T H E E U R O P E A N M O M E N T I N W O R L D H I S T O R YI VA N A L O P E Z

ASSIGNMENT II PART I: THEMES FROM WAYS OF THE

WORLD

CHAPTER 17: THE NORTH AMERICAN REVOLUTION(1775-1787)

• Grew in an effort to keep the existing freedoms of the colonies

• Caused by the British government trying to enforce more control over the colonies by collecting revenue from them • Because of the conflicts with

France, Britain had more debt• Britain looked to America to make

up these losses

• Colonists were angry and went to war with aid from France

• In the century that followed the US became the world’s most democratic country; however, it was not from the revolution that this occurred but more from the Declaration of Independence

CHAPTER 17: THE FRENCH REVOLUTION(1789-1815)

• War efforts led France close to bankruptcy

• King Louis XVI called together representatives of the legal orders of France• The National Assembly drew up the

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen which stated that men are born and remain free and equal in rights• Launched the French Revolution

• 1793: King Louis XVI and his queen were executed

• Maximilien Robespierre and his Committee of Public Safety took over leading the Terror of 1793-1794• Robespierre himself was arrested and

executed accused of leading France into tyranny and dictatorship

• National resistance mostly from Russia and Britain brought down Napoleon Bonaparte (the new leader) and his amazing empire by 1815

CHAPTER 17: THE HAITIAN REVOLUTION(1791-1804)

• Caused by the ideas and example of the French Revolution • Led to a spiral of violence that lasted

more than a decade

• 1791: the only successful slave revolt; caused by rumors that the French king ended slavery • Led by Toussaint Louverture, a former

slave• Defeated an attempt by Napoleon to

reestablish French control and persuaded him to sell the US and French territories (Louisiana Purchase)

• Slaves, whites, and free colored people battled one another

• Spanish and British added to the turmoil by seeking to enlarge their own empires at the expense of the French

• After the revolution, renamed San Domingue, Haiti, meaning “mountainous” or “rugged” in the language of the original Taino people

• Formal declaration of independence on January 1, 1804

CHAPTER 18: EUROPE AND THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

• Other parts of the world experienced a different time of technological and scientific advancement• However, it had slowed down by the early modern era, when the

technological change in Europe began to flourish

• Two reasons why industrialization occurred so rapidly in Europe:• Certain patterns of Europe’s internal development favored innovations• The need for revenue of the European monarchs and the newness of the

states led them to form an alliance

CHAPTER 18: BRITAIN AND THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

• Britain was the most commercialized of Europe’s larger countries• Agricultural advancements increased the production and kept food prices

low; additionally, it freed up labor for more people• A rapid growing population guaranteed industrial workers • Aristocrats took part in mining and manufacturing which led to more open

labor• Politics encouraged commercialization and economic advancement• Britain already had a supply of coal and iron ore

CHAPTER 18: THE UNITED STATES AND THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

• Began in the textile industry of new England

• Grew in after the Civil War• The US became the

world’s leading industrial power by 1914 because of the country’s huge size, the ready availability of natural resources, its growing domestic market, and its relative political stability

• About 1/3 of the capital investment that led to growth came from Europe

CHAPTER 19: CHINA’S DOWNFALL

• Just like the Ottoman Empire, China was once the center of a remarkable civilization; however, it went through the consequences of a quickly shifting balance of global power

• Unfortunately, China was unable to create an industrial economy

• They had enough independence for efforts towards modernization but it was not enough to bring back their previous status in the world

• In addition, the collapse of the imperial system led to a Communist regime

CHAPTER 19: THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE

• 1750: The Ottoman Empire was still the central of the Islamic world• Ruled over much of the Arab world• Ruler: sultan• By the middle of the century, however, the Ottoman Empire was no longer

able to deal with Europe • What was once known as Known as “the strong sword of Islam” now became “the sick

man of Europe”

• Led to a dependency on Europe

CHAPTER 19: JAPAN AND THE TOKUGAWA FAMILY

• Tokugawa family was a military ruler who acted in the name of a powerless emperor

• They sought to prevent the return of a civil war among daimyo

• Gave Japan more than two centuries of internal peace

• Regulated internal travel and communication

• Issued rules that governed daily life of the Japanese society, most of which were ignored

• They failed to deal successfully with the 1830s famine which diminished the regime’s confidence• This led to a riot which eventually led

to the regime’s downfall

CHAPTER 20: WOMEN IN THE COLONIAL ERA

• African women had an amount of economic independence

• They acquired jobs from farming to childcare to trading

• Colonial economy demands grew and women’s lives separated even more

• In rural areas, women were forced to live away from their husbands • Led some to be even more

independent

• The new empire offered women opportunities

CHAPTER 20: EDUCATION IN THE COLONIAL ERA

• A new identity came from a Western education

• Being able to read or write of any kind suggested an almost supernatural power

• An education gave access to better paying positions

• It provided social mobility

CHAPTER 20: RELIGION IN THE COLONIAL ERA

• Just like education, religion provided the basis for a new identity

• Because of the military defeat, the hope in previous gods slowly eroded • This opened new doors to

other supernatural powers

• Christianity was associated with education and was widespread among New Zealand, the Pacific Islands, and non-Muslim Africa

• Hinduism became an equivalent to Christianity in India

CHAPTER 21: WORLD WAR I BEGINNINGS

• Two rivalries had a balance of power:• The Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria,

and Italy• The Triple Entente of Russia, France, and

Britain

• On June 28, 1914, a Serbian nationalist assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand (heir to Austrian throne)

• By early August 1914, the Great Powers of Europe were brought into a general war

• Men from all around the world participated in the war and United States was forced to join when Germany threatened American shipping

CHAPTER 21: THE OUTCOME OF WORLD WAR I

• The Great War ended in November 1918 with a German

• Since the collapse of the German, Russian, and Austrian empires, Central Europe emerged

• Communism grew in Russia with the Bolsheviks in power and Russia withdrew out of the war in 1917

• The Treaty of Versailles formally concluded the war in 1919• Germany lost its colonial empire, was to

pay for reparations to the winners, and was to accept responsibility for the outbreak of the war

• The Great War brought the United States to the spotlight as a global power• Their manpower contributed much to the

defeat of Germany and its financial resources turned it from a debtor nation to Europe’s creditor

CHAPTER 21: THE GREAT DEPRESSION

• During the 19th century, European industrial capitalism raised the standards of living

• This created a troubling system for many

• Those wealthy people found that the instabilities of capitalism meant narrowing stock prices

• The American stock market crashed on October 24, 1929

• Banks closed and people lost their life’s savings

• Many people lost work • The New Deal (proposed by President

Franklin Roosevelt) sought to reduce unemployment • Mnimum wage, relief and welfare

programs, the Social Security system

CHAPTER 22: COMMUNISM IN RUSSIA

• By February 1917, Tsar Nicholas II lost all support and was forced to step down• This was all caused by the pressures of WWI

• The temporary government was inadequate and a social revolution occurred• It was not willing to take Russia out of the war as many were demanding

• The Bolsheviks and Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin) took a position and believed that Russia was ready for a socialist revolution

• A Civil War broke out and the Bolsheviks battled many enemies • A peace treaty helped the Bolsheviks win with Germany, which took Russia out of WWI • The Bolsheviks claimed to be defending Russia from imperialists • Russia was then renamed the Union of Societ Socialist Republics (USSR)

CHAPTER 22: CHINESE COMMUNIST PARTY (CCP)

• Since the Chinese imperial system had collapsed, a small organization, CCP, aimed its efforts at organizing the country’s working class

• For the next 28 years, the small party of 60 grew tremendously• Mao Zedong became the leader in 1949 after battling the Japanese • The next in line was the Nationalist Party, which governed China (promoted

modern development)• Japan’s invasion of China led the CCP to attack and destroy National Party

control • CCP won support by pursuing the struggle against Japanese invaders

during WWII

CHAPTER 22: THE END OF COMMUNISM

• The death of Mao Zedong in China in the late 1970s led the CCP to abandon almost everything that had been associated with Maoist socialism

• In 1989, the miracle year, movements towered over communist governments one after the other

• In 1991, the USSR’s reformist leader Mikhail Gorbachev led to political disintegration

CHAPTER 23: NELSON MANDELA

• South Africa’s nationalist leader• Was put to trial for treason,

sabotage, and conspiracy to overthrow the government of his country

• Convicted and put to prison for 27 years

• Was released in 1990 • Became South Africa’s president

in 1994 (first black African president)

• Linked South Africa to dozens of other countries • Marked dramatic change in the

world’s political architecture • Independence was equally

significant in the following decades

CHAPTER 23: MAHATMA GHANDI

• Personally experienced racism which led him to become involved in organizing Indians to protest policies of racial segregation

• Political philosophy “truth force” was an active confrontational, nonviolent approach to political action

• Called for the moral transformation of individuals

• Assassinated in 1948 by a Hindu extremist

CHAPTER 23: BEFORE AND AFTER APARTHEID

• Before: all black Africans were designated as residents of small, scattered Bantustans • Many lived in white South Africa where they worked

• After 1994: the Bantustans were abolished• The country was divided into nine provinces

CHAPTER 24: THE WORLD ECONOMY

• Technology contributed largely to the acceleration of globalization

• Countries like North America and Europe are served by India-based call centers

• Customers have become a common experience of globalization for many

CHAPTER 24: GLOBALIZATION AND TRADE

• In trade there are importers and exporters• World trade has

skyrocketed in the last half century• The United States

and Europe are both major givers and receivers of foreign investment

CHAPTER 24: CHE GUEVARA

• Uncompromising but failed revolutionary• Became an inspiration to third-world liberation

movements after death• Became a symbol of radicalism to many in the

West