Seite 1

Understanding and measuring Integration of migrants

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Religious diversity in Germany:

The perception and acculturation of muslims in Germany

Tallinn, 29.11.2016

Prof. Dr. Haci-Halil Uslucan Scientific Director of the Center for Turkish Studies and Research on Integration Professor for Modern Turkish Studies at the University of Duisburg-Essen; Member of the Expert Commission on Migration and Integration of the German Foundations (SVR)

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Understanding and measuring Integration of migrants

2

Program

1. Germany as a country of migration and integration

2. The measurement of integration

3. Some results on belonging and acceptance of migrants with focus on

muslims

4. Conclusions and implications

Page 3

Germany as an integration country

81.4 m residents

10% foreigners

21% People with a

migration background

Source: Federal Statistical Office, 2016

of which:

3.7% Africa

of which:

17% Asia, Oceania

of which:

2.2% North and

South America

of which:

70% Europe

Page 4

Person with migration background, 2011

Hamburg

Berlin

Düsseldorf

Stuttgart

München

Frankfurt 43,0%

Stuttgart 38,6%

München

34,3%

Köln 32,3%

Dresden

7,3%

Berlin 24,1%

Rostock

6,4% Hamburg

28,3%

Bremen 26,5%

Quelle: Zensusdaten 2011

Page 5

Trend in Germany: Super-diversity

Quelle: Statistisches Bundesamt 2014, Ausländerzentralregister

1970 2014

Türkei 19%

Polen 8%

Italien 7%

Rumänien 4%

Griechenland 4%

Kroatien 3%

Serbien 3%

Russland 3% Kosovo 2%

Bulgarien 2% Österreich 2%

Bosnien 2%

Ungarn 2%

Spanien 2% Niederlande 2%

Portugal 2%

Ukraine 2%

Frankreich 2%

Syrien 1%

China 1%

USA 1% Großbrit. 1%

Irak 1%

Vietnam 1%

Mazedonien 1% Indien 1%

Afghanistan 1%

Marokko 1%

Iran 1%

Thailand 1%

Tschechien 1% Kasachstan 1%

Pakistan 1% Slowakei 1%

Sonstige 15%

Page 6

Religious affiliation in Germany

Source: Federal Statistical Office, 1974, 1990, 2013; Religious Studies Media and Information Service 2013; Haug/Müssig/Stichs 2009; own diagram

Religious affiliation over time: 1970, 1987 and 2011

Includes other religious affiliations with percentage of total population (2011): - Muslim approx. 5.0% - Non-denominational approx. 1.9% - Orthodox approx. 1.8% - Esoteric approx. 1.2% - Buddhist approx. 0.3% - Hindu approx. 0.1% - Jewish approx. 0.1%

49 42

31

45

43

31

6 15

38

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

1970 1987 2011

protestant catholic undenominational/others/no response

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Understanding and measuring Integration of migrants

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II. The measurement of integration

Types of measuring Integration

1. Migrants vs. host population (attitudes, values, competencies etc.)

2. Migrants in region 1 vs. Migrants in region 2 or with the average nationwide

index (how successful is a specific commune? )

3. Migrant group X at t 1 vs. migrant group X at t 2 (how does integration

progress over time?)

Page 8

Integration as defined by the Expert Council

is equal-opportunity participation

in the key areas of

social life.

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Understanding and measuring Integration of migrants

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Main dimensions of integration

• structural

• cultural

Integration • social

• emotional/identificatory

Page 10

III. Some results on belonging and acceptance of migrants and muslims SVR's Integration Barometer 2016: Methodological approach

Nationwide telephone interviews (survey period from March to August 2015)

Respondents: 1,333 without a migration background, 4,063 with a migration background (total: 5,396)

Higher numbers of participants with a migration background makes it possible to differentiate perceptions between the individual groups of origin

Adjusted to real population ratios by weighting factors

Respondents selected randomly

Multi-linugal survey

Page 11

Respondents by group of origin

Group of origin N in %

without a migration background 1,333 24.7

with a migration background 4,063 75.3

….. Spät-/Aussiedler 999 18.5

….. Turkey 1,003 18.6

….. EU27 1,037 19.2

….. "rest of the world" 1,024 19.0

Source: SVR's 2016 Integration Barometer

Page 12

The SVR's Integrations Climate Index: stable integration climate with minor differences between groups of origin

SVR's Integrations Climate Index (ICI) 2015 (by respondents' group of origin)

very negative (0) to very positive (100)

Source: SVR's 2016 Integration Barometer

65.4 67.1 68.6 62.7

71.5 71.0 71.2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

without amigration

background

with amigration

background

Spät-/Aussiedler

Turkey EU ≤ 2000 EU > 2000 rest ofthe world

Page 13

Four areas of integration: community, labour market, social ties and education

Integration climate in the 2015 sub-areas (by respondents' group of origin)

very negative (0) to very positive (100)

Source: SVR's 2016 Integration Barometer

61.9 67.6

74.3

57.6

69.5 73.1 71.7

60.3 64.7 65.5 64.2

56.4

72.2 74.0 76.0

63.9

71.1 72.7 72.9 67.4

72.,7 71.2 74.2

66.5

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

community labour market social ties education

without amigrationbackground

Spät-/Aussiedler Turkey EU ≤ 2000 EU > 2000 rest ofthe world

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Belonging to society: ancestry hardly plays a role

"In your opinion, how important is it to have German ancestors to belong to society?"

(by respondents' group of origin)

Source: SVR's 2016 Integration Barometer

10

15

11

11

18

8

15

24

13

21

21

12

42

26

33

29

33

45

33

34

42

39

28

35

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

rest ofthe world

EU>2000

EU<2000

Turkey

Spät-/Aussiedler

without a migrationbackground

very important fairly important fairly unimportant not important

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Belonging to society: Germany is not perceived as a 'Club of Christians'

"In your opinion, how important is it to be Christian to belong to society?" (by

respondents' group of origin)

Source: SVR's 2016 Integration Barometer

16

15

16

10

24

10

22

28

22

21

26

17

32

28

28

22

30

39

30

28

33

46

20

34

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

rest ofthe world

EU>2000

EU<2000

Turkey

Spät-/Aussiedler

without a migrationbackground

very important fairly important fairly unimportant not important

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Belonging to society: citizenship generally viewed as important

"In your opinion, how important is it to have German citizenship to belong to society?"

(by respondents' group of origin)

Source: SVR's 2016 Integration Barometer

36

25

24

21

39

30

34

32

21

27

38

34

18

23

28

23

12

24

12

20

26

29

11

11

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

rest ofthe world

EU>2000

EU<2000

Turkey

Spät-/Aussiedler

without a migrationbackground

very important fairly important fairly unimportant not important

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Agreement across all groups: successful participation in the labour market is a key criterion for belonging

"In your opinion, how important is it to have a permanent job to belong to society?" (by

respondents' group of origin)

Source: SVR's 2016 Integration Barometer

62

61

58

63

70

51

33

32

33

29

25

38

4

5

7

5

4

8

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

rest ofthe world

EU>2000

EU<2000

Turkey

Spät-/Aussiedler

without a migrationbackground

very important fairly important fairly unimportant not important

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Islamic religious instruction: broad-based approval

Acceptance of (Islamic) religious instruction (by respondents' group of origin)

Source: SVR's 2016 Integration Barometer

47

32

46

58

48

46

31

41

27

25

30

32

9

14

14

10

12

13

13

13

12

7

10

10

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

"Religion should be an optional subject at school."

36

29

33

57

30

31

36

31

30

25

29

34

11

19

21

9

24

22

17

20

15

8

18

13

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

fullly agree rather agree rather disagree do not agree at all

"Islamic religious instruction should be an optional subject at schools."

EU>2000

without a migration background

Spät-/Aussiedler

Turkey

EU<2000

rest of the world

Page 19

Community: widespread rejection of Roma

Unwanted neighbours by respondents' group of origin

17%

18%

14%

16%

51%

6%

8%

14%

19%

44%

24%

12%

6%

19%

59%

16%

16%

15%

21%

52%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80%

muslimfamily

family on socialwelfare

Aussiedler familyfrom Russia

family withmany children

romafamily

without a migrationbackground

Spät-/Aussiedler Turkey EU27

Source: SVR's 2014 Integration Barometer

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Understanding and measuring integration of migrants

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Main discourse lines in the media

• Strategy of exclusion: Muslims described as different and as not belonging to

European or German Culture; Representing “the other”.

• Fear of Islam and associating Islam with terror, violence and aggression.

• Dichotomizing between Islam and Democracy and Human rights or Islam and

the Enlightenment.

• “The counter-discourse”; appeal for a constructive dialogue with Islam and

statements against discrimination of Muslims; Islam as a part of

European/German culture (Halm 2012).

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Understanding and measuring integration of migrants

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IV. Conclusions and implications

Main aspect of a successful social integration: Guarantee the equal access and

equal chances in every branches of society, especially with regard to the job

market, residential market, education, policy, art, sports etc.

Integration shortcomings are seldomly an individual or motivational problem

Muslim migrants have to do their homework (learning the German language,

supporting the school careers of their children;

Rate of Muslim pupil at the age of 6 to 22, who refuse to take part at sport

education or swim courses vary between 2 and 7 percent (Foroutan, 2012).

Exemplary good integration: sports.

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Understanding and measuring integration of migrants

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Conclusions and implications

Constructing muslim identity: Muslims not always and not only migrants;

nearly two million of them are German citizens

Muslims live not in one, but several diverse communities simultaneously

They have in the most cases multiple identities; they share characteristics and

problems in everyday life with other groups or with the autochtonous,

Concentration on faith by constructing identities neglects the impact of the

social life conditions.

More important: focusing on forms of invisible, glassy hindrances in institutions,

which lead migrants to resignation and separation

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Understanding and measuring Integration of migrants

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Thank you for your attention !

Contakt:

uslucan@zfti.de or haci.uslucan@uni-due.de

www.uslucan.de