All government officials are natural-born citizens No involuntary act is a conscious act Several movie directors are passionate Not all commentators are objective
All affirmative propositions share their extensions to the subject terms and by doing so the predicate gives some of its parts to the subject subject is drawn to the extension of the predicate
In Negative propositions the subject is excluded from the extension of the predicate No relationship exists b/w the subject and the predicate