Power sharing

OURSOCIAL

SCIENCE PROJECT

ON-

WELCOME TO MY PRESENTATION

POWER SHARING

SUBMITTED TO:-MRS. AMITA MAM

SUBMITTED BY:- VASU CLASS-Xth D ROLL.NO.-9

A FEW EXAMPLES

Power sharing is too much desirable. This is the reason why most of the countries have adopted power sharing.

For example:-Our nation, INDIA shows different forms of power sharing.

A FEW EXAMPLES

BELGIUMo SIZE AND POPULATION-

a) A small country in Europe.

b) As much as the state of Haryana.

c) Have population of 1 Crore.

d) Have borders with France, Netherlands, Germany and Luxembourg.

BELGIUMo ETHNIC COMPOSITION-

a) 59% speak Dutch and live in the Flemish region.

b) 40% speak French and live in the Wallonia Region.

c) 1% speak German and live in the Walloon Region.

DUTCH 59%

FRENCH 40%

GERMAN 1%

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Communities_of_Belgium.svg

BRUSSELS• Capital city of Belgium.• Has entirely different

ethnic composition than the country:-

a) 80% in the capital speak French but they are minority in the country.

b) 20% in the capital speak Dutch but they are majority in the country.

TENSIONS BETWEEN DUTCHAND FRENCH

The minority French were rich and powerful.

The majority Dutch got the benefit of economic development much later.

The capital- Brussels represented a special problem i.e. majority Dutch was in minority here.

This way, there were tensions between Dutch and French speaking population.

ACCOMODATION IN BELGIUM

Belgian leaders took a different way. They recognized the existence of regional differences and cultural diversities.

Between 1970 and 1993 the constitution was amended four times to accommodate social and cultural diversities.

For accommodating the interests of the minority and the majority, Belgium adopted a unique system of power sharing.

BELGIAN MODEL OF GOVERNMENT

The constitution prescribes that the number of Dutch and French speaking ministers shall be equal in the central government. Some special laws require the support of majority of members from each linguistic group.

Many powers of the Central Government have been given to State government. Therefore, the state governments are not subordinate to the Central Government.

Brussels had separate government in which both the communities have equal representation. The majority French in Brussels accepted equal representation in Brussels because the majority Dutch accepted equal representation in the central government.

There is third form of Govt. called ‘Community Govt.’ It is elected by people belonging to one language

community – the Dutch, the French and the German speaking no matter where they live.

The community governments have power regarding cultural, educational and language related issues.

BELGIAN MODEL OF GOVERNMENT

Advantages of The Belgian Model

Though complex, the model has worked well so far.

It has avoided civic strife between the two communities.

The European Union chose to have its Headquarters at Brussels as Power Sharing was practiced successfully.

SRI LANKA

o SIZE AND POPULATION:-

a. An island nation in South Asia.

b. A few kilometers off the southern coast of Tamil Nadu.

c. Population of 2 Crore, almost equal to as in Haryana.

d. Have a diverse population like other South-Asian countries.

SRI LANKA

ETHNIC COMPOSITION

TAMIL-SPEAKERS (18%)

INDIAN TAMILS (5%)

SRI LANKAN TAMILS (13%)

CHRISTIANS (7%)

SINHALA-SPEAKERS (74%)

BUDDHISTS

MAJORITARIANISM IN SRI LANKA

In 1948, Sri Lanka became independent. A number of laws were made to establish Sinhala’s supremacy:-

In 1956 an Act was passed which recognized Sinhala as the only official language of Sri Lanka; thus, disregarding Tamil.

Sinhala speakers were preferred both for university positions and Government jobs.

Constitution was amended to protect and foster Buddhism Language.

EFFECT ON TAMILS

Tamils felt isolated. They felt that no party lead

by Sinhala leaders were sensitive to their culture and region.

They felt that the constitution and government are denying them from equal rights.

They were discriminated from getting jobs & other opportunities.

Their interest was ignored.

CIVIL WARThe relation between the Sinhalese and Tamils strained over time. They

launched parties like LTTE demanding equal rights and declaration of Tamil as the official language . However, their demands were denied. And they demanded for an independent Tamil Eel am.

This distrust between the two communities turned into a widespread conflict and soon into a civil war, which lead to a huge cultural loss.

WHY POWER SHARINGIS DESIRABLE?

PUDENTIAL REASONS• It reduces the possibilities of

conflicts between social groups.

• It gives stability to government.

• It strengthens the unity of the country. to

MORAL REASONS• Power sharing is the very

spirit of Democracy.• People have a right to be

consulted on how they are to be governed.

FORMS OF POWER SHARING

1) Horizontal Division Of Power:- Legislature

Executive

Judiciary

• Each of these organs is placed at the same level to exercise different powers

• None of them has unlimited power thus maintains balance.

• Each one of them keeps watch on the functioning of the other two.

• Hence it is called Check and Balance System


2) Vertical Division Of Power:-Central Govt.

State Govt.

Local Self Bodies

•Both the Central and State govt. have transferred power and resources to the Local bodies.

•The Central Govt. is set up for the whole nation.

•The state/provincial govt. is set up for each provinces/states.

•The central govt. transfers/shares some of the powers to/with the state govt. (as in Belgium).•In a big country like India, this type of two tier system is not sufficient.

•So we have the third tier – the Local Self Govt.


3) Social Division Of Power:-

The power is shared among different social groups- linguistic and religious groups.

Socially weaker sections also have to have share in power.

Community government in Belgium is one example for this type of power sharing.

In India, it is done by way of reservation. Constituencies and seats are reserved for women, SCs and STs.


4) Power Sharing among Political parties, pressure groups and movements:-

• Parties compete with each other to come into power.

• With the emergence of coalition government many parties share power at the same time.

• Pressure groups and movements have share in power by exerting pressure on the government.

• They exert pressure by various means and get policies framed in their favor.

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