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Isile LUTMANN - RACHEL DE LAVERGNE MELISSA TRIBOUILLARD - VINCENT DEBRABANT
The global context
• 1945: End of the World War II• Domino’s politic (Expansion of communism)
• Cold War & extreme Bipolarisation between the USA and Soviet Union
The Domino Theory was that if North Vietnam wins the war then Laos Cambodia and the rest of Asia will turn communist. America and south Vietnam did not wan to be communist and let it spread throughout Asia.
• France lost Indochina after the war against Vietminh (Vietnamese army founded in 1941 by Ho Chi Minh)
• July 1954: Geneva Peace Accord
Context in Vietnam
• Division of Vietnam in 2 parts (17th parallel)• ARVN (Army of the Republic of Vietnam)• NVA (North Vietnamese Army)
• Gulf of Tonkin incident = Involvement of USA in the conflict + Trade Embargo against North Vietnam
Minimum Maximum Limits
US Avoid the expansion of Communism
Destroy the ennemy &
avoid expansion
Avoid domino
effect, not loose the
southViêt-Cong Get the US
out of Vietnam
Expand communism to the whole
country
Not lose north,
Vietnam not unified and
strong
OBJECTIVESUSA- Assault/Attack and take control of
major cities- Support South Vietnam- Establish bases/camps on the key
sectors and at the Cambodian/Vietnamese border
North Vietnam- Lure american troops in hostile areas,
ie.Jungle- Impose communist model by force
TACTICS
US declares war on North (LBJ)– Vietnam attacked our ships
US fights NLF/Vietcong in South Vietnam
US. fights Ho Chi Minh / Communist North Vietnam
US Troops use Agent Orange Herbicide
US meets strong opposition from both sides.
General Westmoreland
President Johnsonsigning the declaration of war
Battle of « La Drang » Nov. 1965Surprise attack from the Cambodian border by US forces: 400 US 7th Cavalery troops againts 4000 NVA + vietcongs soldiers
B-212 transport helicopter gunshipsNapalm jetsArtillery Support
Lt. Col Hal MooreCommander of the 7th Air
Cavalery Battalion
Targets according to General Vo Nguyen
• Minimum:– Tet outbreak would halt the north
vietnam bombardment and force us to negociate.
• Maximum: - Drive the US forces out of the
country=open the path for unification of the country
As a results: -Tet offensive shook US moral-Huge negative impact on public opinion
General Vo Nguyen
Têt Offensive - 1968
– In 1968 turning point: need to undermine US effort and will with a « coup de grace ».
– Sly strategy, attack on christmas eve: unexpected– Attack on 2 fronts: Us marine firebases at Khe Sahn and
major cities of South Vietnam= Dilema for the US
Prisoner’s dilemnaNorth Vietnam quit North Vietnam stay
Us quit •Statuo quo: North Vietnam invades south.•expansion of communism.
•Expansion of communism•Unification of the country•Huge failure for us•Domino effect
Us stay •US supremacy.•End of communism in this area.
•This war never ends.•Casualties, spendings
Cost for US :
Cost for Vietnam :
58 159 Casualties – 2000 Missing in Action - $133 Billion If war goes on for 5 years more : $1.4 Trillion
More than a millions casualties – Financial unknown
AgreementParis peace accords on January 23th, 27th, 1973 : 7 main points
– 3 signatures – Withdrawal of troops
Return of captured military personnel and foreign civilians
Exercise of the south Vietnamesepeople’s right to self determination
Reunification of Vietnam International commission of control and supervision
End of all military activities in Cambodia and LaosEstablishment of a new equal and mutually beneficial relationship between the United-States and the democratic republic of Vietnam.
VALIDATION• March 1973: US military
forces withdrew from South Vietnam and prisoners were echanged
April 29th, 1975 : Fall of Saigon and Evacuation by helicopter of the last U.S. diplomatic, military and civilian personnel
EXECUTIONExpansion of Communism = overthrow saigon
regimeCivil warExtermination of opponents to communism
CONTROL OF THE EXECUTION
- July 2nd, 1976: Socialist Republic of Vietnam was created.- Sept 27th 1977: Vietnam has become member of the U.N
SOURCESwww.vwam.com/vets/tet/tet.html
http://www.juniorgeneral.org/vietnam/vietnam.html
http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/vietnam/
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/
country_profiles/1243686.stm
« We were soldiers » by Randall Wallace (2002)
Rachel De lavergneNarator 1
Isile LutmannNarator 2
Mélissa TribouillardGeneral Westmoreland
Vincent DebrabantGeneral Vo Nguyen
THANK YOU FOR WATCHING