African Salt/Gold Trade

Sahara Desert merchant caravans exchanged salt for gold

Al-Qaeda

Formed by Osama bin Laden

Alliance SystemSought to preserve balance of power but dragged their members intoWorld War I

Archimedes

Greek who studied levers and pulleys

Armenians

Christians in the Ottoman Empire who faced genocide in World War I

Thomas Aquinas

Natural laws based on reason

Arms Race

Race to develop better weapons – U.S. vs. U.S.S.R.

Atlantic Slave Trade

Atomic Bomb

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Aztec CivilizationHighly complex society in Central MexicoUsed unique agricultural techniques – including floating gardens

Balkans

Spark that ignited World War I; and, ethnic cleansing by Serbs in 1990’s

Black DeathDisease carried by fleas on rats that killed millions of people in Europe

William BlackstoneRights of Individual

Símon Bolivar

Independence in South America

Bolsheviks

“Peace, Bread and Land” – Russian Revolution

Napoleon Bonaparte

French general who seized power, declared himself emperor and conquered much of Europe.

Robert Boyle“Father of Chemistry”

Buddhism

Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Path

Byzantine Empire

Eastern Roman Empire - Constantinople

John Calvin

• New Protestant Church• Predestination• Faith as key to salvation• Strict moral code

Christianity

Based on teachings of Jesus as the Son of GodForgiveness, Mercy, Sympathy for Poor

Winston Churchill

British Prime Minister during World War II – “We shall never surrender.”

Cold War

20th Century conflict between U.S. and U.S.S.R. – never directly engaged each other in open warfare

Columbian Exchange

Exchange of products and ideas between Native Americans and Europe

Commercial Revolution

From local economies to Mercantilism

Confucianism

Filial Piety = Respect for elders and order

Nicolas Copernicus

Believed Earth orbited the Sun – Banned by The Church

Crusades

War to recapture the Holy Land from Muslims – Led to increased trade between Europe and the Middle East.

Marie Curie

First woman to win Nobel Prize - radioactivity

Darfur

Sudan – acts of genocide

Declaration of the Rights of Man

French Revolution – consent of the governed and protection of rights.

Thomas Edison

American Inventor – light bulb, phonograph and motion pictures.

Albert Einstein

Time and Space areRelative

Elizabeth I

• Shared power between monarchy and Parliament

• Defeated the Spanish Armada

English Bill of Rights

Signed by William and Mary agreeing to many rights for English subjects

English Civil War

War between Parliament and Charles I over supremacy

Enlightenment

Thinkers questioned hereditary privilege and absolutism

Eratosthenes

Greek who showed that the Earth was round and calculated its circumference

European Imperialism

European economic control of Africa, Asia and the Pacific

Fascism

Intense nationalism and belief in an all-powerful militaristic leader

Wilson’s 14 Points

• Goals announced by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson

• Created the League of Nations

Free Enterprise System

Free actions of producers and consumers – supply and demand – determine economic questions

French Revolution

Overthrew monarchy and ended hereditary privilege

Galileo Galilei

• Confirmed the Earth traveled around the Sun

• Was tried and convicted by The Church

Indira Gandhi

First Woman Indian Prime Minister -- was assassinated in 1984.

Mohandas Gandhi

• Leader of Indian independence movement

• Non-violent • Passive resistence

Genocide

Murder of an entire group of people or nationality – Holocaust, Rwanda,Darfur,Kosovo

Globalization

Global economy through communications, transportation and trade

Glorious Revolution

Overthrow of James II of Britain and the placement of William and Mary on the throne. They agreed to a Bill of Rights.

Mikhail Gorbachev

Soviet reformer led to the election of non-Communist governments in Eastern Europe and dissolution of the U.S.S.R.

Great Depression

Devastating economic downturn in the 1930’s

Great Schism

Split in Catholic Church with two PopesCaused many to question the authority of The Church

Greek Civilization

Major contributions to art, architecture, philosophy, literature, drama, and history

Gupta Empire

Peace, Prosperity and Trade – The Golden Age of Hindu Culture

Hammurabi’s Code

Earliest written law code of the Babylonians – promoted justice, but treated social classes differently

Han Dynasty

Silk RoadCivil service examinationsPaper and CeramicsBeginning of Pax Sinica

Hinduism

• Reincarnation• Many gods and

goddesses• Karma and Dharma

Adolph Hitler

Nazi Party leader of the German totalitarian state prior to and during World War II

Thomas Hobbes

Man is “nasty and brutish” and need an authority to keep order – Wrote Leviathan

Holocaust

Genocide of Jews and others by Nazis in World War II

Human Rights

Rights that all people possess

Hundred Years’ War• War between

England and France over succession to the French throne

• Brought an end to feudalism

Inca Civilization

Pre-Columbian civilization in Andes Mountains

Industrial Revolution

Began in EnglandMoved production from home to factoryand from hand to machine

Islam

Founded by MuhammadFive Pillars of FaithOne God – AllahShare wealth between rich and poor

IsraelIn 1948, the U.N. partitioned Palestine into 2 states – Israel and Palestine. Five neighboring Arab nations declared war on Israel.

John Paul II

• Popular 20th Century Pope

• Helped end Communism in Eastern Europe

Justinian’s Code of LawsIn Byzantium, Justinian collected all Roman laws and organized them into a single code

Korean War1950’s – Communist North Korea invaded South Korea – United States and United Nations intervened

Las Madres de la Playas de Mayo

Argentine mothers who demanded the government reveal the whereabouts of children who mysteriously disappeared in the 1980’s.

League of Nations

• Proposed by Woodrow Wilson

• Created by the Treaty of Versailles

• Failed to stop war

Limited Monarchy

Monarch shares power with Parliament

John Locke

• Power comes from consent of the governed

• People have the right to overthrow abusive government

• Two Treatises of Civil Government

Magna Carta

In 1215, King John of England guaranteed right to a trial by jury and consent of a council of nobles needed for any new taxes.

Nelson Mandela

• Imprisoned for speaking out against apartheid

• South Africa’s first black President

Manorialism

Economic system of feudal Europe – self-sufficient manors

Karl Marx

Believed workers would eventually overthrow their capitalist bosses.

Mauryan Empire

Emperor Asoka converted to BuddhismImproved roads, build hospitals, and encouraged education.

Mayan Civilization

Pre-Columbian civilization in Guatemala and YucatanBuilders and creators of a numbering system

Golda Meir

First woman Prime Minister of Israel

Militarism

Civilians adopt military values and goals and become over-relianton military advisors – led to the outbreak of World War I

Ming Dynasty

• Followed the Mongols

• Moved China’s capital to Beijing

• Ruled for 300 years of peace and prosperity

Monarchy

System of government in which political power is inherited.

Monotheism

Belief in one GodShared by Judaism, Christianity and Islam

Baron de Montesquieu• Separation of Powers –

Executive, Legislative, and Judicial

• Wrote The Spirit of Laws

Benito Mussolini• Italian leader during

World War II• Fascist state –

controlled the press, abolishing unions, and outlawing strikes

Napoleonic Wars•Wars between

Napoleon of France and the rest of Europe• Spread the

ideals of the French Revolution

Printing Press• Johann Gutenberg• Movable type• Helped spread the

ideas of the Protestant Reformation

Nationalism• Each

nationality is entitled to its own government and homeland• A cause of

World War I

Neolithic Revolution

When people learned how to plant and grow crops, and herd animals

Isaac Newton

Discovered laws of gravityUniverse acts according to certain “fixed and fundamental” laws

Protestant Reformation

Led by Martin Luther – Many Christians left the Catholic Church for Protestant Churches

Pythagoras

Greek mathematician - Advances in geometry

Qin Dynasty

• Qin Shi Huangdi – China’s first emperor• Unified China, built roads and canals• Constructed the Great Wall to protect

the empire

Radical Islamic Fundamentalism

Reaction by radical Muslims against Western valuesSeek to return to strict Islamic values and rules

Renaissance

A rebirth of European culture that started in Italy – spirit of inquiry – rediscovery of classical learning – improvements in painting and architecture

Republic

A system of government by representatives.

Normandy Landing

Largest amphibious assault in history - Allied troops landed at Normandy to retake France from the Nazis

Roman Civilization

Absorbed Greek learning – known for engineering skills, rule of law, andThe Rise of Christianity

October Revolution of 1917• Revolution in 1917• Bolsheviks seized

power in Russia• Russia became a

Communist nation

Oligarchy

Rule by a few, powerful people.

Ottomans• Turkish nomads from

Central Asia• Ruled the Islamic world of

the 13th century• Conquered Constantinople

in 1453

Panama Canal

Built by the United States in Mesoamerica to provide a short water route between the Atlantic and Pacific

Oceans

Popular Sovereignty

Ultimate power rests on the

consent of the people being

governed.

Louis Pasteur

Scientist found that most diseases are caused by germsDeveloped new vaccinesPasteurization = killing germs by heating.

Pearl Harbor

December 7, 1941 – surprise attack by Japanese on the U.S. fleet in Hawaii that brought the U.S. into World War II

Fall of the Roman Empire

In 476 – Rome was overrun by invading barbarian tribes Followed by the Dark Ages – a period of great turmoil in Europe

Jean Jacques Rousseau• Enlightenment Philosopher• Government should follow the

will of the people• Inspired the French Revolution

Rwanda

African nation that experienced genocide against its Tutsi population by the Hutus.

Scientific RevolutionRejected traditional teaching of the ChurchIntroduced the Scientific Method – observing nature and testing hypotheses

September 11, 2001

Al-Qaeda terrorists hijacked commercial airliners and crashed them into the Pentagon and the World Trade Center, killing thousands of Americans.

Natan Sharansky

•Russian dissident• Founder of Refusenik

Movement• Imprisoned for

speaking out for human rights in USSR

Sikhism

Religion developed in Northern IndiaSikhs believe in one God who can only be known through meditation

Silk Road

Trade route connecting China to the Roman Empire. China exported silk, porcelain and tea.

Adam Smith

Wrote Wealth of NationsAttacked mercantilismPromoted competition and the division of labor and free market system

Socialism

Government should pass laws to stop abuses of workers and should even take over some businesses

Song Dynasty

Period of great social and economic progress in ChinaFirst use of paper currency and standardized coins

Joseph StalinCommunist leader following Lenin;Purged government of his opponents;Established a totalitarian state;Resisted Hitler and started the Cold War

Suez CanalProvided a shorter route from Europe to East Africa, India, and East Asia. Served as a lifeline between Britain and its colonies, especially India.

Tang Dynasty

Suppressed peasant uprisings,Reunited China,Revived feudal relationships and brought peace and prosperity.

Ten Commandments

Commandments in the Jewish religion prohibiting stealing, murder and other forms of immoral behavior.

Mother Teresa

Catholic nun who devoted her life to helping the poor and homeless in IndiaAwarded the Nobel Peace Prize.

Terrorism

Acts of violence against innocent civilians such as hijacking planes and attacking schools to make demands

on a hostile government.

Margaret Thatcher

First woman elected Prime Minister of Great Britain

Theocracy

A society governed by religious leaders – Present day Iran is an example.

Tiananmen Square

Chinese students were fired on by tanks while leading peaceful demonstrations for personal freedom and democracy.

Hedeki Tojo

Led the Japanese government during World War IIConvinced the emperor to launch a surprise attack on the United States

TotalitarianismA government that controls all aspects of life – government, military, schools, and other organizations.

Trench Warfare

During World War I, ditches were dug to create fortified positions.

United Nations

Began in 1945,It’s purpose is to maintain world peace and encourage cooperation among nations.

Versailles Treaty

Treaty between Allied Powers and Germany that ended World War I.

Queen Victoria

Monarch who doubled Britain’s size and favored social reforms.

Vietnam War

War between Communist North Vietnam and U.S. supported South Vietnam. Started with the Viet Cong launching guerilla warfare against South Vietnam.

Voltaire

Enlightenment thinker;Views on religious toleration and intellectual freedom influence leaders of the American and French Revolutions.

Lech WalesaPolish union leader who organized the Solidarity Movement. Led a workers’ strike that led to free elections and the end of Communist rule in Poland.

James Watt

Scottish inventor who improved the steam engine and made steam power available to run factories and machines.

William Wilberforce

Reformer who led the fight to abolish the slave trade and slavery.

World War I

Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand set off a chain reaction that involved most nations of Europe and later, the United State.

World War II

Most destructive conflict in historyKilled an estimated 70 millionLaunched when Hitler invaded Poland in 1939.

Mao Zedong•Chinese Communist

leader who drove Nationalists out of China.•Great Leap Forward•Cultural Revolution

Zhou Dynasty

Zhou rulers justified their rule by the Mandate of Heaven – If a ruler was selfish and ruthless, Heaven would overthrow him.