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Nazism and the rise of Hitler
The Great War, World War One, consisted of two stages:
conventional warfare that lasted from 1914 to 1916, and a war of desperate expedients, when both
sides struggled for their own existences, lasting until the end.
The two sides of the war consisted of the Allied Powers (France, Great Britain, Russia, the United States, and other smaller counties) and the Central Powers (Germany,
Austria-Hungary, and Turkey/Ottoman Empire, along with
other smaller country support).
WORLD WAR I
Though Germany turned out to be the Central Power most involved in the war, there is little or no evidence that the Germans had planned for
war. There are several fundamental causes that had brought the world to the brink of war:
nationalism, imperialist competition, militarism, and the build up of pre-war alliances. These growing appearance of these factors perhaps
inevitably led to what was called the Great War, World War One. Though, Germany made initial
gains by occupying France and Belgium. But got defeated in November 1918 by the entry of U.S.
in 1917.
Physical effects • Starvation• Disease• Farming disruption
IMPACT OF WORLD WAR I ON GERMANY
Germany 1914Land taken from GermanyLand under League of Nations controlDemilitarised zone
Psychological effects• The soldiers had to be called out of the
battlefield when the Germans surrendered, so they were very bitter and angry, having had experience of war
• This caused conflict among the German people because lots of people blamed the Government for making the truce and signing the Treaty of Versailles
• Political effects• The Reichstag was weak• Working and middle classes had little say
The Weimar Republic is the name given by historians to
the federal republic and parliamentary representative
democracy established in 1919 in Germany to replace
the imperial form of government. It was named
after Weimar, the city where the constitutional
assembly took place.
WEIMAR REPUBLIC
When the stock market collapsed on Wall Street on Tuesday,
October 29, 1929, it sent financial markets worldwide into a tailspin
with disastrous effects. The German economy was especially vulnerable since it was built upon foreign capital, mostly loans from America and was very dependent
on foreign trade. When those loans suddenly came due and
when the world market for German exports dried up, the well oiled German industrial machine
quickly ground to a halt.
THE GREAT DEPRESSION
As production levels fell, German workers were laid off. Along with this, banks failed throughout Germany. Savings accounts, the result of years of hard work, were instantly wiped out. Inflation soon followed making it hard for families to purchase expensive
necessities with devalued money.Overnight, the middle class standard of living so many German families enjoyed was ruined by events outside
of Germany, beyond their control. The Great Depression began and they were cast into poverty and
deep misery and began looking for a solution, any solution.
In the good times before the Great Depression the Nazi Party experienced slow growth, barely reaching 100,000 members in a country of over sixty million. But the Party, despite its
tiny size, was a tightly controlled, highly disciplined organization of fanatics poised to spring into action. Since the
failed Beer Hall Putsch in 1923, Hitler had changed tactics and was for the most part playing by the rules of democracy.
Hitler had gambled in 1923, attempting to overthrow the young German democracy by force, and lost. Now he was
determined to overthrow it legally by getting elected while at the same time building a Nazi shadow government that would
one day replace democracy.
THE RISE OF HITLER
Hitler had begun his career in politics as a street brawling revolutionary appealing to disgruntled World
War I veterans predisposed to violence. By 1930 he was quite different, or so it seemed. Hitler counted among his supporters a number of German industrialists, and upper middle class socialites, a far cry from the semi-
literate toughs he started out with.He intentionally broadened his appeal because it was
necessary. Now he needed to broaden his appeal to the great mass of voting Germans. His chief assets were his
speech making ability and a keen sense of what the people wanted to hear.
By mid-1930, amid the economic pressures of the Great
Depression, the German democratic government was
beginning to unravel. Gustav Stresemann, the
outstanding German Foreign Minister, had died in October
1929, just before the Wall Street crash. He had spent years
working to restore the German economy and stabilize the republic and died, having
exhausted himself in the process.
The crisis of the Great Depression brought disunity to the political parties in the Reichstag.
Instead of forging an alliance to enact desperately need legislation, they broke up into squabbling,
uncompromising groups. In March of 1930, Heinrich Bruening, a member of the Catholic
Center Party, became Chancellor.Despite the overwhelming need for a financial
program to help the German people, Chancellor Bruening encountered stubborn opposition to his
plans.
To break the bitter stalemate, he went to President Hindenburg and asked the Old Gentleman to invoke Article 48 of the German constitution which gave
emergency powers to the president to rule by decree. This provoked a huge
outcry from the opposition, demanding withdrawal of the decree.
As a measure of last resort, Bruening asked Hindenburg in July 1930 to dissolve the
Reichstag according to parliamentary rules and call for new elections.
The elections were set for September 14th. Hitler and the Nazis sprang into action. Their
time for campaigning had arrived. The German people were tired of the political haggling in Berlin. They were tired of misery,
tired of suffering, tired of weakness. These were desperate times and they were willing to listen
to anyone, even Adolf Hitler.
Reconstruction of Germany under Hitler:• Hitler made economist Hjalmar Schacht
work for the economic recovery. He aimed at full production and full employment through a
state-funded work-creation programe.• 1933: Hitler pulled out of the League of
Nations.• 1936: Reoccupied the Rhineland.
• 1938: Integrated Austria and Germany.• Captured Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia
and later the country itself.
RECONSTRUCTION
• Accumulation of resources was carried out through expansion policies in order to prevent
economic crisis.• 1939: Germany invaded Poland which
instigated France and England.• September, 1940: A Tripartite Pact was signed between Germany, Italy and Japan.
• Puppet regimes were installed in a large part of Europe that supported the Nazi
Germany.
Nazi policies included "Lebensmum", or view that German speaking people needed more living
space (thus, justifying their thirst for conquest of neighboring lands). Also, Aryanism was practiced,
with the central belief being that blue-eyed, blonde-haired, fair-skinned northern European Christians were to be prized above all others. Central control by the state, with dictatorial
leadership was also viewed as more efficient than any other form of government. Propaganda was also viewed as essential to keeping the populace
under control.
NAZI WORLDVIEW
The Holocaust also known as the Shoahwas the mass murder or
genocide of approximately six million European Jews during World War II, a
programme of systematic state-sponsored murder by Germany, led by
Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party, throughout German-occupied territory.
Of the nine million Jews who had resided in Europe before the
Holocaust, approximately two-thirds were killed. In particular, over one
million Jewish children were killed in the Holocaust, as were approximately two million Jewish women and three
million Jewish men.
THE HOLOCAUST
A few scholars would argue the mass murders of the Romani and people
with disabilities should be included in the definition, and some use the
common noun "holocaust" to describe other Nazi mass murders, for example
Soviet prisoners of war, Polish and Soviet civilians, and homosexuals. Recent estimates based on figures obtained since the fall of the Soviet
Union indicates some ten to 11 million civilians and prisoners of war were intentionally murdered by the
Nazi regime.
The persecution and genocide were carried out in stages. Various laws to remove the Jews from civil society, most
prominently the Nuremberg Laws, were enacted in Germany years before the outbreak of World War II. Concentration
camps were established in which inmates were subjected to slave labor until they died of exhaustion or disease. Where
Germany conquered new territory in eastern Europe, specialized units called Einsatzgruppen murdered Jews and
political opponents in mass shootings. The occupiers required Jews and Romani to be confined in overcrowded ghettos
before being transported by freight train to extermination camps where, if they survived the journey, most were systematically killed in gas chambers. Every arm of
Germany's bureaucracy was involved in the logistics that led to the genocides, turning the Third Reich into what one
Holocaust scholar has called "a genocidal state".
CONCENTRATION CAMP
GHETTOS
The Hitler Youth (German: Hitler-Jugend, abbreviated HJ) was a
paramilitary organization of the Nazi Party. It existed from 1922 to 1945.
The HJ was the second oldest paramilitary Nazi group, founded one year after its adult counterpart, the Sturmabteilung(SA). It was made up of the Hitlerjugend proper, for male
youth ages 14–18; the younger boys' section Deutsches Jungvolk for ages 10–14; and the girls' section Bund
Deutscher Mädel (BDM), the League of German Girls
HITLER YOUTH
The HJ were viewed as future "Aryan supermen" and were indoctrinated in anti-Semitism. One aim was to instill the motivation that would enable HJ
members, as soldiers, to fight faithfully for theThird Reich. The HJ put
more emphasis on physical and military training than on academic study. The Nationalsozialistischer Reichsbund für Leibesübungen
(NSRBL), the umbrella organization promoting and coordinating sport
activities in Germany during the Nazi period, had the responsibility of overseeing the physical fitness
development programs provided to the German youth.
After the boy scout movement was banned through German-controlled countries, the HJ appropriated many of its activities, though
changed in content and intention. For example, many HJ activities closely resembled military
training, with weapons training, assault course circuits and basic tactics. Some cruelty by the
older boys toward the younger ones was tolerated and even encouraged, since it was believed this would weed out the unfit and
harden the rest.[5]The HJ wore uniforms very like those of the SA,
with similar ranks and insignia
HITLER YOUTH
Many social programs were implemented by Hitler to
encourage the growth of a strong German Nazi Volk. One such program was to advocate the virtues of motherhood. This
program included a gigantic Nazi propaganda campaign to urge women to increase the size of their families. Cash incentives
were paid for each child born. On the 16th of December 1938 Hitler instituted a new award to honor
German Nazi motherhood, especially the large family
WOMEN IN NAZI GERMANY
The cross of Honor of the German Mother was created in three classes with the criteria as
follows:Bronze 3rd Class Mother 's Nazi Cross - A
bronze Christian Cross normally worn about the neck suspended by a 10mm blue ribbon with two white stripes at each edge. A round shield was affixed to the cross, bearing the
inscription 'Der Deutschen Mutter ' encircling a black enamel Nazi swastika on a white
enamel field.
Behind the shield and between the arms of the cross was a projection of rays. The arms
of the cross were blue enamel with white enamel edges. The reverse was plain save
for the date '16 Dezember 1938 ' followed by a facsimile of Hitler 's signature. From 16th December 1938, when the decoration was first instituted, to mid 1939, Nazi mother 's crosses bore the inscription 'Das Kind adelt
die Mutter ' (The child ennobles the mother).
Why this change on the reverse of the cross was brought about is not known. The manufactures
logo was sometimes found on the back as well. This award was normally presented in a blue
envelope bearing the title of the award on the front. The award
was also accompanied by a large certificate bearing a facsimile of
Hitler 's signature.
Silver 2nd Class Mother 's Nazi Cross - similar to the 3rd class Mother 's Nazi Cross except that the metal
parts were finished in silver. It was presented for bearing 6 to 7 children.
Gold 1st Class Mother 's Nazi Cross - again similar to the 3rd class except all the metal parts were finished
in Gold and also it was presented in a hard presentation case that consisted of a hinged and
compartmentalized box. The exterior was a very dark blue simulated leather with a facsimile of the award embossed in gold. The interior of the lid was a white
satin and the base was an off white velvet. It was presented for bearing eight or more children
When the award was first instituted approximately 3 million women
qualified for one of these awards. Only families of German origin qualified. Females from Danzig,
Austria and the Sudetenland were eligible when these teritories were absorbed into the Greater German
Reich. Awards were rendered only on 'Mothering Sunday ' (Mothers Day) the second Sunday in May. The first awards were rendered on the 21st
May 1939, and the last awards were presented in 1944.
Propaganda, the coordinated attempt to influence public opinion through the use of media, was skillfully used by the NSDAP in the years leading up to and during Adolf
Hitler's leadership of Germany (1933–1945). National Socialist propaganda provided a
crucial instrument for acquiring and maintaining power, and for the
implementation of their policies, including the pursuit of total war and the extermination
of millions of people in the Holocaust.
NAZI PROPAGANDA
The pervasive use of propaganda by the Nazis is largely responsible for the word "propaganda" itself acquiring its present
negative connotations.[
Dr. Joseph Goebbels, head of Germany's Ministry of Public Enlightenment and
Propaganda. His masterful use of propaganda for Adolf Hitler and
the NSDAP made him an archetype of the modern spin doctor in public conscience
Nazi propaganda promoted Nazi ideology by demonizing the enemies of the Nazi Party, especially Jews and communists, but also capitalists and intellectuals. It promoted the values
asserted by the Nazis, including heroic death, Führerprinzip (leader
principle), Volksgemeinschaft (people's community), Blut und Boden
(blood and soil) and pride in the German race. Propaganda was also
used to maintain the cult of personality around Nazi leader Adolf Hitler, and to promote campaigns for
eugenics and the annexation of German-speaking areas.
After the outbreak of World War II, Nazi propaganda
vilified Germany's enemies, notably the United Kingdom,
the Soviet Union and the United States, and exhorted the population to partake in
total war.
NAZI PROPAGANDA
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